SMART CITY

OPPORTUNITIES
FOR LONDON

March 2016
CONTENTS

01
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

> Page 04

02 03 04
INTRODUCTION ESTIMATING LONDON’S ADDRESSING LONDON’S
SMART CITY MARKET SIZE CHALLENGES WITH
DIGITAL SOLUTIONS
> Page 08 > Page 10 > Page 12

05 06 07
SMART ENERGY SMART WATER MANAGEMENT SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT

> Page 14 > Page 20 > Page 26

10
LONDON IS THE PLACE FOR
SMART CITY BUSINESSES

> Page 44

R A1
REFERENCES APPENDIX 1:
LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

> Page 50 > Page 54

2 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

08 09
SMART TRANSPORT HEALTH & ASSISTED LIVING

> Page 32 > Page 38

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 3

 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The 21st century is increasingly referred to as the “century Businesses and entrepreneurs in the smart city
of cities”. According to Michael Bloomberg, C40 Board sector can play an important role in helping to achieve
President and UN Special Envoy for Cities & Climate these priorities. They benefit from London’s innovation
Change: ecosystem, which includes:

“[cities] are poised to play a leading role in addressing • Top digital practitioners
the challenges of the twenty-first century”[1]. • Business support and investor networks
• World-class research and leaders in education
The global challenges of rapid urban population growth, • Infrastructure megaprojects
climate change, and pressure on resources, infrastructure • Open data
and the provision of services can all start to be addressed • City-as-a-system initiatives that cut across silos
at the city scale.

The many challenges that cities face worldwide present Sector opportunities
big opportunities for digital businesses. London-based
companies and public service providers are increasingly We estimate that the London smart city market could
using data and digital technology to deliver services and reach $13.4billion (approximately £8.8billion) by 2020.
respond to Londoners’ needs. London offers a fertile Almost half of this market, approximately $7billion (or
environment for businesses with smart city products £4.6billion), will be from the following five sectors: energy,
and services to establish and grow, and offers a sizeable water, waste, transport and health. Each sector is at a
market to tap into. Our estimations show that the different stage of development with regards to deploying
potential of London’s smart city market could reach technology and data-driven solutions. However, they all
approximately $13.4billion by 2020 across the following present interesting opportunities that businesses can
sectors: smart energy, smart transport, smart healthcare take advantage of.
(including assisted living), smart infrastructure
(combining waste and water sectors), smart governance,
smart security, and smart buildings.
SMART ENERGY
London has underlying conditions to enable it to become
a world-leading smart city. The Greater London Authority London faces energy challenges, including security of
(GLA) has already embarked on a path to become a leader supply, ageing infrastructure, fuel poverty, and failure
in smart cities by setting up the Smart London Board to align retail energy prices with wholesale costs.
and laying down its priorities in the Smart London Plan. International and national policies prescribe switching
Digital solutions can support many of the priorities of to renewable sources of energy as a way to reduce the
the GLA and other key city stakeholders, including the use of fossil fuels as well as address climate change
following: and the depletion of resources. The deployment of smart
solutions has started to address energy challenges in
• Reduce congestion and disruption of London’s London, such as trialling smart grid solutions (UK Power
transport system Networks) and installing smart meters in homes. There
• Improve urban air quality are plenty of opportunities for companies to develop and
• Increase Londoners’ wellbeing implement more solutions in renewable energy, smart
• Enable greater public participation in policy grid and electric transport. We estimate that the market
processes for smart energy solutions in London could grow to
• Deliver economic benefits $2.1billion by 2020.
• Optimise public service delivery

4 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

SMART WATER MANAGEMENT SMART TRANSPORT
As a result of London’s growing population, it is estimated Transport is one of London’s most advanced sectors
that the demand for water will exceed supply by 10% with regards to using data and technology to improve
by 2025[2]. In addition, climate change poses a threat to decision-making and service delivery. The city’s growing
London’s flood-prone areas. Smart technology has not population creates challenges for the transport network,
been used to its full potential to address these challenges which is already congested and contributes significantly
and therefore presents opportunities for business, for to air pollution. Transport for London (TfL), responsible
example to provide water utility companies with solutions for the city’s public transport and road network, is heavily
in the areas of smart leakage detection, smart metering, reliant on data and smart technologies to optimise traffic
data analytics and smart flood risk management. We flows and improve customer experience. Solutions which
estimate that the market for smart water and waste help TfL perform these tasks better present market
management solutions in London could reach a combined opportunities for new and existing businesses. We expect
size of $1.8billion by 2020. that the market size for smart transport solutions might
reach $1.2billion by 2020.

SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT HEALTH & ASSISTED LIVING

Solutions within the waste sector need to address Longer life expectancy, mental health and obesity are
London’s growing population and scarce resources. some of London’s major challenges in health. The need
Digital technology can facilitate the transition from the to provide adequate health and social care solutions is
linear model of making, using, and disposing of items becoming more pressing than ever. Opportunities exist in
to a circular model of reusing and remanufacturing. telecare solutions, accessibility applications, and fitness
Opportunities for smart technologies exist in the areas and health monitoring devices. However, in order to
of data analytics, resource management, online sharing unleash a market that could reach $2billion by 2020 and
platforms, smart bins, and optimised refuse collection. attract investment, a clear route to market and a simpler
These solutions can help waste companies optimise way to contract with the National Health Service (NHS)
collection vehicle travel routes, improve recycling rates, needs to be ensured. In addition, an evidence base of the
material recovery and encourage behavioural change. effectiveness of digital solutions needs to be developed.
We estimate the market for smart waste and water
management solutions in London to reach a combined
size of $1.8billion by 2020.

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 5

Recommendations

Key stakeholders in London’s smart city market include London provides a fertile environment for smart city
the GLA, borough authorities, utility providers, waste businesses to set up, grow and flourish. There are
contractors, TfL as well as national players such as the barriers that need to be overcome to unlock the smart
NHS and the UK government. London’s regulated sectors city market, estimated at over $13billion by 2020, and its
(energy, water and waste) face specific challenges, for associated social, environmental and economic benefits.
example, there is little incentive for waste contractors to Our view is that a combination of dedicated political and
operate more efficiently, and fixed water charges deter civil leadership at the GLA, working with the boroughs
reducing water consumption. In addition, the pathway to and stakeholders from the public and private sectors can
market in most industries is unclear and technologies do make a real difference. London is the home of great talent
not attract the investment needed to scale. To overcome and resources, which makes it such an exciting place to
these barriers and allow businesses to implement their live and do business, now and in the future.
smart, innovative solutions in London, several measures
need to be taken.

The GLA could help to enable greater coordination across

the ecosystem to allow all stakeholders to overcome
challenges and take advantage of opportunities. Such an
integrated smart city approach would require the GLA to,
for example, convene the boroughs, understand what they
need and raise their awareness of smart technologies
and how they can be beneficial to them. It could also
involve setting standards on the role of digital technology
in new developments to help local authorities and private
developers embrace the opportunities that technological
improvements can bring. Such actions need a coherent
strategy to drive London’s digital agenda forward and
include other stakeholders. We recommend the following
actions:

• Utility providers, waste contractors, and the NHS

need to ensure that small and medium-sized
businesses can access their supply chains in order
to have the opportunity to scale up their innovative
solutions. This would include shortening the
procurement cycles, which tend to be too long or
inflexible for the fast paced technology market
• Water companies and waste contractors, supported
by boroughs, need to find ways to release non-
sensitive open data in order to stimulate new
solutions to aid transparency and improve
performance in the sectors, as well as to enable the
development of more customer friendly interfaces
• Boroughs could engage with citizens to help build
trust and confidence in using smart technologies,
such as smart meters and smart bins, to help
increase their uptake
• Boroughs using and trialling new smart solutions
need to ensure that best practice is shared and they
cooperate to deploy cross-borough solutions
• Boroughs could help drive innovation in the regulated
industries by incentivising contractors to operate
more efficiently through renewed contracts
• TfL should ensure that data produced by other
service providers and from applications created on
the basis of transport open data is collected and
used to improve decision making
• Private sector actors need to be open to sharing data
with the public sector when such data can help the
more efficient delivery of public services

6 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 7
 INTRODUCTION

Cities across the world recognise that the benefits of Report structure
digital technology are multi-fold, including helping cities
to solve their challenges and contribute to the growth of London faces the same challenges as any other growing,
their economies. This report was commissioned by the global city, including rapid population growth, climate
Greater London Authority (GLA) to investigate how London change and increasing pressure on finite resources like
can make the most of the benefits of digital technology water and energy. These challenges present opportunities
by assessing London’s strengths as a smart city and for digital businesses. Our estimations of the size of the
identifying the opportunities for stakeholders in the smart city market in London will be shown in the next
smart city market. These stakeholders include the GLA, chapter, Chapter 3. The challenges specific to London
London’s boroughs, utility companies, public contractors, as a whole will be explored in Chapter 4, with some
businesses, entrepreneurs, and citizens. discussion about the opportunities to address them with
smart digital solutions. The report then focuses on each
The findings of this report will support the update of the five sectors that are critical to London and there is
of the Smart London Plan, the capital’s smart city a chapter dedicated to each:
strategy. It looks at five key industries in detail – energy,
water, waste, transport and health – setting out the
barriers to be considered now and in the future, and
making recommendations as to how to maximise the
opportunities that these sectors present. These sectors
have been chosen because of their significance to the
London economy and the opportunities they present.
The research will show the size of the smart city market SMART SMART WATER
within each of these sectors and potential gaps for ENERGY MANAGEMENT
innovative products and services. Chapter 5 / Page 14 Chapter 6 / Page 20

The report structure below outlines the key themes

explored in each chapter. Even though the report can be
read as a coherent and complete report, each chapter
has been designed to stand alone so the reader can read
specific chapters that are of interest to them.

SMART WASTE SMART

MANAGEMENT TRANSPORT
Chapter 7 / Page 26 Chapter 8 / Page 32

HEALTH
& ASSISTED LIVING
Chapter 9 / Page 38

London already has an ecosystem that helps businesses

thrive and makes the city a great place for smart city
businesses. The strengths of this ecosystem will be
explored in Chapter 10. However, to take advantage of the
opportunities in London’s smart city market, both public
and private sector stakeholders need to break down
existing barriers and anticipate future barriers to making
London the ‘smartest’ city in the world.

8 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

Methodology

This report has been produced by conducting primary

and secondary research including interviews with experts
from across industry, academia and non-governmental
public bodies. A list of all interviewees is provided in
Appendix 1.

The report includes an estimated size of the smart

city market for London, which is based on analysis of
existing global smart city market estimates (more detail
on how the estimate was calculated is given in the next
Chapter 3). Results are estimated for 2020 based on
forecasts contained within the following seven reports
published since mid-2012:

Table 1: LIST OF GLOBAL SMART MARKETS SIZE REPORTS (accessed via the British Library)

PUBLISHER STUDY PUBLICATION DATE

Smart Cities Market – Worldwide Market Forecasts and

Marketsandmarkets May-12
Analysis (2014-2019)

Frost & Sullivan Strategic Opportunity Analysis of the Global Smart City Market Aug-13

BIS & Arup The Smart Cities Market: Opportunities for the UK Oct-13

Transparency market Global Smart Cities Market – Industry Analysis, Size, Share,
May-14
research Growth, Trends and Forecast (2013-2019)

Update: Smart Cities Market – Worldwide Market Forecasts

Marketsandmarkets Jan-15
and Analysis (2014-2019)

TechNavio Global Smart Cities Market (2015-2019) Feb-15

Global Smart Cities Market – Growth, Trends and Forecasts

Mordor Intelligence LLP Sep-15
(2014-2020)

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 9

 ESTIMATING LONDON’S SMART
CITY MARKET SIZE

London’s growth creates opportunities for businesses It is important to note that the results presented above
in the smart city market. To highlight the opportunity for are based on desktop, top-down research and have not
smart solutions in London, we have estimated the size been developed through bottom up analysis of Standard
of the smart city market in London in 2020. The market Industrial Classification (SIC) codes or company data.
consists of a range of products and services, including Results are estimated for 2020 based on forecasts
consultancy services, software and hardware products, contained within the listed reports (see Table 1, page 9).
and associated physical infrastructure.
Figure 1: LONDON 2020 SMART CITY MARKET SIZE POTENTIAL (in $)
Top-down analysis was undertaken to break down global
$7
estimates of the smart market size to a more manageable
city level estimate. This involved a review of existing
$6
industry information and reports on the global market
size for smart cities, and triangulation of that information
$5
in consideration of the contrast in scope of the different
studies.
USD $ billon

$4
1 2
Economic ratios (GDP and GVA ) were then used to
apportion the contribution of the global market to the UK $3
and then London for the energy, water, waste, transport
and health sectors. Seven different reports published $2
since mid-2012 were used to inform the research,
which found that London’s contribution to the global $1
smart cities market in 2020 could reach approximately
$13.4billion (or roughly 1% of the estimated global
$
market potential).

Government,
Security,
Energy

Infrastructure
(Water and Waste)

Transport/
Mobility

Health
& Assisted
Living

Buildings
We have based the analysis on the following seven
sectors that were considered most relevant to London:

• Smart energy
• Smart transport / mobility
• Smart healthcare (including assisted living) Figure 2: LONDON 2020 SMART CITY MARKET SIZE POTENTIAL (%)
• Smart infrastructure (combining waste and water $14
sectors)
• Smart governance
$12
• Smart security
• Smart buildings 48% Government,
$10 Security, Buildings

In this report, we will look at the following sectors in

USD $ billon

detail: smart energy, smart water and waste management, $8

smart transport, and health and assisted living. In our

Health
estimations, almost half of London’s contribution, or $6 15% & Assisted Living
roughly $7billion (approximately £4.6billion), could
9% Transport/Mobility
be attributed to these sectors in 2020 combined (see $4
Infrastructure
Figures 1 and 2). 13% (Water and Waste)
$2
16% Energy
$

1
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures national income and output for a given country's economy. GDP is equal to the total
expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time. GDP in the United Kingdom
was worth $2,941.89 billion US dollars in 2014. The GDP value of the United Kingdom represents 4.74% of the world economy. [164]
2
Gross Value Added (GVA) is a measure of the increase in the value of the economy due to the production of goods and services. GVA
is a recognised way of measuring how much each city contributes to the UK economy. ONS Regional GVA from Dec 2014 suggests
London represents 22.2% of the UK’s total GVA. [165]

10 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 11
 ADDRESSING LONDON’S
CHALLENGES WITH DIGITAL
SOLUTIONS
London is a global city, growing quickly both in population providers need to therefore find solutions to improve
size and economic activity. The challenges that stem the efficiency, quality and cost of their services, in the
from this growth are not unique to London. They are faced context of a growing population. The financial year
by cities across the world such as New York, Singapore, 2014/15 saw a record number of public transport journeys
and Sydney. The GLA responds to these challenges by – 1.3bn journeys on London Underground and 2.4bn on
facilitating innovative activities which aim to make buses. This is half a billion more journeys in total than the
London a better place to live and do business. This amount in 2009/10.[5]
chapter will focus on the digital technology-enabled
solutions that can help to tackle London’s challenges. With open access to data provided by the London
Datastore, companies such as CityMapper offer solutions
The Mayor of London established the Smart London Board that improve personalised travel information. Others,
in 2013 to devise a strategy on how digital technology can like Moovit, use crowdsourced data from users, coupled
improve the lives of Londoners. This resulted in the Smart with transport open data, to provide real-time data
London Plan being published later in 2013, and further on the location, arrival and departure times of public
updated in March 2016 with the support of this study’s modes of transport. This aims to reduce both time spent
findings. commuting and to improve the customer experience on
public transport. In addition to such application providers,
The aspirations of the plan are expressed in the following a new type of company has emerged. TransportAPI was
way: one of the first to provide “data broker” services for app
developers by providing an open platform and consulting
“Londoners at the core, with open access to data, services for developing transport solutions.[6]
leveraging London’s research, technology & creative
talent, brought together through networks, to enable
London to adapt and grow, and City Hall to better Improve urban air quality
serve Londoners’ needs, offering a ‘smarter’ London
experience for all.”[3] Nearly 9,500 people die early each year in London
due to long-term exposure to air pollution.[7] Public
London’s growing population (estimated to grow from Health England has also reported that “approximately
8.5 million in 2015 to 9 million by 2020[2]) makes achieving 29,000 deaths per year in the UK could be attributable to
the ambitions set out in the Smart London Plan more man-made particulate matter pollution”[8].
challenging but it also creates opportunities for digital
and social entrepreneurs to offer their solutions and According to the Department for Environment, Food
help solve the city’s challenges. London’s growth and the & Rural Affairs (Defra), the cost to the UK economy
commitments outlined below therefore drive demand is estimated at about £16billion per year[8]. Reducing
for digital solutions. Some of the emerging opportunities particulates is therefore essential to improving air quality
are outlined below, each illustrated by a case study of a in London and the living standards of Londoners.
company already delivering a solution.
The Future Cities Catapult’s “Sensing London” project has
• Reduce congestion and disruption of London’s set up five “living laboratories” across London to monitor
transport system air quality and provide vital insights into its impacts. The
• Improve urban air quality data will also inform the provision of solutions such as
• Increase Londoners’ wellbeing smartphone applications informing asthmatics about
• Enable greater public participation in policy areas with minimum exposure to air pollution as well as
processes supporting business cases for new technologies that
• Deliver economic benefits improve human health in the long-term[8].
• Alleviate pressure on infrastructure

Increase Londoners’ wellbeing

Reduce congestion and disruption of London’s
transport system The “Well-being in London” report from 2014 shows that
“[r]esidents of London had higher anxiety and lower life
The Centre for Economic and Business Research has satisfaction, happiness, and less of a sense that the
estimated that the annual gridlock cost in London will things that they have done in their life are worthwhile,
reach $14.5billion by 2030[4]. TfL and other transport than those living in the rest of the UK”[9].

12 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

In order to address this issue, the report states that technology businesses have been recognised by both the
solutions are needed to encourage Londoners to public and private sector. Because of this recognition,
interact with the city, improve community building and a variety of accelerator and incubator programmes are
social cohesion and increase access to healthcare and available in London to support entrepreneurs to set up
education. and grow their digital businesses. This has created an
ecosystem for digital businesses that will be discussed in
Digital technology can play a role in providing such further detail in Chapter 10.
solutions. SpeakSet, for example, is a remote care
service set up by East London entrepreneurs. The aim is
to connect elderly people with a health professional via Alleviate pressure on infrastructure
the patient’s television[10]. London is also the home of the
very successful online learning platform FutureLearn London’s growing population will have an immense impact
– a MOOC (Massive Open Learning Courses) platform on the infrastructure of the city and on the way services
developed by the Open University. Since its inception in are delivered. In 2014, the Mayor of London launched a
September 2013, it has made education accessible to consultation for the London Infrastructure Plan 2050 to
2.7 million people globally[11]. address particularly these problems, recognising that
“London’s infrastructure is already under pressure, and
its population continues to grow - current projections
Enable greater public participation in policy suggest it will hit 10 million by the early 2030s.”[19]
processes
The next five chapters of the report (Chapter 5-9) will
Supporting citizen-led, bottom-up initiatives, and analyse the market opportunities in specific sectors in
engaging a broad spectrum of people is at the heart of London. The analysis will also offer insights into where
the Smart London Plan[3]. The advance of digital solutions the barriers lie and what actions need to be taken in order
increases the possibility to engage citizens in the political to ensure that the full market potential in each sector is
process, e.g. in public debate or policy development, reached. The five sectors that will be explored are:
and shape the design and function of the city from the
bottom-up. Offering digital solutions that support this
vision presents opportunities for entrepreneurs to help
achieve this ambition. Talk London, for example, was
created by the GLA to enable Londoners to participate
in policy making by joining online discussion, polls and
surveys. The initiative has so far involved approximately
15,000 members[12]. SMART SMART WATER
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
SpaceHive, the London-based platform for crowd-funding Chapter 5 / Page 14 Chapter 6 / Page 20
civic projects, has so far raised £1.6million for projects
across 68 cities, towns and villages since its inception
in 2012[13]. The platform allows citizens to propose ideas
for projects they’d like to develop in London and invite
others to support the idea by funding it. In addition, the
Mayor’s High Street Fund can pledge up to £20,000 to
crowdfunding projects on SpaceHive aimed at reviving
London’s high streets[14]. In 2015, the Mayor pledged SMART WASTE SMART
£600,000 in total that helped 37 projects[15]. MANAGEMENT TRANSPORT
Chapter 7 / Page 26 Chapter 8 / Page 32

Deliver economic benefits

London has many ingredients that have attracted and

supported the growth of digital technology businesses3,
including a strong research base and creative talent.
The latest estimates from the newly launched Tech Map
London shows that London has nearly 45,000 digital HEALTH
companies producing a turnover of £30.5billion & ASSISTED LIVING
(6% growth year on year) and employs 173,418 people Chapter 9 / Page 38
(7% growth year on year)[16]. According to Irene Graham,
CEO of the Scale Up Institute, start-ups created more
jobs than FTSE100 companies in 2015[17]. In addition,
the digital and technological transformation of the UK
government is estimated to have saved £1.7billion in
2014/2015[18]. The wider benefits delivered by these digital

1
Digital technology business is defined as a “business that provides a digital technical service/product/platform/hardware, or
heavily relies on it, as its primary revenue source.” [172]

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 13

 SMART ENERGY

London accounts for nearly 10% of the electricity

consumption in the UK[20], hence improvements to
efficiency of the power network and reduction of fossil
fuel dependency is at the forefront of London’s energy
policy. Initiatives are attempting to improve demand side
management through smart metering and energy storage,
while encouraging renewable energy production.

This chapter explores the following topics specifically in

regards to London:

• ‘Smart’ solutions deployed in the sector

• The size of the market for smart solutions and services
• Key stakeholders in the sector
• Global and London-specific challenges related to
adopting smart solutions
• Drivers of innovation and deployment of smart solutions
in the sector
• London’s strengths in this sector
• Market opportunities for smart solutions
• Barriers that need to be overcome in order for
businesses to access the opportunities in the market
• Actions that key stakeholders need to take in order to
overcome these barriers

14 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

Our estimations show that by 2020 the Energy sector from transport. In addition the climate is changing in
could have a 16% share of London’s total smart city the capital with predictions of hotter and drier summer
market opportunities, reaching up to $2.1billion. seasons and warmer and wetter winter seasons[23]. Digital
technology can help measure, monitor and model these
effects as well as help deliver low carbon power to the
city.
Arup’s report for BIS defines smart energy
management technologies as: Fuel poverty
In London, 10% of all households live in fuel poverty,
“technologies [that] can help utilities and compared to 10.4% of all homes in England[24]. In his
distributors to forecast and manage loads better, climate change mitigation and energy strategy, the Mayor
reduce the need for costly infrastructure expansion, has set out measures that will help tackle this issue. This
and improve service quality and customer includes the RE:NEW programme that aims to retrofit
satisfaction. Meanwhile consumers benefit from London’s homes with energy efficiency measures to help
service quality reliability improvements, new tariff save money off energy bills.
options, the ability to reduce their energy bills.”
(BIS report) Whilst this is a good start, there are many other digital
interventions that could help tackle this challenge
including a more detailed and comprehensive
measurement of consumption data; benchmarking
and comparison to find outliers to focus interventions;
Key stakeholders more sophisticated digital information sources about
cheaper energy sources; and digital technology to enable
The Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) is decentralised energy systems or to manage peaks in
the UK government body responsible for securing clean energy demand.
and affordable energy supplies. DECC has nine supporting
agencies and public bodies that oversee energy Old housing stock
production and supply[21]. The Office for Gas and Electric One of London’s challenges is the low energy efficiency
Markets (Ofgem) regulates the energy markets to protect of the city’s old buildings. Currently London’s homes
the customer and the environment. Ofgem regulate the contribute to 36% of the capital’s total carbon footprint[25].
energy suppliers, including the ‘big six’: British Gas, EDF Similar to the challenge above, the GLA’s RE:NEW and
Energy, npower, E.ON UK, Scottish Power, and SSE. These RE:FIT programmes are tackling this issue by providing
energy suppliers use the National Grid’s asset network support for retrofitting old buildings and reducing carbon
to deliver the gas and electricity to the customer’s home. emissions in London’s homes. Digital technology can
The asset network is managed by National Grid, but tackle this challenge in identifying who is in most need of
Ofgem have regulatory power over upgrades and cost of intervention, performance of intervention, modelling and
delivery. information sharing, to name but a few.

The GLA has limited power over energy; however, it

maintains control over energy policy. The London Plan Drivers for digital innovation
for example guides how new developments need to
consider energy. In addition, the GLA can encourage low- This section outlines some of the key drivers for
carbon energy through various schemes and initiatives, developing innovative solutions in the energy sector.
and provides guidance and planning policy on how to put
these in place. Ageing infrastructure
The UK, amongst other high-income countries, is faced
with an ageing energy infrastructure. According to Ofgem
Sector challenges estimates, up to £200million will be spent in the next ten
years to replace the energy infrastructure in the UK to
London’s major challenge in the energy sector is to respond to growing energy needs. In London specifically,
reduce its dependency on fossil fuels to tackle the global the electricity infrastructure system is reaching full
issue of climate change. To do this London must switch to capacity and investment is required to ensure that
cleaner sources of energy without hitting the consumer development of new housing stock is not hindered as a
with higher fuel prices. It is a complex challenge that result[2].
requires multi-faceted, cross-stakeholder solutions,
many of which are enabled by digital technology. Energy efficiency targets
The Mayor of London and the UK’s national government
Climate change have committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions by
The 2008 Climate Change Act committed the UK 80% (from the 1990 baseline) by 2050. In order to achieve
government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at this, several measures need to be taken, including
least 80% (from 1990 baseline) by 2050[22]. In London, improving energy performance of new and old buildings,
the Mayor has set a target to reduce London’s carbon producing energy from renewable sources, and shifting to
dioxide emissions by 60% of their 1990 level by 2025. The smart energy demand and storage[26].
majority of emissions have been identified to be a result
of heating and powering buildings and the remaining 20%

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 15

16 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON
Need to ensure local energy supply Demand management
The Mayor has set the targets to supply 25% of London’s The UK is also changing domestic energy consumption
energy from local sources by 2025. London’s electricity habits with apps such as the Hive. Introduced by British
is currently supplied from power stations outside of Gas, this application allows customers to regulate their
London. Programmes which are aimed at reaching this heating and hot water remotely and thus reduce wasted
goal include Decentralised Energy Project Delivery Unit, heating. User side innovations in the energy market are
Celsius and Licence Lite[27]. These will be described in therefore driving change by giving more control to energy
more detail in the next section. consumers.

Local initiatives
London’s strengths The GLA has also launched programmes such as
Decentralised Energy for London, providing free advice to
London has already developed programmes and local authorities, as well as energy efficiency programmes
initiatives which support the deployment of smart RE:FIT and the London Energy Efficiency Fund, helping
solutions in energy. Some of these strengths are reduce energy consumption in buildings. In addition, the
illustrated with examples below. London Energy Plan allows the modelling of London’s
energy demand, supply and infrastructure to 2050. This
Local energy generation can help identify the impact of the city’s growth on its
Localised energy generation has been encouraged energy infrastructure and suggest options for reducing
by a national £10million fund administered by the and meeting existing energy demand and minimise and
Urban Community Energy Fund[28]. One of the awarded meet new demand whilst keeping costs down and hitting
projects in London is the South East London Community the climate change targets.[35]
Energy (SELCE). It was formed by a not-for-profit social
enterprise comprising of residents of Greenwich and Research strengths
Lewisham, and has raised £250,000 from the community Leading institutions in London are carrying out
to install solar panels in schools and help eliminate fuel breakthrough research into the future of energy in light
poverty[29]. of the energy challenges the world faces. The Energy
Futures Lab at Imperial College London is a cross-
Local initiatives such as the Decentralised Energy Project discipline institute carrying out research on five key
Delivery Unit (DEPDU) is helping London boroughs and themes: Clean Fossil Fuels, Energy Infrastructure, Low
other partners get decentralised energy projects off the Carbon Transport, Policy and Innovation and Sustainable
ground. DEPDU is already helping 19 projects, worth Power.[36]
a total investment of £210million, to be brought to
market[27]. The UCL Energy Institute, in addition, delivers world-
leading research and provides policy support on the
Smart metering challenges of climate change and energy security. The
The UK government’s commitment to reduce greenhouse Institute is part of The Bartlett: UCL's global faculty of
gas emissions and combat fuel poverty have contributed the built environment, and collaborates with industry,
to increased funding and interest in smart solutions to government and other academic bodies, to apply its
energy challenges. The Data Communication Company research and deliver a real-world impact.[37]
is the UK body delivering and managing the platform
for shared communication on smart meters. This allows The London-based UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC)
a universal communication network for smart meters, carries out world-class research into sustainable future
empowering customers with the freedom to switch energy systems. UKERC carries out world-class research
suppliers[30]. into sustainable future energy systems, focusing on six
core themes: future energy system pathways, resources
Much of the UK’s smart grid capability is being trialled & vectors, energy systems at multiple scales, energy,
in London, with benefits already reaching customers. economy & societal preferences, decision-making, and
For instance, Camden-based Tempus Energy were technology & policy assessment. UKERC also acts as a
established to provide the cheapest energy to customers bridge between the UK energy research community and
through dynamic sourcing and employing smart meters the wider world.[38]
in customers’ homes[31]. The GLA have contributed with a
£250,000 investment in Tempus in November 2015[32]. In addition to the academic body of work, the Energy
Institute (EI) provides a wealth of knowledge on the
Energy efficiency in transport energy sector through its EI Knowledge Service, which
As well as smart metering schemes, TfL have been undertakes project based research, overseen by the EI’s
aiming to improve energy efficiency in the transport Energy Advisory Panel.[39]
sector throughout the capital. Light-emitting diode
(LED) street lighting has been introduced to reduce UK Green Building Council, on the other hand, offers a
energy consumption and improve visibility on the A4 range of learning and development activities to inspire
road with the view of expansion across London[33]. best practice and leadership in green building policies,
London’s bus network now features 80 hydrogen fuel including zero carbon new build, retrofit of existing
buses and 17 electric buses[34], and is an indication of the homes, and operational energy measurement and
commitment from TfL to reduce energy consumption. reporting.[40]

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 17

Market opportunities supply and demand response[3]. This will be enabled
through partnerships with energy providers such as Kiwi
The challenges which London faces in the energy sector, Power and Tempus Energy.
accompanied by the drivers for innovation and solutions
development, provide plenty of opportunities for Electric vehicles infrastructure
businesses. The density of London provides opportunities for electric
transport solutions, and the infrastructure to support this
A selection of these opportunities, which have emerged is well established in London. Source London manages
from our desk research and interviews with experts, are over 1,300 charging points across London[43], providing
outlined below: the crucial infrastructure to encourage the adoption of
electric cars.
• Local energy production
• Smart grid
• Reducing end energy consumption Barriers to adopting digital solutions
• Electric vehicles infrastructure
Lack of smart grid standards
Local energy production Both the European Commission, specifically the Smart
Since London’s energy supply is reliant upon international Grids Task Force[44], and the UK government have laid out
markets, local sources can ensure London’s resilient plans to establish standards and operation framework
energy supplies and minimise the cost of the city’s energy for smart grids. However, before these standards and
infrastructure. The GLA’s Enabling Infrastructure report regulations are put in place, the deployment of smart grid
stresses the importance of local energy projects “from solutions would remain ad-hoc in London, like in the rest
smaller scale to large scale projects capable of providing of Europe.
significant amounts of energy to London”[2].
Privacy concerns
Local renewable energy generation is also being The roll-out of smart meters has raised concerns about
encouraged through the London Energy Efficiency the way energy data will be stored and used. Data privacy
Fund (LEEF). This £100million loan fund is available for and security is one of the most important considerations
individuals, communities and companies to provide that need to be taken into account for the whole smart
energy solutions that reduce carbon dependent city agenda. The public needs to be able to use and trust
consumption[41]. digital technology in their lives for the development of
smart cities.[45] Unless addressed at the early stages of
This is aimed at renewable energy projects and district technology roll-out, privacy issues could hinder the take-
heating, and provides a low interest loan to attract up of smart technologies.
new technologies and companies to trial sustainable
solutions in London. Currently only 2% of London’s energy Electricity capacity
consumption is fulfilled from sources other than gas, Electricity currently fulfils only less than a third of energy
petrol, and diesel[2]. consumption in the capital (in comparison to 45% by
gas).[2] Charging electric vehicles (EVs) requires access
Smart grid to electricity and therefore the electrification of vehicles
London is establishing itself as a hub of smart grid in London puts additional pressure on the system. The
innovation. The Low Voltage Flexible Urban Networks successful deployment of EVs would be dependent on the
being trialled in London are an example of how Power increased capacity of London’s electricity system.
Electronic Devices (PEDs) can be utilised in low voltage
grids to release and employ spare network capacity[42]. Complexity of energy supply systems
The transition from fossil-fuel reliant sources to low
This is one of four Smart Grid/Metering projects currently carbon, renewable energy sources is happening gradually.
being trialled by UK Power Networks, aiming to improve The complexity of such a distributed energy system
management, storage and use of energy, improving makes it difficult to plan even basic energy services,
efficiency and reducing cost. Of these four projects, three including heating and transport. Decision-making on
are being trialled exclusively in London. These innovative planning such services is made even more challenging
projects signify UK Power Network’s progressive by the need to take several priorities into account, such
approach to trialling new smart grid solutions and the as pollution, convenience for energy users, carbon
opportunities this opens up for businesses developing commitments and price models.
solutions in this area.

Reducing end energy consumption Recommendations

The GLA’s Enabling Infrastructure report recognises
the need for “reduced energy use from buildings, Such a complex area requires intervention from all
more efficient use of primary energy input, [and] the stakeholders at a national and local level. Many of these
high utilisation of infrastructure capacity through the barriers need to be addressed by national government, for
application of smart systems and energy storage.”[2] example by setting standards and regulations for smart
grids deployment, or guiding the use of smart meter data.
The GLA aims to restrict growth in peak electricity Local government, through the GLA, is playing its part
demand by 2020, with 10,000MWh/annum of contracted with programmes like RE;NEW and RE:FIT but there is

18 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

room for more innovation from across the spectrum. We
set out our priority recommendations to be considered by
all here.

Ease regulatory barriers

Being based in the capital, London’s stakeholders have
the opportunity to access Government officials and lobby
for changes to regulations. By voicing the need for new
business models and standards to guide smart energy
services, local actors can work more closely with national
government to encourage development of standardisation
of approaches through regulations nationally or contracts
locally.

Publish live data that can be used and shared

The London Energy Plan is a positive step towards
modelling London’s energy demand, supply and
infrastructure to 2050, under several scenarios. Access
to dynamic, real-time information could make energy
modelling easier and help London’s stakeholders create
realistic plans to transition to a low carbon future.
Knowledge about gas and electricity usage in a specific
place at a given time can help tackle peak demand for
energy. Such data can also help address behavioural
change and demand management within housing. Data
on how much people consume and clear information
on different tariff bands can help consumers develop
consumption habits that reduce peak demand. Energy
modelling can also support the priority of the Mayor of
London to focus on energy efficient infrastructure:

“This will require reduced energy use from buildings,

more efficient use of primary energy input, the high
utilisation of infrastructure capacity through the
application of smart systems and energy storage, and
the use of local-to-London energy resource where
economically viable to eliminate the dependency on
imported energy from the world market.”[2]

An important consideration should be how citizens’ data

privacy will be protected in order to enable the safe
publishing and sharing of data.

Develop a clear Internet of Things policy

The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to have a
transformational effect on cities. By allowing objects
to interact, e.g. electric cars communicating both with
people and the grid, IoT helps break down the silos within
the city and allows them to start interacting with each
other. Therefore, in order to reap the full benefits of IoT,
a comprehensive policy, considering both privacy and
security issues, needs to be put in place. Following the
recommendation in the Government Office for Science
report “The Internet of Things: making the most of
the Second Digital Revolution”, public bodies need to
consider how to best enable the use of data to support
IoT applications:

“Open application programming interfaces should be

created for all public bodies and regulated industries
to enable innovative use of real-time public data,
prioritising efforts in the energy and transport
sectors.”[46]

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 19

 SMART WATER
MANAGEMENT

Water is one of London’s regulated industries, which

ensures that prices are maintained at an affordable
level. On the flipside, however, low prices result in high
consumption, which puts pressure on the water networks.
High demand requires smarter management of the water
networks.

This chapter explores the following topics specifically in

regards to London:

• ‘Smart’ solutions deployed in the sector

• The size of the market for smart solutions and services
• Key stakeholders in the sector
• Global and London-specific challenges related to
adopting smart solutions
• Drivers of innovation and deployment of smart solutions
in the sector
• London’s strengths in this sector
• Market opportunities for smart solutions
• Barriers that need to be overcome in order for
businesses to access the opportunities in the market
• Actions that key stakeholders need to take in order to
overcome these barriers

20 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

In our analysis we estimate that the market for smart Sector challenges
water and waste solutions and services in London
could reach $1.8billion by 2020, which is a 13% share The water industry is faced by two pressing challenges,
of London’s total smart city market. The estimate for namely scarce supply and the effects of extreme weather
these two sectors is a combined figure since the reports conditions, such as heavy rainfall and flooding, as a result
analysed for these markets provide a joint estimate for of climate change.
them under the heading ‘smart infrastructure’.
Demand exceeding supply
The market opportunity in the water sector will also Thames Water’s projections show that by 2025 demand
be influenced by the decision of the UK Government for water will exceed supply by 10%, rising to 26% by
to create a competitive water market. From April 2017, 2050 mostly due to the increase in population[2]. This
1.2million non-household customers will be able to raises questions about how to provide water services
choose their supplier of water and waste water services, efficiently, including managing potable and non-potable
making it the largest retail water market in the world. The water in order to make use of the full water cycle. The
Open Water programme, governing the delivery of the new Smart London Plan stresses the importance of ‘smart’
competitive market, has estimated that this will lead to approaches through London’s planning system, e.g.
around £200million of overall benefit to customers and using data to guide planning and design, including the
the UK economy[47]. deployment of digital infrastructure to future proof new
developments.

Climate change
Arup’s report for BIS defines a smart water system A recent climate change study by Nature sets out the
as one in which: case for the increase in extreme weather events as a
result of climate change and this impacts our city and
“technology manages the distribution and water systems in several ways[48]. Approximately 15%
management of water resources, where advanced of London is in flood plain, protected by flood defences.
water treatment is present. […] A smart water This area includes both homes and vital infrastructure,
network [also] offers utilities an opportunity to including 49 railway stations, 75 underground stations
improve both efficiency and customer service and 10 hospitals[49]. The weather events of winter 2013/14
whilst reducing water scarcity.” showed us that these parts of London are at great risk
(BIS report) when there are high levels of rainfall.

Not only will this result in more flooding events but it

will increase the imbalance between supply and demand
of water, most likely increasing the pressure on water
Smart Water Management also includes flood risk sources and the network[50]. This is further exacerbated by
management, wastewater management and the provision London’s ageing infrastructure which requires on-going
of water services to other sectors. maintenance4. Integrated water management that brings
together blue, green and grey infrastructure can create
reliable, resilient and sustainable water services. Ways to
Key stakeholders make use of green infrastructure, such as green roofs and
rain gardens, need to be considered in order to decrease
Water services in the Greater London area are provided by reliance on traditional so-called grey infrastructure,
four privatised companies: such as piped drainage and water treatment systems.
Smart solutions can help address both of these complex
• Thames Water challenges by offering innovative approaches to analysing
• Affinity Water data, engaging customers and managing water supply.
• Essex & Suffolk Water Opportunities to offer such solutions are set out further
• Sutton & East Surrey Water down.

Of these four, Thames Water services almost 80% of

the market. The Office of Water Services, Ofwat, is the Drivers for digital innovation
economic regulator which fixes the revenues of the water
industry at five-year intervals. Solving the challenges outlined above is motivated by the
following key drivers.
The role of the GLA is to bring stakeholders together,
for example in complex developments, where property Political will
developers, end users and water companies need to work As set out in the “Enabling Infrastructure: Green, Energy,
together to provide services effectively. Water & Waste Infrastructure to 2050” paper[2], the Mayor
of London expects water companies to invest in new
technologies that would lead to leakage reduction and
wiser use of water, e.g. through metering and consumer

4
Over the period from 2020 to 2050, it is projected that water infrastructure operational expenditure will total some £34 billion in
the period in real terms, increasing 1% per annum, on average, in that period[50].

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 21

22 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON
awareness. The Smart London Plan also promotes the use others: Smart Flood Risk Management, Smart Pressure
of smart grid technologies to better manage demand and Management, and Smart Leakage Detection. More details
supply of energy and water. of these programmes are set out further down.

Population growth
Similarly to the other sectors discussed in this report, the Market opportunities
water sector will also be impacted by London’s growing
population. This will require better management of There are many complex factors that contribute to the
water supply in order to meet higher demand and tackle sector however, through our research, we have identified
water scarcity. The availability of lower-cost sensors three areas with immediate substantial opportunities for
and opportunities to engage with customers in real- smart technology:
time could drive lower consumption and help influence
customer behaviour. • Smarter supply and demand management
• Data analytics
Climate change • Smart flood risk management
Adopting climate change adaptation measures is
essential to alleviating the stress created on the water Smarter supply and demand management
systems as a result of the increased impacts of flooding. The challenge of increasing demand for water calls for
This requires better flood risk management solutions. solutions both on the supply and demand side of water
Improving asset management and increasing resilience management. London’s largest water supplier Thames
measures are vital in the response to both population Water has identified in its strategy “three pillars of
growth and climate change. demand management”: leakage, metering and demand
management[52]. There are opportunities to provide
Retail market opening solutions within each of these three areas. Taking each
The opening of the retail water market in 2017 will one in turn:
increase competition between water providers. It will
therefore become even more vital to manage the water Smart leakage detection and management/reduction:
cycle and provide sustainable water solutions in order to Thames Water have reported losses of 665Ml/day during
operate cost effectively in the future. 2014/2015, aiming to reduce this by 59Ml/day by 2020[53].
Reducing leakages is therefore key to managing the water
supply/demand balance. The GLA have launched several
London’s strengths programmes that address this issue but require more
solutions from industry to help deliver these programmes.
Professional expertise The Smart Pressure Management and Smart Leakage
Besides the drivers which motivate authorities to address Detection programmes, for example, aim to predict which
its water challenges, London also has the professional pipes are vulnerable. Smart solutions providing a more
and entrepreneurial expertise to provide solutions. The targeted approach and smarter pressure management
city is a hotspot for experts in numerous areas, ranging will help take pressure off pipes. Through the dynamic
from technology providers through to consulting and control of pumping pressure, water can be pumped only
engineering services such as Arup and Mott MacDonald. at the required levels depending on demand.
These companies have a global reputation and bring
best practice from all over the world. London also offers Smart metering: In order to address the challenge of
essential support services for legal and financial aspects. scarce supply, demand management and encouragement
of lower consumption levels are essential. Smart
World-class research metering can be an enabler for this. Currently only about
The academic sector contributes to this ecosystem of 40% of customers in England and Wales have a water
experts by providing world-class research. The Climate meter.[54] Reports show that the UK is one of the European
and Water Research Unit (CWRU) at UCL and the countries experiencing fastest transition to adopting two-
Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Section way smart water meters.[55] Smart metering investment
at Imperial College London address some fundamental is one of Thames Water’s key planned enhancement
research topics that have an immense impact on society, expenditures, amounting to a total of £1.3billion before
such as flood protection, sustainable water resource 2050[50]. Thames Water plans to fit 900,000 meters by
development, the provision of safe water supplies and 2020. In addition, every home will be offered a Smarter
sanitation, and the management of wastes and their Home Visit to install free water saving devices and
environmental impact. provide tailored advice as the progressive metering
programme is rolled out[52]. Smart meters collect usage
This section at Imperial College has also received the data and allow residents to monitor their consumption
highest achievable 6-star Assessment Exercise (RAE) online. This data could allow applications, like the Hive5
rating for its research.[51] In addition to this ecosystem of thermostat and heating control app, to move into the
experts, there are emerging programmes and policies that sector and increase engagement with users, encouraging
focus specifically on the promotion of smart solutions. The better water management and lower consumption.
GLA is currently working on three key initiatives, amongst

5
Hive Active Heating was launched by British Gas in September 2013 allowing customers to control their heating and hot water
remotely – from mobile, tablet or laptop.

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 23

Demand management: In order to manage growing companies from investing money in research and
demand, water companies require solutions to help them development, or deploying innovative solutions as they
lower consumption. Smart solutions that engage with cannot charge a premium for it.
consumers through digital apps and platforms can help
communicate consumption information to users and Lack of openly shared data
advise them on reducing water usage. Thames Water have Water usage data held by the water companies is
launched several demand management programmes. For currently not shared openly, which makes it more difficult
example, the water efficiency software for homes TAP to track the performance of assets. Lack of data means
(Talk and Products) produces a water saving report for there is no real insight into the blue, green and grey
consumers. A further initiative is Smarter Home which infrastructure assets in London and does not allow for
includes visits in several London boroughs during which wastewater treatment to be priced accurately. Applying
homes are fitted with dual flush. the lessons from other sectors, if data is shared more
openly by the water companies, there will be more scope
Data analytics for tracking the performance of assets and developing
The water industry is one of the sectors that have not innovative solutions to tackle London’s challenges.
utilised the power of digital technology as much as
similar sectors such as the energy sector. Data analytics Route to market
is still centred on predictions and forecasts rather than The BIS report found that small and medium-sized
focusing on real-time analytics and ‘nowcasts’. enterprises (SMEs) in the UK find it difficult to sell to
water utility companies as they are more “conservative”
Obtaining and analysing data is crucial in monitoring and “risk-averse”[56]. However, there have recently been
water quality, mapping assets, as well as detecting increasing attempts for innovation by the sector. For
leakages, bursts and flooding. Data can provide even example, Anglian Water’s Innovation Network provides
wider benefits to the water sector, which is where a marketplace for innovative companies to enter their
businesses can help with providing solutions. Alex supply chain. However, the impact of the solutions
Nickson, Policy and Programme Manager at GLA, provided through this platform is still not available.
summarises the need for solutions: The relatively low investment levels in digital water
technologies has also been recognised as a barrier,
“[Data collection and analysis requires] a coherent with innovation spend sometimes being described
approach. Lots of different pieces of the jigsaw all as “minimal”[57]. For example, Thames Water has
need to fit together – you need interconnectivity, reported a £20million spend on R&D in the 5-year asset
telemetry, data management, a sophisticated control management period (AMP5) in 2010-2015[58].
centre; you need someone to work through the
decision processes and how all the information can
be combined and crunched; we need an evolution Recommendations
from forecasts to ‘nowcasts’ – and all these things are
required [as open-source, non-proprietary solutions].” In order to drive adoption of smart technologies in the
water sector, actions need to be taken both at a national
Smart flood risk management and local level.
Flood defence is another key expenditure for Thames
Water, comprising measures to increase flood resilience. Share water data
Expected flood defence-related expenditure reaches an The transport sector has been successful in releasing
estimation of nearly £1billion before 2050[50]. GLA’s Smart data which is beneficial for businesses to use as raw
Flood Risk Management programme is also looking at material for new products and services. Therefore, it
smarter solutions to facilitate the move towards a more would be beneficial for Thames Water to collaborate with
proactive combined blue, green and grey infrastructure. institutions such as the Open Data Institute to explore
Real-time data across the system can help monitor what non-sensitive data it would be beneficial to release
the heights of rivers and flows and depending on the in order to create an open data marketplace in the water
capacity of the system make smarter decisions on sector. With the rolling out of smart meters, there could
whether to retain or discharge water into the Thames. be more opportunities for real-time data collection.
A smart telemetry system with smart control measures
can be used to manage flood risk according to the most By sharing data, water companies can also improve
sustainable option. tracking the performance of assets and help improve
decision making across London.

Barriers to adopting digital solutions Dynamic water pricing

As a result of London’s growing population, more pressure
When considering the opportunities in the smart water is put on water supplies. It has emerged from our
market, businesses need to also keep in mind the barriers interviews that a pricing mechanism could be designed
that are present in the industry. A few are outlined below. to manage water scarcity better. Smart metering could
allow new capabilities for collecting data and informing
Fixed water charges such dynamic pricing. However, such policy needs to
Since Ofwat is pressured to keep household bills low, be discussed and implemented at a national level, in
there is very little incentive for occupants to reduce collaboration with Ofwat. Dynamic water pricing could be
consumption. The fixed charges also deter water considered in the future when the retail market opens in

24 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

2017 and tariffs will need to ensure that “each class of
business customers can be served profitably at both the
wholesale and the retail levels”[59].

Encourage innovation
Despite innovation programmes run by water companies
such as Thames Water and Anglian Water, it has been
recognised that innovation in the sector needs to develop
further[60]. Collaboration between Thames Water and
London’s technology sector would be beneficial for driving
forward the development of solutions that address
London’s challenges. Arup, for example, has recently
launched the Venturi innovation portal for the water
industry[61], which is designed to offer the market a new
vehicle to speed up innovation adoption in the UK water
sector. Endorsing certain manufacturers which produce
water-efficient products, water companies can also help
drive innovation within their supply chain.

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 25

 SMART WASTE
MANAGEMENT

Smart technology in the waste sector is primarily focused

on increasing the efficiency of collection and separation.
Our research re-affirms the findings of Arup’s report
for the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
(BIS) “The Smart City Market: Opportunities for the UK”,
namely that the smart waste management market is still
“nascent”[56]. However, there is great potential for smart
technology to enter the waste market and facilitate the
transition to a circular economy, whereby valuable and
increasingly scarce resources are not wasted; instead
they are reused to maximise their value: “A circular
economy is an alternative to a traditional linear economy
(make, use, dispose) in which we keep resources in use
for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from
them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products
and materials at the end of each service life.”[62]

This chapter explores the following topics specifically in

regards to London:

• ‘Smart’ solutions deployed in the sector

• The size of the market for smart solutions and services
• Key stakeholders in the sector
• Global and London-specific challenges related to
adopting smart solutions
• Drivers of innovation and deployment of smart solutions
in the sector
• London’s strengths in this sector
• Market opportunities for smart solutions
• Barriers that need to be overcome in order for
businesses to access the opportunities in the market
• Actions that key stakeholders need to take in order to
overcome these barriers

26 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

Smart waste management market size Scarce resources
Valuable materials are wasted by being disposed of
The estimations shown in Chapter 3 reveal that the instead of being reused and recycled. Today’s linear
combined size of the waste and water markets for smart ‘take, make, use, dispose’ economic model contributes
products and services in London would be $1.8billion by to a depletion of the world’s resources[63]. This model is
2020. This represents a 13% share of London’s total smart also not sustainable anymore due to resource scarcity
city market opportunities. We are providing a combined and price volatility of commodities, which have been
estimate for the size of the waste and water markets sharply increasing in price since 2000. According to
based on the data available in the global reports we have calculations made by Defra, UK businesses could benefit
analysed. by up to £23billion per year through more efficient use
of resources, whilst McKinsey estimates that the global
value of resource efficiency could eventually reach
Key stakeholders $3.7trillion per year[62].

There are three major waste types generated in London

including household waste, commercial and industrial Drivers for digital innovation
waste (C&I waste), and construction, demolition and
excavation (CD&E) waste. Both national goals and local targets drive innovation in
Smart Waste Management.
It is the responsibility of waste collection authorities
(WCA) in London to collect municipal solid waste6. The Move to a circular economy
waste disposal authorities (WDA) are responsible for The Mayor of London has requested that LWARB develops
the treatment and disposal of the waste provided to a Route Map to the Circular Economy for London by
them by the WCA. There are four statutory joint WDAs in early 2016, working with the private sector and the
London and 12 in dependent WDAs. The waste collection, London Infrastructure Delivery Board. This will involve
treatment and disposal is undertaken either in-house by putting incentives in place that promote and encourage
local authorities (e.g. London Borough of Hackney, London the adoption of circular economy systems by FTSE 100
Borough of Sutton, London Waste), or by private waste companies and SMEs alike[64].
contractors (e.g. Biffa, Bywaters, Cory, Grundon, SUEZ
and Veolia). 50% recycling target
The Mayor has set a 50% recycling target by 2020 as well
Even though the GLA does not regulate waste, it steers as to recover high quality recyclate and maximise the
the sector and sets objectives and policies for municipal income generated from that material[65]. One of LWARB’s
waste and business waste. In addition to the GLA, the business plan objectives is to help local authorities
London Waste and Recycling Board (LWARB) was set up generate more value from their waste management
to provide a strategic approach to waste management services and help them encourage waste prevention and
in London. LWARB manages a £20million investment re-use[64].
fund to provide tailored financial support to businesses
interested in developing waste infrastructure projects in National strategic goals
and around London. The UK Government’s Waste Strategy for England 2007
has set out that waste should be managed as close as
There are other stakeholders such as the Waste possible to the point of production. This has led to London
& Resources Action Programme (WRAP) promoting setting a target to manage 100% of London’s waste within
sustainable resource and waste management at London by 2026[65].
national level. The regulator for waste management is
the Environment Agency and as such they can play an
important role in implementing digital solutions in the London’s strengths
waste sector in areas like licensing and duty of care.
Several initiatives in London are providing advantages
to local authorities and businesses in Smart Waste
Sector challenges Management.

Growing population Support for local authorities

As London’s population is rising, the amounts of waste The LWARB was established under the Greater London
produced will also increase unless measures are taken Authority Act 2007 to “promote and encourage the
to reduce waste and increase the reuse and recovery of production of less waste; an increase in the proportion
materials. In the short-term, councils will need to manage that is reused or recycled; and the use of methods of
the increasing amounts of waste more efficiently and collection, treatment and disposal of waste that are more
sustainably. Waste will need to be managed at a lower beneficial to the environment.”[64]
cost, using less space and resources[56].
In addition, programmes such as Resource London have
been set up by LWARB and WRAP to support waste

6
A new waste definition was introduced in 2011 of ‘Local Authority Collected Waste’ (LACW), which includes household waste and
any other waste collected by the local authority.

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 27

authorities to manage their services efficiently whilst for businesses to provide solutions that enable more
maximising recycling performance[66]. efficient management of resources and recovering of
valuable materials[70].
Funding
LWARB’s 2015-2020 Business Plan has announced a LWARB’s report “Towards a Circular Economy” stresses
£20million fund to help businesses in the waste sector the importance of smart technology in the circular
expand. Since its inception in late 2008 “LWARB has economy “The link between SMART technologies and the
supported around 50 businesses in the reuse and acceleration of a more circular economy is clear, offering
recycling sectors and has provided funds to develop four the opportunity to track and trace products, facilitate
new [waste management] facilities - three of which are reverse logistics capabilities and offer online platforms
now operating, whilst the other is in construction”[64]. for collaboration and the sharing economy.”[71]

Research expertise According to Andrew Richmond, Policy and Strategy

Research into the waste sector is undergoing a major Manager for Energy and Waste at the GLA, the
shift, with a focus on how waste can be avoided in the transition to circular economy presents the biggest
first place or used as a raw material. Leading research market opportunity. The reason for being such a great
is taking place at a range of universities and institutes opportunity is that it encompasses innovative design
across London. The Resource Efficiency Research Centre for remanufacturing and innovative ownership models
works in collaboration with the Institute for Sustainability across industries. A new economic model, called
at the University of East London on research and collaborative consumption, has emerged “Systems that
development of a demonstrator facility, which enables reinvent traditional market behaviors – renting, lending,
large-scale feasibility testing on aggregates designed swapping, sharing, bartering, gifting – in ways and on a
and manufactured using a wide variety of waste materials scale not possible before the internet.”[72] New business
arising from industry partners based at the London models include servitisation of products, leasing, and
Sustainable Industry Park (LSIP) and surrounding area. sharing. Some of the opportunities for digital solutions
[67]
Research into waste management and the sustainable are outlined below:
use of materials, bioconversion of biodegradable wastes,
and the application of sewage sludge to agricultural Sharing platforms: Avoiding waste is the first step in
soils also takes place at the Imperial College London the transition to circular economy. This can be enabled
Environmental and Water Resource Engineering section. through peer-to-peer online exchange of assets. Digital
[68]
In addition, UCL CircEL, the Circular Economy Lab, platforms such as AirBnB allow this to happen. AirBnB
is a cross-faculty, cross-discipline initiative, exploring help people to share underutilised spaces and therefore
solutions for improved design of buildings and products, the need for building new hotel accommodation is
their re-use and recycling, and the return of their reduced. Other examples include sharing surplus
constituent materials back to the economy.[69] food from supermarkets and restaurants with people
who need it through schemes such as FareShare thus
reducing food waste.
Market opportunities
Maintaining assets: A recent report published by the
Wider trends within the waste sector have seen the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, a charity established
development of solar-powered bins for recyclable in 2010 with the aim of accelerating the transition to
materials, smarter ways to collect waste, and smart the circular economy, is stating the importance of the
logistics for the collection and movement of waste. Internet of Things in enabling a less resource-dependent
However, such developments have had little impact on circular economy. Intelligent assets7 can signal their
how waste is managed in London to-date. In addition, need for maintenance before they break down and are
digital is considered as one of the main enablers in the sent to landfill, thus reducing the amount of waste
transition to circular economy throughout all stages of and increasing their life cycle: “The circular economy
circulating materials, components and products: sharing, helps decouple economic value creation from resource
maintaining, reusing, refurbishing, and recycling (see consumption. Its four value drivers – extending the use
Figure 3). This presents a great opportunity for companies cycle length of an asset, increasing utilisation of an
to deliver smart technology and digital solutions in the asset or resource, looping or cascading an asset through
following areas: additional use cycles, and regeneration of natural capital
– can be combined with one (or several) of the three
• Circular Economy main intelligent asset value drivers – knowledge of the
• Data Analytics location, condition, and availability of an asset.”[73] The
• Smart Public Realm Bins connection between intelligent assets and the circular
• Refuse Collection Vehicle GPS Tracking economy already offers opportunities for businesses in
• Automated Waste Collection Systems multiple sectors, including optimising materials flows
and waste management.
Circular Economy
Resource management and material recovery are Reuse and redistribution: Keeping materials, products
becoming ever more important in a time where resources and components at the highest use and value at all times
are scarce and the technology is there to optimise is helping to reduce waste. Online applications such as
resource use. With the Mayor’s request to draw a Route the London-based Globechain allows for businesses,
Map to Circular Economy by 2036, there are opportunities charities and people to reuse unused materials and

28 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

products. Similarly, another London-based company Data Analytics
Fonebank specialises in the reuse of mobile phones, Visual display of how much waste is generated through
collecting and re-distributing old devices to customers an interactive online tool, for example, could generate
in Africa and Asia. Such an innovative ownership model comparisons between recycling rates, food waste, etc.
ensures that existing assets are being optimised. amongst boroughs. This could encourage behavioural
change and allow boroughs to target specific areas that
Product as a Service: Digital can also support innovative have low recycling rates or generate more food waste to
business models such as servitisation, or offering launch educational and awareness campaigns.
‘product as a service’, whereby the company offers access
to a product but retains ownership of it. This incentivises In addition, analysing waste-related datasets can help
companies to prolong the life of a product by maintaining London boroughs improve the efficiency of services. The
it better. An example of such a service is the Philips London Datastore shares insights on how waste data
‘pay-per-lux’ model, which offers lighting as a service can be used by drawing a comparison with New York:
instead of selling lighting infrastructure[74]. Data is key for data on waste generation throughout the year produced
monitoring the performance of such a system in order to a model which can predict future service demand and
track energy consumption and the state of the lighting thus help plan more efficient collection routes and
system. times[81]. Data on future developments will also be added
to London’s Infrastructure Mapping Application, which
‘Designing out waste’ in construction: Optimising will help identify where strategic waste sites are located,
the use of materials is key to reducing waste from helping to inform waste infrastructure investment
construction activities. The New House for London opportunities[82].
project, a collaboration between Arup, Carl Turner
Architects and The Building Centre, demonstrated Smart Bins
flexible construction solutions and modular systems[75]. Technologies that can monitor the fill levels of bins can
It illustrated how under-utilised brownfield land could be facilitate more efficient waste collection. Sensor fill
used to locate prefabricated, adaptable spaces, suitable alarms monitor how full each bin is, allowing authorities
for modern urban living. The need to reduce waste in to decide when to collect the bins. Big Belly Solar UK, for
construction creates opportunities for new solutions example, produces a street waste collection bin powered
which use materials effectively, reuse and repurpose built by the sun, which alerts collection contractors when the
environment components, and monitor the performance bin is 85% full. A study undertaken by Big Belly Solar over
of assets in order to prolong their life cycle. six years with 162 UK Councils shows that on average
the frequency of bin collection dropped by 86% after
Design for remanufacturing: To support the transition the Big Belly Solar bins were installed[56]. In London, the
to circular economy, solutions for innovative number of boroughs trialling the bins is growing: from
remanufacturing are needed. This includes finding new Westminster in 2013 to Islington (since March 2015[83])
ways to reduce, reuse, recycle, and reclaim materials and Ealing (since April 2015[84]).
so that they are not sent to landfill. Remanufacturing
solutions include “technologies which restore worn Collection vehicles logistics optimisation
and damaged components to the same functional Optimising the movement of waste collection vehicles
performance of new products,” as described by experts at can be achieved through the planning of more efficient
Caterpillar.[76] collection routes. This can be enabled through GPS
tracking on collection vehicles and the information
Recycling: Some of London’s waste contractors collected on their location and speed. Sevenoaks in
Bywaters[77], Veolia[78] and London Waste[79] have already Kent has been working with municipal services provider
established materials recovery facilities (MRFs) and Verdant Group Plc to install GPS trackers in 200 refuse
organic waste treatment facilities to optimise recycling and recycling vehicles[85]. However, this technology has
and material recovery. Veolia’s MRF in Greenwich, for not been widely implemented in London and presents an
instance, handles up to 75,000 tonnes of mixed dry opportunity in the market.
recyclables per annum, which are separated, bailed and
sent on for reprocessing into new items[78]. East London Automated Waste Collection Systems
Biogas Ltd is operating an organic waste treatment Automated Waste Collection Systems (AWCS) transport
facility at the London Sustainable Industries Park in the waste from each floor of a building, or public realm areas,
London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. The facility to a central waste collection station through a network
has the capacity to process 49,000 tonnes per annum of pipes. Such a system was implemented in London for
of food and green waste via a 30,000 tonnes per year the first time at Wembley City in 2008[86]. By tracking the
anaerobic digestion plant, and a 19,000 tonnes per year weight of each type of waste, easier control over the most
in-vessel composting plant[80]. The facility produces suitable time to empty the system is enabled. There are
approximately 1.4MW of renewable electricity and an currently several global providers, such as Envac Group,
organic fertiliser for agricultural use. that supply the system but there are no UK suppliers yet.

7
“Physical objects that are able to sense, record and communicate information about themselves and/or their surroundings. This
definition incorporates IoT objects but also includes assets that are not continuously transmitting information, and things that do
not feature wireless communication.”[73]

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 29

Barriers to adopting digital solutions PRINCIPLES

1
The existing opportunities on the Smart Waste
Management market could be fully utilised if certain Preserve and enhance natural capital
barriers to innovation and entry to market are overcome. by controlling finite stocks and
balancing renewable resource flows
Lack of knowledge – for example, replacing fossil fuels
Since smart waste management solutions have only with renewable energy or using the
recently entered the market, local authorities are not maximum sustainable yield method
always aware of the latest smart technologies in waste, or to preserve fish stocks.
about the benefits that they can bring. Concerns around
the robustness of sensors can also be attributed to lack

2
of knowledge about how to use smart systems in a safe
manner. Arup’s report for BIS has shown that “there is an Optimise resource yields by
insufficient understanding of how smart technologies circulating products, components
could be fully deployed in the waste sector. There is a and materials at the highest utility
lack of funding for research, innovation development, and at all times in both technical and
large scale trialling of innovation.”[56] biological cycles – for example,
sharing or looping products and
Lack of data harvesting and sharing extending product use cycles.
There is currently a lack of capturing, harvesting and
sharing of data from, for example, intelligent asset
monitoring system that could otherwise enhance and
prolong the life of assets. It is essential that intelligent
assets monitoring systems are being used to their full
potential. The data should also be used in a collaborative
manner between clients, architects, designers,
constructors and operators to optimise the whole life-
cycle of assets.

Lack of incentive
Waste contractors in London, as in the rest of the UK, hold

3
long-term contracts with local authorities. The length
of these contracts, usually 10-25 years, provides little Foster system effectiveness by
incentive for waste companies to innovate in order to revealing and designing out negative
become more efficient, for example, by optimising refuse externalities, such as water, air, soil
collection routes. As a result of such long contracts, it is and noise pollution: climate change;
also difficult to predict what challenges and solutions toxins; congestions; and negative
would have emerged by the end of this period. In health effects related to resource
addition, in order to win a contract, waste contractors use.
do not necessarily need to demonstrate usage of smart
technology as part of their services.
Recommendations
Consumer resistance
Smart technologies, which track the types of waste In order to break the above barriers down all stakeholders,
disposed, could earn smart waste technologies an including the GLA, boroughs and waste contractors, could
unfavourable reputation amongst consumers. People undertake several measures.
might become more resistant to what they see as
surveillance of their waste. Consumer awareness Drive innovation through renewed waste contracts
campaigns are needed to address such concerns. The London Waste Map shows that waste and recycling
collection contracts of nearly 40% of London boroughs
More consideration might need to also be given to the are coming to an end within the next 5 years[87]. This
types of data collected and used through smart waste presents a great opportunity to improve performance
technologies, such as Radio-Frequency Identification indicators and try new things, for example trial innovative
(RFID) tagging, which allows the identification and uses of technology and data to optimise vehicle routes.
tracking of waste items. Such changes could incentivise waste management
companies to achieve greater operational efficiencies
Funding gaps and maximise resources. Waste recovery rates could be
There is limited resources available to local authorities improved by developing waste treatment and recycling
and waste management companies for deploying smart infrastructure, including smart waste separation and
waste technologies. As for any new technology, it would RFID tagging.
be difficult to build a business case without trialling the
solution first. Therefore, innovation funding needs to be Provide support to boroughs
available to incentivise the testing and uptake of new An increased understanding about the benefits of smart
smart waste technologies. technologies can allow innovations to penetrate the

30 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY – AN INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM THAT IS RESTORATIVE BY DESIGN

RENEWABLES FINITE MATERIALS

REGENERATE SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS VIRTUALISE RESTORE

RENEWABLES FLOW MANAGEMENT STOCK MANAGEMENT

FARMING / RECYCLE
COLLECTION
PARTS MANUFACTURER

PRODUCT MANUFACTURER REFURBISH /

RESTORATION Biosphere REMANUFACTURE
BIOCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
SERVICE PROVIDER
REUSE /
SHARE REDISTRIBUTE

MAINTAIN / PROLONG
CASCADES
BIOGAS

Consumer User
EXTRACTION OF
BIOCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK COLLECTION COLLECTION

MINIMISE SYSTEMATIC LEAKAGE

AND NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES

Figure 3: Circular Economy[73]

market. In light of the EU’s Waste Framework Directive, new market for waste services could be created. Besides
boroughs need advice and guidance on how to meet these measures that could be taken in the short- to
both the national and international requirements and medium-term, there are some long-term changes that
still remain at the forefront of waste management. An require some consideration as well, for example the ‘pay-
overarching strategic authority such as the GLA might be as-you-throw’ approach. This approach allows users to
instrumental in providing such support. The GLA already pay for their waste collection depending on the amount
acts as a convener of all London boroughs. This position of waste they generate, instead of paying a flat-rate or
allows it to act as a coordinator and source of knowledge municipal tax. This is controlled through a measuring
about how smart technology could improve waste cell at the back of the truck which weighs the waste.
management in London. London’s borough and waste contractors could consider
this mechanism in order to ensure that consumers are
Release waste data conscious of the amount of waste they produce and thus
Similarly to the water sector, data has not played a big decrease the pressure on the collection and recycling
role in sparking innovation in the waste sector. Renewing services.
waste contracts gives boroughs the opportunity to
gather more data from contractors. GIS-based tool Waste
Atlas displays waste management data from around
the world and visualises available infrastructure and its
performance, while the London Datastore publishes open
waste data from boroughs. The London Waste & Recycling
Board could also make its databases live. If boroughs
and waste contractors could unleash the potential of
the data which they collect or could start collecting, a

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 31

 SMART
TRANSPORT

London’s growing population requires a transport system

that will allow passengers to travel efficiently, safely
and with minimal impact on the environment. Moving
Londoners as well as London’s working commuters and
visitors is at the core of maintaining the city’s economy.
The Mayor of London’s Transport Strategy stresses that
“the provision of reliable and efficient transport, with the
capacity and connectivity to accommodate [London’s]
growth sustainably, is crucial to the continued success of
the London and UK economies”[88].

This chapter explores the following topics specifically in

regards to London:

• ‘Smart’ solutions deployed in the sector

• The size of the market for smart solutions and services
• Key stakeholders in the sector
• Global and London-specific challenges related to
adopting smart solutions
• Drivers of innovation and deployment of smart solutions
in the sector
• London’s strengths in this sector
• Market opportunities for smart solutions
• Barriers that need to be overcome in order for
businesses to access the opportunities in the market
• Actions that key stakeholders need to take in order to
overcome these barriers

32 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

Smart Transport solutions are estimated to comprise 9% Cost of traffic congestion
of London’s total smart city market opportunities by 2020, According to new data from Inrix, a traffic analysis
which is equivalent to $1.2billion, as our projections in company, the typical commuters in the city’s main
Chapter 3 show. commuter zone spent 96 hours in traffic last year,
14 hours more than the previous year. As shown earlier,
the annual gridlock cost in London is estimated to rise
to $14.5billion by 2030[4]. A TfL report shows that in
“Smart transport solutions are seen as a means to this timeframe traffic in central London will increase
enabling improvements which reduce congestion by 60%[90]. Therefore, optimising the road network and
and make travelling easier for commuters. A smart encouraging a reduction of the number of cars on the
transport system enables not only transport to be roads is essential not only to decrease the economic
organised better but also allows people to make costs of congestion but also to increase London
better choices about how they would like to travel passengers’ comfort and wellbeing.
and manage their time better. This is enabled
through “intelligent and automated systems that Air pollution
manage, communicate with, and integrate into The GLA recognises the importance of “[maximising] the
different types of intelligent infrastructure, such as opportunities to promote the health of Londoners through
transportation networks.” the transport system”[91].
(Frost & Sullivan)
As the following chapter will explain, air pollution is
primarily caused by traffic and road vehicles, with
transport causing 60% of London’s nitrogen dioxide
pollution. Air pollution has shown to contribute to 7% of
Key stakeholders all adult deaths in London[92]. Shifting to sustainable and
cleaner modes of transport is therefore crucial.
London’s key transport player is Transport for London
(TfL), responsible for the city’s public transport network,
road system and infrastructure plans. This includes Drivers for digital innovation
managing London's buses, the Underground network,
Docklands Light Railway, Overground and Tram as well The challenges outlined above have a direct impact on
as Santander Cycles bike hire, London River Services, Londoners’ health and wellbeing. Therefore, it is the GLA’s
and Emirates Air Line. TfL also regulates London's taxis and TfL’s priority to ensure that the transport network
and private hire vehicles, the Congestion Charge scheme operates in a safe and comfortable way. The Mayor’s
as well as the 580km network of main roads, including Transport Strategy is a key driver for implementing
the city's 6,000 traffic lights. TfL works closely with the change throughout London’s transport network. Its key
Mayor of London and the GLA to align on wider transport pillars are outlined below:
objectives, outlined in the Mayor's Transport Strategy
(MTS).[89] • Support economic development and population
growth
• Enhance the quality of life for all Londoners
Sector challenges • Improve the safety and security of all Londoners
• Improve transport opportunities for all Londoners
The efficient and clean delivery of transport services is • Tackle deprivation and support growth
affected by several challenges, as outlined below. • Reduce contribution to climate change and improve
resilience[93]
Growing population
The latest figures from TfL show that in 2014/15 London With these priorities in mind, digital technology can be at
Underground had a record 1.3 billion passenger journeys; the forefront of offering innovative solutions to respond
2.4billion passenger journeys on buses – over half to the needs of a modern, future-proof transport network
of all bus journeys made in England; journeys on the in London.
Docklands Light Railway (DLR) increased from 100million
to 110million from 2013/14; the Overground network
experienced five million more passenger journeys London’s strengths
than last year, reaching nearly 140million passenger
journeys[5]. In addition to the political will to instigate change, the
conditions in London are right for fostering innovation in
These numbers are due to increase in light of the transport solutions.
projections for London’s growing population, which
is estimated to increase from 8.5million in 2014 to Dr Mike Short, Vice President for Innovation at Telefonica,
9million in 2020 and 10million by 2030. This will increase believes that the UK is already a leader in intelligent
discomfort and capacity issues on the public transport transport systems (ITS) and transport solutions:
network.
“In Transport, the UK’s already a leader, particularly
because of the Open Data Initiative. […] Also the Data
Observatory that was announced at Imperial College

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 33

34 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON
 is a great initiative because it doesn’t talk about the Finally, Transport for London carries out research
data per se but about how you observe and act on the projects and trials aimed at improving transport in the
results in a big data world – that is absolutely vital city. For example, the London Underground’s Technology
from transport’s point of view. So we’ve got the skills, and Innovation Team have carried out trials on how
we’ve got the open data, and we’ve got the visualisation intelligent infrastructure could interact with visually
techniques – so I think in transport we’re way ahead of impaired customers to improve their experience on the
most countries.”[94] Underground. A trial at Euston Underground guided
visually impaired participants from the station entrance
Some of London’s strengths in particular are outlined to the platform via audio directions from a prototype
below: smartphone app.

Open data
Thanks to the wealth of open data that TfL shares on Market opportunities
London’s open data platform – London Datastore – it
is now possible to create online services and apps that Evidence gathered for this report suggests that transport
provide personalised travel information. As well as a is the most advanced sector of the five in using digital
strength, open data presents opportunities for emerging technology and also the one which presents the biggest
businesses as well. These will be discussed in more detail number of opportunities for new businesses.
in the next section.
Julie Alexander, Director for Urban Development at
TfL traffic management Siemens, explains that the growth in the sector is a
TfL already uses innovative technology to manage traffic result of the data that comes from connected devices
flow. SITS – Surface Intelligent Transport Systems – is a and infrastructure. This results in “a huge shift in how
network of intelligent sensors that have been introduced people interact with the transport system through the
throughout London’s road network to help manage use of tech”. Julie goes on to explain that data coming
road space in real time by unlocking additional road from infrastructure not only helps derive insights but
capacity[95]. can also be “made available to people to use in really
creative ways”. Transport already sees “huge amount of
Predictive analytics growth around the use of data” and there is even further
Predictive analytics is also gaining momentum in TfL’s opportunity to expand on this[100]. For instance, Network
planning and decision making processes. The increase in Rail’s Digital Railway programme aims to accelerate
computing power now allows for more granular level of the digital modernisation of British railway in the next
data analysis, which enables query runs on individual and 15 years[101]. The different opportunities that transport
anonymised travel patterns and capturing data to analyse presents specifically in London are summarised below:
and plan better services[96].
• Open data
Analysis is enabled through the smart ticketing system • Data analytics
on London’s transport network, allowing Oyster and • Customer experience
contactless payments as well as cashless buses. This • Internet of Things
is coupled with traffic information, bus location data, • Traffic optimisation
asset data, and social media to produce more in-depth
analysis. Open data
TfL shares its transport data both on its website’s open
Research & Education data portal and on the London Datastore. The data’s
London is the home of world-leading research and popular use has led to the creation of hundreds of
education institutions in transport-related fields. transport apps that are currently serving millions of
University of Westminster has been recognised as active users. Over 6,000 developers have registered for
a global leader in the field of urban logistics[56]. UCL TfL’s open data, consisting of around 200 open application
Transport Institute explores areas such as safety and programme interface (API) elements focussed on enabling
security, accessibility, and environment. Its Transport Lab provision of high-quality travel applications, tools and
in addition carries out more technical transport research: services[102]. Apps such as Citymapper and Moovit help
advanced equipment, innovative use of data, etc.[97] provide personal travel options and ease commuters’
journeys.
The Centre for Transport Studies (CTS) at Imperial College
London is a world-leading multidisciplinary transport Lauren Sager Weinstein, Head of Analytics, Customer
centre, with expertise in engineering, economics and Experience at TfL, shares that there are already 460 apps
mathematics. Principal areas of research include ITS, powered by TfL’s open data:
transport and the environment, travel demand modelling,
transport safety, logistics, and urban engineering “This provides a huge opportunity to look at transport
systems, amongst others.[98] With the KPMG Data data, and combine with other data sets. In addition,
Observatory set up at Imperial College, transport data TfL is also sponsoring hackathons to encourage people
analysis will be one of the outputs of the Observatory’s to think differently about using data in new ways to
work. For example, analysis can show how Underground provide insights from data and technology.”[96]
line closures, or strike action, can affect the rest of the
network and thus plan better for such scenarios[99].

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 35

There is therefore an opportunity for businesses to Internet of Things
present TfL with smarter solutions for analysing and Some applications of the Internet of Things are already
visualising data. present on the London network but its capabilities have
not been fully explored yet. An example is the Smart
Data analytics Parking system implemented in the City of Westminster.
Besides releasing a large amount of open data, TfL The installation presents a series of SmartEye battery-
are also using data for internal analytics to enhance powered wireless infrared sensors in parking spaces
customer experience and inform better service planning, connected to a central data platform. Through an app,
for example by combining data from the ticketing system drivers can see where the available parking spaces are.
alongside bus location data to better understand how This saves up to 12 minutes of circling in search for a
customers travel across the entire transport network. space, alleviating congestion and pollution. Evaluations
This data tool has been used for a range of applications: of the scheme have already shown an increase of paid-for
redesigning bus routes in New Addington to better parking occupancy rates by 2%.
serve customer needs, and predicting the impact of the
emergency closure of Putney Bridge in order to develop Following the review of the scheme, sensors will be rolled
appropriate measures to minimise customer impact. out to 10,000 parking bays in the borough over three
years[104]. Replicating this scheme in other boroughs will
There are potential opportunities in the future to partner present wider opportunities for businesses.
with businesses to develop smart solutions to help
customers. For example, the use of data gathered through Traffic optimisation
third party apps, potentially including smartphone “Maximising traffic flow through innovative technology”
location data, may give a better picture of what is is one of the TfL key priorities, as outlined in the 2014
happening on the transport network. Valuable insights Business Plan. Technologies such as SCOOT can
could also be generated from data produced by other allow to respond to real-time traffic conditions by
transport services providers such as CityMapper, Zipcar, optimising signals and traffic flow. SCOOT – Split Cycle
etc. These companies’ data, provided on an anonymised Offset Optimisation Technique – intelligently detects
basis, could help inform a wider picture of London’s groups of people waiting at pedestrian crossings and
transport landscape. adjusts the green man time accordingly. TfL plans to
equip 1,500 traffic signals across London with SCOOT
Lauren Sager Weinstein sees opportunities arising for technology, taking into account pedestrian and cyclist
new ways of visualising data as well as new tools and demand[95]. The TfL’s adoption of innovative technologies
techniques for data analysis and presenting its insights, to manage and ease traffic flows signifies the growing
through TfL’s open data release and potential partnership need for such solutions.
collaborations. In contemplating data business
opportunities, Lauren advises companies to:
Barriers to adopting digital solutions
“focus on the business questions and be practical-
minded, […] demonstrate a value and a return for the Even though innovation and deployment of smart
organisation. Ultimately, in order to deliver a public solutions is on the rise in the transport sector, there are
good in a smart way, the goal is to use technology for a still a few barriers that could be addressed in order to
practical benefit.”[96] maximise the budding opportunities in the sector.

Customer experience Regulatory constraints

As a city with growing population and ageing Osborne Clarke’s report “Smart cities in Europe: The
infrastructure, London needs to find innovative future of urban mobility” identifies legal and regulatory
solutions to manage traffic flows and ensure reliable issues as the major barriers to innovation in transport[105].
passenger journey – by tube, bus, bike, boat, or car. Regulation is especially crucial for the roll-out of
In order to achieve these goals TfL has already made autonomous vehicles and data collection via connected
advances in improving the travel networks on the road cars. The UK currently allows the testing of driverless
and underground. Using data and smart solutions has vehicles on public roads and the Government has
been key to such enhancements. In order to meet the committed to “review and amend domestic regulations
challenges of the future TfL has several key aims that by summer 2017 to accommodate driverless vehicle
present market opportunities for innovative smart technology”[106].
businesses within Customer Experience:
Further considerations need to be given to the
• Integrating ticketing, bus, traffic congestion, and insurance of autonomous vehicles and how data will
incident data for better performance of the bus and be collected, stored and used by autonomous vehicles
road networks and manufacturers. These national and international
• Developing further personalised services for those constraints will influence London as well; therefore,
customers who want tailored information strong lobby at a local level is needed to drive this agenda
• Predicting platform and train congestion at stations, forward.
• Using new data mining tools and geo-spatial
visualisations to bring data to life[103] Funding gaps
Arup’s report for BIS has found that gaps in funding
and standardisation of the market deter deployment of

36 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

Intelligent Transport Systems for local authorities across
the UK. In addition, it has also proven challenging to scale
up solutions after being piloted in London, e.g. through
the Future Streets Incubator Fund. It is essential to
develop funding mechanisms and business models that
can ensure that innovative solutions are rolled out across
the capital.

Recommendations

The following recommendations suggest ways in

which the transport sector could achieve even higher
efficiencies in delivering services.

Smart parking
Only a few boroughs in London have implemented a smart
parking scheme to ease finding parking spots and thus
ease congestion from vehicles circling to find a parking
spot. Boroughs need to therefore more proactively seek
opportunities to partner with private sector companies in
order to roll out such schemes uniformly across London.
Cross-borough collaboration on the standards and
interoperability of these initiatives could help make them
more compatible and easier to use by drivers.

Collect data from apps

Transport open data has led to the creation of hundreds
of apps. Data generated from these apps however is not
uniformly collected back. It would be beneficial for GLA
and TfL to investigate how they can collaborate with other
transport service providers in order to improve modelling
and data analytics. Ongoing research at Imperial College
analyses the value that could be unlocked from data that
is produced by app users. Such data is not only produced
by travel apps, such as Citymapper, but by emerging
smart parking and car sharing schemes, including Zipcar
and BMW’s DriveNow. Collating all such sources of data
could help both GLA and TfL make further improvements
to the analytics and planning of the transport system,
especially in light of future changes such as the
appearance of autonomous vehicles on London’s roads.

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 37

 HEALTH
& ASSISTED LIVING

The health of citizens is a major priority for cities not only London is facing many of the health challenges that other
because it underpins the central mission of aspiring to a cities around the world are facing, such as an increase
higher quality of life for all, but because it is essential for in the occurrence of obesity, dementia and long-term
a productive economy, an affordable healthcare system chronic health conditions, amongst others. With world-
and a reduced state benefits bill. In addition, some early class hospitals, research institutions, global companies
interventions can avoid considerable and long-term and initiatives like MedCity, the city offers digital
health problems in the future. According to the “Better innovators a great place to develop world-class solutions
Health for London” report: “London aspires to be the to address these challenges.
world’s healthiest major global city. That means a city
that helps its people to make healthier choices; it means This chapter explores the following topics specifically in
a city that focuses on improving the health of the most regards to London:
vulnerable; it means providing consistently excellent care
for people when they need it; and it means a city that
enables its health enterprise to prosper and to flourish to
the benefit of all its citizens.”[92]

• ‘Smart’ solutions deployed in the sector

• The size of the market for smart solutions and services
• Key stakeholders in the sector
• Global and London-specific challenges related to
adopting smart solutions
• Drivers of innovation and deployment of smart solutions
in the sector
• London’s strengths in this sector
• Market opportunities for smart solutions
• Barriers that need to be overcome in order for
businesses to access the opportunities in the market
• Actions that key stakeholders need to take in order to
overcome these barriers

38 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

The projections outlined in Chapter 3 show that the size healthcare can be delivered in the United Kingdom to
of the healthcare sector is due to reach $2billion by 2020, help improve patient outcomes”[110].
which is a 15% share of London’s total market for smart
city solutions and services. In addition, investors such as Angels in MedCity provide
early stage seed funding to health start-ups.

“Smart solutions in healthcare include any Sector challenges

electronic and mobile health systems as well as
programmes or apps that help citizens monitor London’s population faces a number of health challenges
their own health. Assisted living technologies in that digital solutions are currently aiming to address.
addition can help the elderly live independently for
longer by allowing them to live at home instead of Increasing number of people with long-term health
relying on health and social care services.” conditions
(BIS report) London’s population is not only growing bigger but also
older, which is driving up the number of people with
multiple long-term conditions. Life expectancy for males
has increased from 75 in 2003 to between 77.5-82 years
in 2013, and from 80 to 82-86 years for females[111]. These
In December 2014, the Government announced the demographical changes and the increased burden of
Primary Care Transformation Fund, a £1billion four- chronic diseases are “increasing demand on already
year investment programme, which will allow the stretched social care and NHS services,” according to Dr.
NHS to provide funds to general practices to invest in John Woolham, Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for
both premises and technology[107]. The Transforming Communities and Social Justice at Coventry University.
Primary Care in London framework outlines specifically He goes on to say that this also requires solutions that
opportunities that will arise for technology solutions. “support independence and delay the need for long-term
These will be explored in further detail below in the care”.[112]
section on Market Opportunities.
Air quality
As with many densely populated cities with a vibrant
Key stakeholders economy, air pollution has been identified as an issue
that affects the health of citizens. For example, transport
The UK healthcare system presents a complex landscape. is the primary cause of London’s nitrogen dioxide
The National Health Service (NHS) is made of a variety pollution[92]. However, in the period 2008-2013 some
of organisations specialising in the provision of different improvements have been detected, with measurements
types of services. The NHS is therefore the biggest showing reductions of 7.5% in nitrous oxide (NOx), 12.6%
buyer of healthcare-related solutions. In addition, local in nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 13.2% in fine particulate
authorities and clinical commissioning groups are matter (PM2.5)[113]. Plans to introduce the Ultra Low
responsible for coming together to set local health and Emission Zone (ULEZ) will help address this issue by
care priorities[108]. “halving nitrogen oxide road transport emissions in
central London by 2020.”[114]
The GLA is focusing on the following priority areas:
maintaining a healthy local environment, maximising Obesity
the positive and reducing the negative impacts of The “Better Health for London” report states that more
transport on health, promoting healthy workplaces, than 3.8 million Londoners are obese or overweight. This
health in schools, better mental health, reducing poses serious risks to developing health conditions such
alcohol consumption, and HIV and sexual health[109]. The as diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer as well as
GLA is also supporting the development, testing and mental health. The report further explains that London
implementation of digital health innovation through has “the highest rate of childhood obesity of any peer
the creation of DigitalHealth.London, set up by MedCity global city, and the highest proportion of obese children
and London’s three Academic Health Science Networks in all the regions of England,” especially in minority
(AHSNs): Imperial College Health Partners, UCL Partners communities[92].
and the Health Innovation Network.
Dementia
The major players within the private sector include The number of people living with dementia in London is
insurance and private healthcare providers (e.g. AXA, rapidly increasing, from nearly 65,000 in 2008 to just over
Bupa), large suppliers (e.g. Tunstall, Philips) and 72,000 in 2014. In the UK as a whole, it is expected that
manufacturers (e.g. GSK). In addition to the stakeholders the number of people who will have developed dementia
within the supply chain, there are industry players will rise from 850,000 in 2015 to over a million by 2021[115].
that actively engage with the emerging entrepreneurs Amongst an array of solutions proposed to tackle this
and start-ups. Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited (MSD) issue are a number of digital solutions developed in
and Wayra Open Future, Telefonica’s digital start-up London such as Grouple, “a secure, private online social
accelerator, have launched an accelerator programme network helping people share the responsibilities of
called Velocity Health that challenges the “digital start- caring for someone with dementia.”[116]
up community to create solutions that re-imagine how

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 39

40 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON
Mental health A new addition to London’s health sector ecosystem is
The London Mental Health Report states that 1 in MedCity, established in 2014 by the Mayor of London and
4 individuals experience a mental health condition in any the capital’s three Academic Health Science Centres –
given year. This is estimated to result in around £26billion Imperial College Academic Health Science Centre, King’s
in total economic and social costs to London[117]. The Health Partners, and UCL Partners. The collaboration was
Mental Health Network has produced a study on the launched with the purpose of promoting London’s life
benefits of digital technology on mental health: science strengths and helping entrepreneurs do business
in the South East of England. This includes building
“We believe in the potential for digital technology a community of angel investors, as well as advancing
to transform the way people look after their mental digital health entrepreneurship through support
health, and transform the way the NHS designs and mechanisms such as helping understanding the route to
delivers mental health services.”[118] market, finding accommodation, matching partners and
publicising expertise[119].

Drivers for digital innovation In September 2013, the Mayor of London established the
London Health Commission with the purpose to act as
The London Health Commission’s report “Better Health a bridge between the Mayor of London and the NHS, the
for London” was published in 2014 pulling together a local government and the wider public. The Commission’s
response to the current health challenges faced by the mission was to examine how to improve London’s health
city, including the main ones outlined in the section and healthcare[120]. From the recommendation in the
above. The aspiration set out in the report is to make “Better Health for London” report, DigitalHealth.London
London “the world’s healthiest major global city”[92] and was set up to advance the development and uptake of
resulted in a number of priority activities being identified digital health solutions. A collaboration between MedCity
to move the agenda forward. These can be summarised in and London’s three Academic Health Science Networks
the Mayor of London’s seven priority areas within Health: (AHSNs): Imperial College Health Partners, UCL Partners
and the Health Innovation Network, DigitalHealth.London
Healthy environment provides a pan-London response to bridging the gap
Ensuring that the local environment improves the health between patients, clinicians and entrepreneurs.[121]
and well-being of Londoners.
World-leading research
Transport and health London has world-leading universities which provide
Reducing the negative impacts of transport on health and cutting edge health research and higher education. The
increasing the positive ones. range and quality of research is extensive and could
form a whole report in itself; however a flavour of the
Health Workplace Charter programmes of most interest to the digital community is
Promoting and recognising healthy workplaces. given in this section.

Healthy Schools London The King’s College London Division of Health & Social
Ensuring the city’s schools provide a healthy environment Care Research and Institute of Urban Population Health
for children and promote healthy lifestyles. and Care carry out research, design and evaluate
interventions to inform local, national and international
Better mental health population health policy.[122] University College London
Addressing mental health issues to improve the wellbeing (UCL) Institute for Global Health collaborates across
of Londoners. disciplines to find solutions to global health problems
and produces research which can be directly applied
Alcohol by policy makers around the world.[123] Similarly, the
Reducing alcohol consumption and its harmful effects. newly established Wellcome Trust-Imperial College
Centre for Global Health Research aims at improving
HIV and sexual health global health research.[124] London School of Economics
Raising awareness about HIV and sexual health.[109] Health and Social Care (LSEHSC) is a research centre
which informs the international and national policy
These priority areas act as the key drivers for instigating community, while also collaborating with a number of
change in the way London addresses its health organisations globally. LSE Health is a World Health
challenges. Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Health Policy
and Pharmaceutical Economics and a founding member
of the European Observatory on Health Systems and
London’s strengths Policies, supporting health policy-making across Europe.
[125]

Innovation ecosystem
London has a strong ecosystem that supports innovative This extensive body of research carried out in London
digital health SMEs both through incubation programmes does not only benefit the capital and the UK but also the
and finance. Technology experts and digital practitioners international community.
can offer skills and expertise in coding, games, animation,
user experience capability, and user engagement.

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 41

Market opportunities Future Cities Catapult has a joint project with Microsoft
and Guide Dogs called “Cities Unlocked”. It is researching
In the past two decades, healthcare and social care how blind people can navigate the city better and have
have been highly impacted by the rapid development of developed a headset that allows a smartphone app to
technology. Devices, like sensors, work around the person provide the wearer with 3D-soundscapes, augmenting
in their home environment and can send an alarm signal reality to provide a richer understanding of their
automatically to request immediate responses to fires, surroundings.[127]
floods, falls, or gas escape. This has been “particularly
useful in supporting the independence of people with Improving Londoners’ health and fitness
cognitive impairments like dementia by managing risk Obesity and physical inactivity pose serious risks to
and helping people to stay safe,” explains Dr. Woolham.[112] developing health conditions such as diabetes, heart
disease, stroke and cancer as well as mental health.
More recently, smartphones, tablets and wearable Therefore, getting London fitter is becoming ever more
devices are allowing even further capabilities to support important, both by encouraging healthier eating and
different activities such as digital fitness, monitoring more physical exercise. There are a number of initiatives
own health, and competing with peers. The proliferation addressing this issue across the capital. The GLA have
of health apps has led to the creation of websites like made London’s schools a priority, since only 55% of
MyHealthApps that review such apps and rate them. London’s children are physically active.[92] Recent years
have seen an increase in the use of devices that monitor
These trends are also reflected in London and have given one’s health and provide tips on healthy eating, sleep and
rise to a number of opportunities, some of which are of exercise. London-based digital health start-up Big Health,
particular interest to the city: for example, has developed digital sleep improvement
program Sleepio, which attracted $3.3million funding
• Telecare solutions from Index Ventures and Forward Partners in April
• Solutions addressing ethnic diversity 2014[128].
• Accessibility apps
• Improving Londoners’ health and fitness Digital tools also help people manage their own mental
health. Big White Wall is an anonymous on-line service
These opportunities will be further enhanced by the available 24 hours a day that supports those experiencing
Transformative Primary Care in London programme. The common mental health problems, such as depression
Strategic Commissioning Framework documents stresses and anxiety, and is available to the majority of London
the importance of technology in delivering modern residents who need it.
healthcare services that make processes smoother and
better tailored to patients[126].
Barriers to adopting digital solutions
Telecare solutions
Remote care devices allow the elderly and those with In order for London to be able to realise the opportunities
disabilities and mental health problems to remain at outlined above there are certain barriers that need to be
home while receiving professional care. This includes overcome.
electronic assistive technology devices that collect,
store and transmit information to a remote source, Scaling solutions
usually requiring a particular type of response. Telehealth Our research has shown that companies are struggling
devices also relay diagnostic information to clinical staff to scale up their solutions after a pilot stage in this area.
to support the treatment of long-term conditions[112]. The “Better Health for London” report attributes this both
An example is London-based SpeakSet, as already to difficulties accessing capital and adopting innovation
mentioned earlier, which allows patients to connect with within the NHS “London remains a difficult market in
a health professional through their TV set. which to launch digital health products, particularly for
small and medium sized business. It is too hard to access
Solutions empowering diversity capital, to access clinical input, and to get products
Technology can empower people from diverse cultures purchased and adopted by the NHS.”[92]
and backgrounds monitor their health and communicate
with their doctors. 42% of Londoners are from Black, It is a catch-22 situation, not unique to healthcare. Since
Asian, and minority ethnic (BAME) groups, from solutions are not scaled up and, therefore, cannot provide
90 different ethnic groups and speak 300 languages. It an evidence base of their benefits, investment for growth
is a major challenge to access and provide healthcare to is harder to secure. Also, the very nature of the healthcare
some of these communities and therefore presents an sector means that there is often a need to use sensitive
opportunity for digital solutions to help overcome these personal data and this, coupled with the ever-changing
barriers. sector landscape, can make it less appealing for digital
innovators compared with other sectors.
Accessibility apps
Certain health solutions need to be designed in a way Julie Bretland, CEO of Our Mobile Health, sees the core
that is tailored to those with special needs, e.g. with of the problem in that there is not a clear pathway to
hearing problems, slower perception, dementia, or market. As a result, when start-ups are at the stage
visual impairment. Solutions that facilitate accessibility of seeking investment, they can often go to the US.
technology present an opportunity for businesses. The She goes on to explain, in her experience, investors in

42 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

London and the rest of the UK would be more willing to Julie Bretland, this can “help build trust and help small
invest in companies if there were a clearer pathway to companies attract investment through their newly
market and access to the NHS.[129] These issues have established network, just like Google Campus helps
received attention in London and DigitalHealth.London start-ups grow.”[129]
has been set up to address these barriers and provide
further support to the sector[130]. Its aim is to help London The GLA could play a role in advancing this idea by
to pioneer the development, commercialisation and working with the private sector to understand the needs
adoption of digital health innovation to improve health for and benefits from such as space. However, industry
outcomes, specifically targeting SMEs. DigitalHealth. should ultimately lead the setting up of such an incubator
London Accelerator is a programme which will provide and co-working facility.
business support to SMEs, helping them to access the
market and support further growth. Create a pathway to market / access to NHS
As already discussed, the current route to market, and
Access to NHS data specifically access to the NHS, is challenging for small
Open data helps stimulate digital innovation and create companies developing innovative solutions and seeking
economic value. As a result of the sensitivity of health investment. The Better Health for London report has
data and legal constraints, the NHS is cautious about already recommended the following “Given London’s
releasing data without due consideration and so is the intrinsic strengths, it should be the place where digital
British public.[131] Privacy and security issues are not health innovations are created and tested. More support
unique to the UK and are undoubtedly key concerns that can be provided for innovators to undertake local
need to be addressed in order to move forward. However, development with patients and clinicians, helping to
the benefits of sharing non-sensitive data about the demonstrate the impact of their products.”[92]
NHS processes could be given more consideration. Nigel
Shadbolt, chairman of the Open Data Institute (ODI), Through DigitalHealth.London, the GLA is already starting
explains that basic data sets, such as trusts’ opening to address these issues and take actions to help digital
times, consultant lists and details of services, are “all entrepreneurs scale their solutions and access the NHS.
fragmented and fractured” but making them available in
machine-readable format for apps to use can “improve Examining the opportunity from a different angle,
patient care in the NHS and save hundreds of millions of the NHS has launched the NHS Healthy New Towns
pounds a year”.[132] programme, aiming to “establish up to five ambitious,
long-term partnerships with local areas through which to
Healthcare data is no longer just the domain of the develop healthier neighbourhoods and towns” and have
clinical practitioner with an increasing number of people pinpointed digital innovation as a key enabler[135]. The
monitoring their health and fitness through personal programme received applications from 114 developments
digital devices (or ‘wearable tech’) such as fitness bands from across the country and a number from London,
and smart watches.[133] Data harvested from these which demonstrated a real demand for understanding
devices could be shared with health practitioners in order how new developments affect health. After a selection
to give a more holistic view of the individual and to act as process 10 sites have been shortlisted, with two sites
early warning for certain conditions. from in and around London: Barking Riverside with
10,800 residential units on London’s largest brownfield
Financial constraints to health and social care site, and Ebbsfleet Garden City, Kent, with up to
Local authorities have seen a reduction in central funding 15,000 new homes.[136] It is the ambition of the programme
from national government over recent years which has led to enable new digital solutions to be trialled and scaled
to them having to find savings across all of their services across these developments.
including social care. Estimates show that this will result
in a funding gap of between £2.8billion and £3.5billion by Cautiously use telecare to enhance social care
2020.[134] Local councils will remain responsible for raising Even though digital technology can provide many benefits
revenue to support such services, and the reduced pot to patients and practitioners alike, it is important
of money makes it less available to fund innovation. On to balance such solutions with traditional methods.
the other hand, this means that councils are embracing Dr. Woolham cautions that “Telecare can compound
innovations to deliver more for less and digital has a key social isolation and loneliness particularly amongst older
role to play in this. recipients and though it might save on the local authority
community care budget, there may be much larger
savings – though not cashable ones – to be made by
Recommendations reducing demand for residential care and need for non-
elective hospital admission. This would require a high
Drawing on our research, including the interviews with level of strategic co-ordination.”[112]
health experts, a number of recommendations were
suggested: Whilst telecare has been identified as one of the
solutions for coping with the increasing demands on
Set up co-location space for digital health healthcare provision, there are still lessons to be learnt
companies about the best way to deploy such technologies at scale
A digital health incubator and co-working space can to maximise value and avoid dis-benefits as highlighted
bring innovative start-ups and larger companies together by Dr. Woolham.
to spur collaboration and relationships. According to

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 43

 LONDON IS THE PLACE FOR
SMART CITY BUSINESSES

Digital technology companies bring economic value to • London Tech Advocates is a private sector led
London, with employment and turnover growing year coalition of over 2,100 expert individuals. Their role is
on year. The number is growing rapidly: an increase of to support London’s tech start-ups and high-growth
12,000 from 2010 to 2015, bringing the total number of businesses in finding new investment and new
businesses to approximately 40,000. Oxford Economics talent[140].
have estimated that London businesses can unlock
£48.5billion of growth by harnessing digital technology: • L39 Cognicity Hub is a hub for the discovery,
development and deployment of smart city
“London is a digital city. The majority of firms now technologies. It was set up following the Cognicity
provide digital content, and their collective digitally- Challenge, which enabled six smart city companies
driven revenue growth was £38.1billion [in 2015]. to grow their businesses over 12 weeks[141].
London represents 31% of total UK growth and leads
all other regions and countries. Undoubtedly, digital • DigitalHealth.London was set up in response to a
will become more and more important. The capital recommendation in the London Health Commission’s
could see a further £48.5billion of annual benefit if it report “Better Health for London”, aiming to make
reaches its full potential.”[137] London a global centre for the development and up-
take of digital health technologies and to create a
The city’s entrepreneurial environment has already marketplace for such technologies. DigitalHealth.
created an agglomeration effect. It has emerged from our London is co-funded by the European Regional
desk research and interviews with 12 industry experts Development Fund (ERDF) and led by London’s three
that the right conditions are present for smart city Academic Health Science Networks, working with the
businesses to flourish in London. These include: Mayor of London and MedCity8[142].

• Existing innovation ecosystem of digital practitioners • The Scale-Up Institute: Set up in 2015, the Institute
and support networks is the first organisation in the world to focus solely on
• World-class research and leaders in education providing support to growing companies to step up to
• Infrastructure megaprojects the next level. It will bring public and private sector
• Open data members together to help increase the number of
• City-as-a-system initiatives that cut across silos businesses that have developed beyond start-up
mode in the UK[143].

Existing ecosystem of digital practitioners and • Two Smart London Innovation Networks (SLINs),
support networks formed in 2014 and 2015, connect innovators with
organisations delivering London’s regeneration
London has a world-class innovation ecosystem including projects. The networks provide an opportunity for
a wide range of practitioners related to the digital solutions to be applied on large-scale projects and
industries and associated support services. This makes thus scale up. The Smart London Districts Network
it an excellent environment for digital innovators to find enables collaboration between public and private
the talent they need to thrive. The city has been named development organisations delivering London’s
No.1 city for digital entrepreneurship in Europe by the largest development districts. The Smart London
European Digital City Index 2015[138]. Infrastructure Network provides a platform to utilities
delivering London’s infrastructure services to share
A number of support networks and accelerator best practice and bring innovation to market[144]. The
programmes have been launched to help London tech Smart London Export Programme has been set up
companies set up, grow and export: with the aim to support at least 100 SMEs export
their solutions globally by 2016.
• TechCityUK is a central government funded non-
profit team set up to support the growth of UK’s tech Accelerator programmes, incubators and co-working
companies[139]. spaces for innovative start-ups are also offering
entrepreneurs incentives to take their ideas forward:

8
“MedCity is a collaboration between the Mayor of London and the capital’s three Academic Health Science Centres - Imperial
College Academic Health Science Centre, King’s Health Partners, and UCL Partners. Launched in April 2014 to promote and grow the
world-leading life sciences cluster of England’s greater south east, it is promoting life sciences investment, entrepreneurship and
industry in the region.” [119]

44 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

• Digital Greenwich Accelerator is a free business support smart cities research and education, UCL has
support programme for digital small and medium- launched a Master of Science degree in Smart Cities &
sized enterprises (SMEs) in smart cities, giving them Urban Analytics. Besides these academic institutions,
opportunities to develop and test new products organisations such as Nesta, Centre for Cities and Centre
in the Royal Borough of Greenwich[145]. Greenwich for London provide valuable cities research.[152]
published its smart city strategy in October 2015,
focusing on transforming four key areas through In addition to those bodies carrying out smart city
smart solutions: Neighbourhoods and Communities, research, the Government has established a series of
Infrastructure, Public Services, and the Greenwich Catapults that undertake projects both to help cities
Economy[146]. The Royal Borough of Greenwich will and businesses develop their smart city ideas. The
also host demonstrations of innovative technologies Future Cities Catapult, for example, has launched the
as part of a €25million European Smart Cities and Cities Unlocked project to find ways to help blind people
Communities Lighthouse programme[147]. navigate the city[151]. The Digital Economy Catapult is
advancing Internet of Things (IoT) projects and businesses
• Velocity Health is a programme launched by MSD through their programme IoTUK. The programme will
and Wayra Open Future, Telefonica’s digital start link research activities with potential users, connect
up accelerator, to invest in digital innovation in SMEs with businesses and the public sector as well as
healthcare. As part of the programme, a selected demonstrate and incubate new IoT activities across the
number of start-ups will receive up to £64,000 of UK[104]. London will host 17 large-scale IoT experiments by
investment in total, including access to a network of the newly launched Internet of Things Research Hub. Part
mentors, coaches and investors[110]. of IoTUK, the £23million programme will bring nine UK
universities together to explore critical issues in privacy,
At the heart of this support system, London also has to ethics, trust, reliability, acceptability, and security[153].
offer a strong financial sector. In the first nine months
of 2015, for example, £1billion of venture funding While carrying out projects focusing on developing
was raised[148]. Investor networks, such as Angels in solutions for the future, there are existing systems such
MedCity[149] in the healthcare sector, introduce businesses as big-scale infrastructure projects that also present
to investors. This ecosystem is further enabled through opportunities for deploying digital solutions, as the next
London’s wealth of digital practitioners. section outlines.

Julie Alexander, Director of Urban Development at

Siemens, sees London as a “great place for these ‘new Infrastructure megaprojects
kids on the block’”, going on to explain:
London is home to large-scale infrastructure projects
“We’ve got Tech City, incubators popping up all over the which are increasingly turning to digital solutions to
place – so oversubscribed that we can’t provide enough improve their functional efficiency both throughout the
space for these new companies – we’ve got London construction and operational phases. If infrastructure
Tech Advocates… all these groups and networks are megaprojects are not future-proofed, there is a risk
there to support new businesses so I think there’s a that functional problems will emerge in the future. Such
really big support system in place. [London has] great projects exist in a wide range of industries including rail,
minds, great energy and creativity, [and] an open water, housing, and energy.
business network that promotes growth.”[100]
Rail: Large rail projects such as Crossrail and England’s
second high speed rail project, HS2, are investing in
World-class research and leaders in education digital solutions to help them deliver services more
efficiently and improve customer experience. For
As part of its ecosystem, the city also offers a wealth example, Crossrail is connecting London and the South
of world-class research institutions. London has been East of England by rail, building 10 new stations and
recognised as a research and education leader, with four refurbishing 30 existing ones. It claims to be “the first
of the top 50 universities in the world, according to the organisation to develop a strategy and process for
Times Higher Education World University Rankings[150]. managing innovation in mega projects” through their
Institutions such as University College London (UCL) innovation programme Innovate18. The programme has
and Imperial College London also host leading research already invested over £350,000 in innovative solutions[154].
centres on smart cities and data analytics. In November One of the pillars of the programme is to develop
2015, KPMG opened their Data Observatory at the digital capability through innovative sensors and data
Imperial College Data Science Institute (DSI). Part of analytics solutions. The Digital Economy Catapult’s event
the company’s £20million investment into Imperial's Crossrail Pit Stop aims to connect small and medium-
DSI[99], the Observatory offers a 310-degree visualisation sized businesses to Crossrail through a focused open
space, data science studios, conference facilities; innovation activity. The aim is to “investigate how sensor
providing an immersive data environment to allow for systems and data analytics can help find innovative
academics and businesses to come together and work ways of increasing efficiencies during the delivery of
on solving challenges[151]. In addition, the Alan Turing the Crossrail project.”[155] Such engagement opens up
Institute, a world leader in data science research and its opportunities for SMEs to connect with market leaders
applications, enables knowledge and predictions to be and have a clear pathway to participating in London’s
extracted from large-scale and diverse digital data. To infrastructure megaprojects.

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 45

Water: Tideway, the organisation delivering the Thames and personalised dashboard, which helps home seekers
Tideway Tunnel, is building a 25-kilometre sewer tunnel find areas that suit their needs[159].
to prevent an average 20 million tonnes each year of
untreated sewage discharging into the tidal River Thames Open Data Institute: Open data activities are further
in London[156]. The project is expected to be delivered over supported in London by the Open Data Institute (ODI). As
seven years, starting in 2016, at a cost of £4.2billion[157]. an independent, non-profit company, it aims to “train,
nurture and collaborate with individuals around the
Even though the project does not have a dedicated world to promote innovation through open data”. It does
innovation programme similar to Crossrail’s, it still this through open data training, research, events, art
presents opportunities for innovative digital businesses work and other activities[160]. The Open Data Institute has
to offer their solutions. Further opportunities in the water estimated that £33.4million has been unlocked in direct
sector are outlined in Chapter 6. investments, from competition funding, direct contracts,
partnerships and income that ODI Nodes and Start-
Housing: The volume of projects that have received ups have generated[161]. An ODI study has identified and
planning permission to accommodate London’s growing analysed 270 open data companies that “use, produce or
population is currently at 260,000 homes[158]. The Old invest in open data as part of their business” – over half
Oak and Park Royal Development Corporation (OPDC) is of these (51%) are based in London[162].
one of the largest regeneration projects in London, with
over 25,000 homes being built over 30 years. OPDC have
committed to developing a smart city strategy for the City as a System
area, which will create opportunities for trialling and
implementing innovative solutions on a large scale. The Smart Cities Council has identified a set of key
enablers that allow cities to function in a ‘smart’ way
Energy: London hosted one of the UK’s largest smart grid through technology and human capabilities. Technology
trials in 2011-2014. The UK Power Networks’ innovation enablers are the digital underpinnings of a smart city,
project Low Carbon London trialled low carbon energy while human enablers are those relating to people, such
technologies over four years. Smart solutions which were as citizen engagement[163]. Implementation of initiatives
tested included Demand Side Response & Distributed with cross-functional capability are those that allow the
Generation as well as dynamic Time of Use tariffs. city to operate as an integrated system. In London, the
The results and insights from this project have been GLA has set up the Smart London Board in order to enable
summarised in 27 reports, which present a wealth of the capital to act as a ‘city as a system’. However, in order
resources to help understand how the electricity network to fully unlock this capability, vital resources (both human
can contribute to London’s low carbon future. The results and budgetary) are needed to stay remain competitive
can also inform businesses in the supply chain of what with global smart cities such as New York and Singapore.
opportunities there are in London’s energy sector. These
are explored in more detail in Chapter 5.

Open Data

London Datastore: Launched in 2010, the London

Datastore was one of the first online platforms to make
public data open. Over 850 datasets are currently
available with APIs covering 16 themes from employment
and skills to transparency and health services. Today
the Datastore receives over 30,000 visits a month. The
objective is to make data accessible and meaningful
to citizens, not just the developer community, and give
entrepreneurs the opportunity to use the data to create
new businesses and solve city problems.

Releasing London’s data has resulted in businesses

emerging at each stage of the information value chain.
IT companies help city governments to set up open
data platforms; smaller companies then analyse and
package the raw open data into an easier format for
web and app developers, such as Transport API which
acts as an aggregator of open data. Towards the end of
the chain, investors and start-up incubators are helping
developers to commercialise their products and services.
To-date, over 460 transport apps have been created
using data from the London Datastore, creating a vibrant
“information marketplace” for the sector. Besides the
success of transport applications, the Datastore is
helping home movers through the MyLondon interactive

46 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

A CITY SYSTEMS APPROACH

Cities are complicated and messy systems. Urban problems are the result of multiple factors with far-reaching
impacts involving complex feedback loops. Traffic congestion, for example, could be the result of increasing
population, decreasing household size, expensive public transport, a lack of parking or the city’s layout. In
turn, congestion can lead to poor air quality and high noise levels, increased health risks, less enjoyable public
spaces, reduced productivity and fewer tourists in the city. Each urban problem is part of an intricate system of
interactions.

Given the complexity of urban problems, the most effective approach to resolving them considers a city’s
multiple systems simultaneously, rather than focusing on how to fix a particular element. A city systems
approach is just this; it considers the city as a system and designs solutions to have maximum positive impacts,
while minimising negative unintended consequences.

Adopting a city systems approach is challenging as it requires a new integrated way of working. Firstly, designers
must work beyond single disciplines to develop a sufficient understanding of the urban system. Secondly,
diverse stakeholders need to be involved to implement these designs. The structure of city governments tends
to be based on 19th or 20th century institutional models, with separate departments for distinct city functions
such as transport, energy and education. To solve 21st century problems these silos need to be broken down and
a more integrated approach to city management and governance is required.
Source: Future Cities Catapult and Arup (2014) “Future Cities: UK Capabilities for Urban Innovation”, available on: http://publications.arup.com/~/media/Publications/
Files/Publications/F/Future_Cities.ashx

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 47

 CONCLUSION

London is a large and vibrant city that has many strengths to offer the
rapidly expanding smart city market. Our research confirms many of the
strengths that are often cited for London, such as world-class research
and academic institutions and a vibrant tech start-up community.

While London is recognised as being at the forefront of smart city

innovation today, other cities are starting to advance ahead of the pack.
These cities are starting to deploy smart initiatives at scale, to update their
legal or regulatory systems, and to facilitate greater public participation
using digital technology. London has a choice to build on its strengths in
order to keep pace with these innovative cities or to continue as-is.

This report identifies areas of opportunity for London to pursue if it wants

to stay ahead. The global smart cities market is large, and London has the
capability of capturing a substantial part of it.

48 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 49
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SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 53

 APPENDIX 1: LIST OF
INTERVIEWEES

SECTOR ARUP EXPERTS EXTERNAL EXPERTS

Thomas Briault
ENERGY
Associate, Energy Consulting

Martin Shouler
Alex Nickson
WATER Associate Director, Environmental
Policy and Programmes, GLA
Services, Energy & Resources

Allan Barton
Director, Energy & Resources
WASTE
Rainer Zimmann
Associate Director, Resource & Waste
Management

Lauren Sager Weinstein

Tim Gammons
TRANSPORT Head of Analytics, Customer Experience,
Director, Intelligent Transport Solutions
TfL

Mike Short
Vice President for Innovation, Telefonica

Julie Bretland
Pam Turpin
CEO of Our Mobile Health
HEALTH & ASSISTED LIVING Senior Research Analyst, Health &
Wellbeing Dr. John Woolham
Senior Research Fellow
Centre for Communities and Social
Justice, Coventry University

Julie Alexander
Director, Urban Development, Siemens
CROSS-SECTORAL
Corin Wilson
Head of Smart Cities – Technology Team,
UKTI

54 SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON

SMART CITY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LONDON 55
For more information, please contact:

Volker Buscher
Director – Digital
t +44 (0)20 7755 2352

Lean Doody
Associate Director – Smart Cities Leader
t +44 (0)20 7755 2353

Ina Dimireva
Consultant – Smart Cities
t +44 (0)20 755 5516

e [email protected]

www.arup.com/services/smart_cities