Question: Differentiate between interface and abstract class.

Answer:

Here’s the difference between an interface and an abstract class in Java:

Feature Interface Abstract Class

All methods are abstract (before Can have both abstract
Method
Java 8), unless default or static (unimplemented) and concrete
Implementation
methods are defined. (implemented) methods.
Multiple A class can implement multiple A class can extend only one
Inheritance interfaces. abstract class.
Constructors Cannot have constructors. Can have constructors.
Methods can have various access
Access Modifiers Methods are implicitly public. modifiers (e.g., public, protected,
private).
Can only have constants (static Can have instance variables with
Fields
final variables). any modifier.
Used to represent a contract Used to represent a common base
Usage
(behavior). class with shared behavior.
A class can implement multiple A class can inherit from only one
Inheritance
interfaces. abstract class.

Question: Explain the concept of exception and exception handling.

Answer:

Exception:

An exception is an event or condition that disrupts the normal flow of execution in a

program. It usually occurs when the program encounters unexpected situations such as:

• Invalid user input

• File not found
• Arithmetic errors (e.g., division by zero)
• Network failures
• Array index out of bounds

In Java, exceptions are represented as objects, and they are instances of the Throwable class
or its subclasses (Exception and Error).

There are two main types of exceptions:

1
 1. Checked Exceptions: These exceptions are checked at compile time. The
programmer is required to handle them using a try-catch block or by declaring the
exception using the throws keyword. Examples include IOException and
SQLException.
2. Unchecked Exceptions: These exceptions are not checked at compile time and
typically occur due to programming errors. Examples include
NullPointerException and ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

Exception Handling:

Exception handling in Java is a mechanism that allows the programmer to handle runtime
errors, so the program can continue its execution without abruptly terminating. It provides a
structured way to catch and handle errors in a clean and predictable manner.

The main concepts involved in exception handling are:

1. Try Block:
o The code that might throw an exception is placed inside a try block. If an
exception occurs within the try block, it is caught and processed.
2. Catch Block:
o The catch block handles the exception. It is used to specify how to handle
specific types of exceptions. Multiple catch blocks can be used to handle
different types of exceptions.
3. Finally Block:
o The finally block is optional and is executed after the try and catch blocks,
regardless of whether an exception occurred or not. It is often used to release
resources (e.g., closing files or database connections).
4. Throw Keyword:
o The throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. A method can
throw an exception using this keyword when it encounters a problematic
condition.
5. Throws Keyword:
o The throws keyword is used in a method signature to declare that the method
can throw one or more exceptions. It tells the calling code that exceptions
might be thrown, so it should be handled appropriately.

Example of Exception Handling in Java:

java
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import java.io.*;

public class Example {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Code that might throw an exception
int result = 10 / 0; // This will cause an ArithmeticException
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
// Handle ArithmeticException
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {

2
 // This will always be executed
System.out.println("This will always run.");
}
}
}

Question: What is an exception? Explain its keyword with an example.

Answer:

What is an Exception?

An exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of execution in a program. It typically
occurs due to runtime errors, such as dividing by zero, trying to access a null object, or
reading a file that doesn't exist. In Java, exceptions are objects that are instances of the
Throwable class or its subclasses. These exceptions can either be checked exceptions (those
that must be explicitly handled by the programmer) or unchecked exceptions (those that are
not required to be handled).

When an exception occurs, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) generates an exception object
and stops the execution of the program unless the exception is caught and handled
appropriately.

Keywords Related to Exception Handling in Java

1. throw:
o The throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception in Java. This
allows the programmer to create an exception based on certain conditions in
the program.
o When throw is used, the control is transferred to the nearest exception handler
(catch block).

Example:

java
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public class TestThrow {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
checkAge(15);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
System.out.println("Caught exception: " +
e.getMessage());
}
}

public static void checkAge(int age) {

if (age < 18) {
// Explicitly throw an exception
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Age must be 18 or
older.");
} else {
System.out.println("Age is valid.");

3
 }
}
}

Output:

yaml
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Caught exception: Age must be 18 or older.

Question:

Explain method overloading and method overriding in detail.

Answer:

Method Overloading

Definition: Method overloading is a feature in object-oriented programming (OOP) that

allows a class to have more than one method with the same name, but with different method
signatures. This means that methods can differ in the number, type, or order of parameters,
but not in their return type.

Key Characteristics:

• Same Method Name: Methods share the same name.

• Different Parameters: Methods must differ in the number or type of parameters (or both).
• Return Type: The return type does not affect overloading; it must differ in the method
signature.
• Compile-Time Resolution: The decision of which method to call is made at compile-time
based on the method signature.

Example of Method Overloading in C#:

csharp
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class Calculator
{
// Overloaded method to add two integers
public int Add(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}

// Overloaded method to add three integers

public int Add(int a, int b, int c)
{
return a + b + c;
}

// Overloaded method to add two floating-point numbers

4
 public double Add(double a, double b)
{
return a + b;
}
}

In this example, the Add method is overloaded three times, each with different parameter
types or counts:

1. Two integers
2. Three integers
3. Two doubles

The method signature (name and parameters) is what differentiates each version of the Add
method.

Method Overriding

Definition: Method overriding is a feature in OOP where a subclass provides a specific

implementation for a method that is already defined in its superclass. The overridden method
in the subclass should have the same name, return type, and parameters as the method in the
superclass. This allows the subclass to provide a customized behavior while maintaining the
same method signature.

Key Characteristics:

• Inheritance: The method in the subclass overrides a method in the superclass.

• Same Signature: The method in the subclass must have the same name, parameters, and
return type as the one in the superclass.
• Runtime Resolution: The decision of which method to call is made at runtime based on the
object type.
• Polymorphism: Overriding allows for dynamic method dispatch, meaning the correct
method is called based on the object’s actual type, not the reference type.

Example of Method Overriding in C#:

csharp
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class Animal
{
public virtual void Speak()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog : Animal

{
// Overriding the Speak method
public override void Speak()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog barks");
}

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}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Animal myAnimal = new Animal();
Animal myDog = new Dog();

myAnimal.Speak(); // Outputs: Animal makes a sound

myDog.Speak(); // Outputs: Dog barks
}
}

Question:

What are the rules for method overloading and method overriding? Explain it with an
example.

Answer:

Rules for Method Overloading

Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.
Here are the key rules for method overloading:

1. Same Method Name: The methods must have the same name.
2. Different Method Signatures: The methods must differ in:
o Number of parameters
o Type of parameters
o Order of parameters
3. Return Type: The return type alone is not a distinguishing factor. Overloading is determined
by the method signature, not the return type.
4. Scope: The method overloading can exist within the same class or subclass. It does not
require inheritance.
5. Static/Instance Methods: Both static and instance methods can be overloaded.

Rules for Method Overriding

Method overriding allows a subclass to provide its own implementation for a method that is
already defined in its superclass. Here are the key rules for method overriding:

1. Same Method Signature: The method in the subclass must have the same name,
parameters, and return type as the method in the superclass.
2. Inheritance: The method being overridden must be inherited from a superclass or interface.
3. Access Modifiers: The access modifier of the overridden method in the subclass cannot be
more restrictive than that in the superclass.
o For example, if the superclass method is public, the overridden method in the
subclass must be public as well.

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 4. Virtual/Abstract Method: The method in the superclass must be marked as virtual (or
abstract if there is no implementation) so that it can be overridden.
5. override Keyword: In the subclass, the override keyword is required to override a
method.
6. Polymorphism: The overridden method in the subclass will be called based on the object's
actual type, not the reference type.

What is an applet? Explain its types.

An applet is a small application designed to run within a web browser or an applet viewer. It is
typically written in the Java programming language and is embedded in a webpage, allowing it to be
executed as part of that page. Applets were commonly used in the early days of the web to provide
interactive content, such as games, animations, or forms that required dynamic behavior, but they
are less common today due to security concerns and the rise of other web technologies like HTML5,
JavaScript, and CSS.

Types of Applets

Java applets can be classified into two main types based on their functionality and purpose:

1. Standard Applets

A Standard Applet is the basic form of an applet that is used to create interactive
applications on a webpage. It contains the necessary methods to manage its lifecycle and
handle user interactions.

2. Embedded Applets (or Applet Containers)

An Embedded Applet is an applet that is embedded within another Java application or a

container, such as a Java Web Start application. These applets are not strictly tied to a
browser but can be used in a more versatile manner, typically within enterprise systems or
larger desktop applications.

4. What is collection? Explain the Collection framework in detail.

In Java, a Collection is an object that represents a group of elements or objects. It provides a

means of storing and manipulating multiple objects as a single unit. Collections are typically
used to manage groups of data, such as lists, sets, or maps, which are common data structures
for storing and organizing data.

A Collection can be:

• A single object representing a group of elements.

• A framework that allows objects to be stored and manipulated in various ways.

The Collection Framework in Java provides an architecture for storing and manipulating a
group of objects, and it is part of the java.util package.

The Java Collection Framework is a set of classes and interfaces in Java that provides a standard
way to store, access, and manipulate groups of objects. It includes several key interfaces such as
Collection, List, Set, Queue, and Map, each representing different types of data structures

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 like lists, sets, and key-value pairs. The framework offers various concrete implementations like
ArrayList, HashSet, LinkedList, and HashMap, each optimized for specific use cases, such
as efficient element access or insertion. Additionally, the Collection Framework provides utility
methods for sorting, searching, and manipulating collections. It supports generics, ensuring type
safety, and offers flexibility for handling dynamic and heterogeneous data. The framework also
provides ways to iterate over collections, making it easier to work with large sets of data, and
includes thread-safe options for concurrent programming. With its versatile architecture, the
Collection Framework is a powerful tool for Java developers, enabling efficient and organized
management of data.

5. How to handle events in an applet? Explain with an example.

In Java applets, event handling is the process of responding to user actions, such as mouse
clicks, key presses, or other interactions with the applet. Java uses a listener model for event
handling, where events are generated by user actions and then handled by event listener
methods. The Applet class provides methods that can be overridden to handle various events,
such as mouse clicks, key events, and window events.

Steps to Handle Events in an Applet:

1. Import Event Packages: To handle events, you need to import the relevant event
classes from the java.awt.event package.
2. Implement Event Listeners: Applets can listen for events by implementing listener
interfaces like MouseListener, KeyListener, ActionListener, etc.
3. Register Event Listeners: After implementing the listener, you need to register it
with the applet's components (like buttons or text fields) to listen for events.
4. Override Listener Methods: Define the methods of the listener interface to specify
the actions that should occur when the event happens.

Example of Event Handling in an Applet

Here is an example where an applet handles a button click event using the ActionListener
interface.

java
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import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class EventHandlingApplet extends Applet implements ActionListener {

// Declare a button
Button button;

// Initialize the applet and add a button to it

public void init() {
button = new Button("Click Me");
button.addActionListener(this); // Register the event listener
add(button); // Add the button to the applet's layout
}

// Override the actionPerformed method to handle the button click event

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {

8
 // Perform an action when the button is clicked
System.out.println("Button Clicked!");
button.setLabel("Clicked!"); // Change the button's label
}
}

5. Write a note on package in Java.

In Java, a package is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces. It
serves as a way to group classes and interfaces together, making it easier to manage and
maintain large software applications. Packages help avoid name conflicts by differentiating
classes with the same name but in different packages. They also allow access control,
improving the security of an application by restricting access to classes and methods.

Types of Packages in Java:

1. Built-in Packages: Java provides a rich set of built-in packages, which include
common functionality and APIs for developers. These packages are part of the Java
Standard Library and include classes for handling input/output, networking, utilities,
and user interface development. Some commonly used built-in packages are:
o java.lang – Contains fundamental classes like String, Math, Object, etc.
o java.util – Provides utility classes like ArrayList, HashMap, Date, etc.
o java.io – Provides classes for input/output operations like file handling and
stream manipulation.
o java.net – Contains classes for network programming, such as Socket and
URL.
2. User-defined Packages: In addition to the built-in packages, Java allows developers
to create their own packages to group related classes and interfaces. This helps in
organizing code into logical segments. To define a custom package, the package
keyword is used at the beginning of the source file.

Example:

java
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package com.myapp.utils;

public class MathUtils {

public static int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
}

6. How to create and access a package in Java? Explain it with an example.

n Java, creating and accessing a package involves defining the package in a source file,
placing the file in a directory structure that corresponds to the package name, and using the
import statement to access classes from the package in other parts of the program.

Steps to Create and Access a Package in Java:

1. Creating a Package:
9
To create a package, you need to use the package keyword at the top of your Java source
file. This defines the namespace for the class and organizes it logically.
Step 1: Creating a Package

Create a class inside a package. For example, create a file MathUtils.java inside the
directory com/myapp/utils/ (corresponding to the package com.myapp.utils).

java
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// File: com/myapp/utils/MathUtils.java
package com.myapp.utils;

public class MathUtils {

// A simple method to add two numbers
public static int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
}

o
2. Directory Structure:
o The Java package structure is represented by directories in the filesystem. For
example, if you define a package com.myapp.utils, your Java file should be
located in a directory path like com/myapp/utils/.
3. Accessing a Package:

To access the classes defined in a package, you use the import statement in other Java
classes. You can import specific classes or entire packages using a wildcard.
Step 2: Accessing the Package

Now, create another class in a different directory (outside the package com.myapp.utils) to
use the MathUtils class.

java
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// File: Main.java (This file is not part of any package, so it's in the
default package)
import com.myapp.utils.MathUtils;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Access the MathUtils class from the com.myapp.utils package
int result = MathUtils.add(5, 10); // Using the add method from
MathUtils
System.out.println("Sum: " + result); // Output: Sum: 15
}
}

7. Create a package named Series having three different classes to print

series.

Step 1: Create the Package and Classes

1. Create the package named Series.

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 2. Define three classes within the Series package:
o ArithmeticSeries to print an arithmetic series.
o GeometricSeries to print a geometric series.
o FibonacciSeries to print a Fibonacci series.

Class 1: ArithmeticSeries.java

This class will generate an arithmetic series based on the first term, common difference, and
the number of terms.

java
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// File: Series/ArithmeticSeries.java
package Series;

public class ArithmeticSeries {

public void printSeries(int firstTerm, int commonDifference, int terms)
{
System.out.println("Arithmetic Series:");
for (int i = 0; i < terms; i++) {
System.out.print(firstTerm + " ");
firstTerm += commonDifference; // Increment the term by the
common difference
}
System.out.println(); // New line after printing the series
}
}
Class 2: GeometricSeries.java

This class will generate a geometric series based on the first term, common ratio, and the
number of terms.

java
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// File: Series/GeometricSeries.java
package Series;

public class GeometricSeries {

public void printSeries(int firstTerm, int commonRatio, int terms) {
System.out.println("Geometric Series:");
for (int i = 0; i < terms; i++) {
System.out.print(firstTerm + " ");
firstTerm *= commonRatio; // Multiply the term by the common
ratio
}
System.out.println(); // New line after printing the series
}
}
Class 3: FibonacciSeries.java

This class will generate a Fibonacci series based on the number of terms.

java
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// File: Series/FibonacciSeries.java
package Series;

11
public class FibonacciSeries {
public void printSeries(int terms) {
int a = 0, b = 1;
System.out.println("Fibonacci Series:");
for (int i = 0; i < terms; i++) {
System.out.print(a + " ");
int nextTerm = a + b;
a = b;
b = nextTerm;
}
System.out.println(); // New line after printing the series
}
}

9. How is a Java program structured? Explain data types.

Structure of a Java Program

A Java program follows a specific structure that includes several key components:

1. Package Declaration (optional):

o Every Java program can be part of a package. The package declaration helps
group related classes and interfaces together.
o It is usually the first line of code in the file if used.

java
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package com.example;

2. Import Statements (optional):

o The import statement is used to bring other classes or entire packages into the
current Java file. It simplifies accessing classes from libraries or other
packages.

java
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import java.util.Scanner;

3. Class Declaration:
o A Java program consists of one or more classes. The class keyword is used to
define a class.
o Every Java program must have at least one class, and the class containing the
main() method is the entry point of the program.

java
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public class Main {

4. Main Method:
o The main() method is the entry point of the Java program. It is where the
execution starts.

12
 o The signature of the main() method is always public static void
main(String[] args).

java
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public static void main(String[] args) {
// Program execution starts here
}

5. Other Methods (optional):

o In addition to the main() method, a class can contain other methods that
define the behavior of the objects or processes within the class.

java
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public void displayMessage() {
System.out.println("Hello, Java!");
}

6. Statements and Expressions:

o Inside methods (like main()), you write the code that defines the program’s
behavior, such as variable declarations, method calls, and control statements.
7. Class End:
o Every class must end with a closing curly brace (}).

java
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}

Data Types in Java

Java is a strongly typed language, meaning every variable and expression has a type. Java
provides two categories of data types:

1. Primitive Data Types:

o These are the most basic data types and are built into the language. They
represent simple values, such as numbers, characters, and boolean values.

Types of Primitive Data Types:

o byte: 8-bit signed integer. The range is from -128 to 127.

java
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byte b = 100;

o short: 16-bit signed integer. The range is from -32,768 to 32,767.

java
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short s = 15000;

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 o int: 32-bit signed integer. The range is from -2^31 to 2^31-1.

java
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int i = 100000;

o long: 64-bit signed integer. The range is from -2^63 to 2^63-1.

java
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long l = 10000000000L; // 'L' suffix is used for long literals

o float: 32-bit floating-point number. Used for single precision values.

java
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float f = 10.5f; // 'f' suffix is used for float literals

o double: 64-bit floating-point number. Used for double precision values.

java
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double d = 10.123456;

o char: A 16-bit Unicode character. It stores a single character.

java
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char c = 'A';

o boolean: Represents true or false values.

java
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boolean flag = true;

2. Reference Data Types:

o These are types that refer to objects and arrays. Unlike primitive types, they
store references (memory addresses) to the actual objects.

Types of Reference Data Types:

o Classes: A class is a blueprint for creating objects. The reference to the object
is stored in the variable.

java
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String name = "John"; // String is a reference type

o Arrays: An array is a collection of variables of the same type.

java
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int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4};

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 o Interfaces: An interface defines a contract that implementing classes must
follow.

java
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List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(); // List is an interface
type

10. Create an applet that displays the x and y position of the cursor movement using mouse
and keyboard. (Use appropriate listener).

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class MousePositionApplet extends Applet implements

MouseMotionListener, KeyListener {
private int mouseX = 0, mouseY = 0;

public void init() {

addMouseMotionListener(this);
addKeyListener(this);
setFocusable(true);
}

public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) {

mouseX = e.getX();
mouseY = e.getY();
repaint();
}

public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {

mouseX = e.getX();
mouseY = e.getY();
repaint();
}

public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {

repaint();
}

public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {}

public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {}

public void paint(Graphics g) {

g.drawString("Mouse X: " + mouseX, 20, 20);
g.drawString("Mouse Y: " + mouseY, 20, 40);
}
}

11. Write an applet application in Java for designing a smiley.

Here’s a simple Java applet application to design a smiley face using the Graphics class. The
applet will draw a smiley face with eyes, a mouth, and a circular face.

15
Code for the Smiley Applet:
java
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import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;

public class SmileyApplet extends Applet {

public void paint(Graphics g) {

// Drawing the face (a large circle)
g.setColor(Color.YELLOW); // Set color to yellow for the face
g.fillOval(50, 50, 200, 200); // Draw a filled circle (x, y, width,
height)

// Drawing the eyes (two smaller circles)

g.setColor(Color.BLACK); // Set color to black for the eyes
g.fillOval(100, 100, 30, 30); // Left eye
g.fillOval(170, 100, 30, 30); // Right eye

// Drawing the mouth (a smile)

g.setColor(Color.RED); // Set color to red for the mouth
g.drawArc(100, 150, 100, 50, 0, -180); // Draw an arc for the smile
}
}

12. What is recursion in Java? Write a Java Program to find the factorial of a given number
using recursion.

What is Recursion in Java?

Recursion in Java (or any programming language) refers to the process in which a method
calls itself in order to solve a problem. The method continues calling itself with modified
arguments until a base condition is met, at which point the recursion stops and the results are
returned to the previous method calls.

In recursion, there are generally two components:

1. Base Case: The condition under which the recursion stops.

2. Recursive Case: The part where the function calls itself with a modified argument,
progressively reducing the problem until it reaches the base case.
3. Here's the Java program to find the factorial using recursion:
4. java
5. Copy code
6. import java.util.Scanner;
7.
8. public class FactorialRecursion {
9.
10. // Recursive method to calculate factorial
11. public static int factorial(int n) {
12. if (n == 0) {
13. return 1; // Base case: factorial of 0 is 1
14. } else {
15. return n * factorial(n - 1); // Recursive case
16. }
17. }

16
 18.
19. public static void main(String[] args) {
20. Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
21.
22. // Taking input from the user
23. System.out.print("Enter a number to find its factorial: ");
24. int number = scanner.nextInt();
25.
26. // Calling the factorial method and displaying the result
27. System.out.println("Factorial of " + number + " is: " +
factorial(number));
28.
29. scanner.close();
30. }
31. }

13. Explain in brief the delegation event model for handling events.

Delegation Event Model in Java

The delegation event model is the core event handling mechanism in Java. In this model,
events are delegated to a specific object (usually called an event listener) that handles them.
This approach is more efficient and flexible than the previous "traditional event model" in
Java.

Key Concepts:

1. Event Source:
The component or object that generates the event (e.g., a button, a text field, etc.).
When an action occurs, like a button being clicked, the event is triggered by this
source.
2. Event Listener:
The object that receives and handles the event. An event listener is an interface that
contains one or more methods for specific event types. For example,
ActionListener for button clicks, MouseListener for mouse events, etc.
3. Event Object:
An object that contains information about the event. It is passed to the listener's
methods when an event occurs, providing details like the source of the event, the type
of the event, etc.
4. Event Handling Process:
o The event source generates an event when something happens (like a user
clicking a button).
o The event is passed to the event listener.
o The listener then handles the event by responding to it, for example by
performing an action (e.g., printing a message or changing the UI).

How It Works:

1. Registering the Listener:

The event source (like a button) is associated with an event listener using the
addXXXListener method (where XXX is the event type). For example,
button.addActionListener(this) will register an ActionListener for the button.

17
 2. Event Occurrence:
When the event occurs (e.g., the user clicks the button), the event source creates an
event object and passes it to the appropriate listener method.
3. Listener Method Invocation:
The listener’s method is invoked, and the event object is passed to it. The listener then
performs the appropriate action based on the event.

14. Define an abstract class Shape with abstract methods area() and volume().

Explanation of the Abstract Class Shape and Methods:

1. Abstract Class:
o An abstract class in Java is a class that cannot be instantiated directly. It
serves as a blueprint for other classes. The purpose of an abstract class is to
provide a base class with common functionality and define abstract methods
that must be implemented by subclasses.
o In the case of the Shape class, it cannot create objects of Shape directly.
Instead, concrete subclasses (like Circle or Cube) will implement the abstract
methods.

Abstract Class Shape in Java:

java
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abstract class Shape {

// Abstract method to calculate the area of the shape

public abstract double area();

// Abstract method to calculate the volume of the shape

public abstract double volume();
}

2. Abstract Methods:
o area(): This method is intended to calculate the area of a shape. Since every
shape has a different formula for its area (circle, square, etc.), this method is
abstract in the Shape class, meaning that it must be implemented in any
subclass of Shape.
o volume(): This method is intended to calculate the volume of a 3D shape.
Like area(), its implementation depends on the specific type of shape (e.g., a
cube or sphere). It is also abstract and must be implemented in subclasses.

• Subclasses Implementation:

• Concrete subclasses, such as Circle or Cube, will provide specific implementations

of the area() and volume() methods.
o For example, in the Circle class, the area() method will calculate the area
using the formula π×r2\pi \times r^2π×r2, while the volume() method will
return 0 since a circle doesn't have volume.

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 o In the Cube class, the area() method will calculate the surface area of the
cube, and the volume() method will calculate the volume using the formula
side3\text{side}^3side3.

• Usage:

• The abstract class provides a common interface for all shapes. Even though different
shapes will implement the area() and volume() methods differently, they can be
treated uniformly as Shape objects, allowing polymorphism in Java.
• This approach encourages code reusability and scalability, as new shapes can be
added easily by extending the Shape class and implementing the required methods.

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