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Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

MA 105 Calculus
Autumn 2019 SRG/MM/MM
Solutions and Marking Scheme for the End-Semester Examination

Date: November 11 , 2019 Weightage: 40%

Time: 2:00 PM - 5:00 PM Max. Marks: 80

Note: This is a question paper cum answer book. Answers to the first six objective
questions are to be provided here by encircling the correct choice(s) or writing down
the requisite quantity. Answers to the last six subjective questions (including relevant
intermediate steps) are to be written in the space provided. In case you require addi-
tional space to write your answers, use the blank sheets attached to the question paper
cum answer book. A blank answerbook provided separately can be used for rough work.
Write your Roll number, division and tutorial batch on the question paper as well as
the answerbooks and any supplements you may use for your rough work. Failure to
do so can result in a penalty of 2 marks.
As usual, N denotes the set of all positive integers and R denotes the set of all
real numbers.

1. Consider the sequences (an ), (bn ) and (cn ) defined by

(−1)n 2n 1 1 1
an := , bn := and cn := 1 − + − ··· − for n ∈ N.
2n n! 2 3 2n
Then which of the following statements are true? [4 marks]

A Each of (an ), (bn ) and (cn ) is convergent.

B (an ) is divergent, but (bn ) and (cn ) are convergent.
C (bn ) is divergent, but (an ) and (cn ) are convergent.
D (cn ) is divergent, but (an ) and (bn ) are convergent.
2. Let f : R2 → R be defined by f (x, y) := xy 2 − 8y for (x, y) ∈ R2 . Find the
directional derivative Du f (2, 3) of f at (2, 3) in the direction of the unit vector
u = √15 (2îi + ĵj ). Also, write the equation for the tangent plane to the graph of
f through the point (2, 3, −6). [4 marks]
22
Du f (2, 3) = √
5
Equation for the tangent plane: 9x + 4y − z = 36

3. Consider f : R2 → R defined by f (x, y) := xy + |xy| for (x, y) ∈ R2 . Then

which of the following statements are true? [4 marks]

A f is continuous at (0, 0), but ∇f (0, 0) does not exist.

B ∇f (0, 0) exists, but Du f (0, 0) does not exist for some unit vector u.
C Du f (0, 0) exists for every unit vector u, but f is not differentiable at (0, 0).
D f is differentiable at (0, 0).

4. Compute the surface area of the parametrized surface Φ defined by

Φ(u, v) := (3u + 2v, 4u + v, 5v) where (u, v) ∈ [0, 1] × [0, 1].
[4 marks]
√
Area(Φ) = 650

5. Let S be the unit sphere in R3 with the normal n at each point of S in the
outward direction, and let D be an open set in R3 containing S. Suppose F is
a smooth vector field on D with the property that RR F(x) is of unit length for
each x) ∈ D, and moreover, the surface integral S F · dS has the maximum
possible value among the surface integrals over S of all
√smooth vector fields on
D with this property. Then determine F(1/2, 1/2, 1/ 2). [4 marks]
   
1 1 1 1 1 1
F , , √ = , , √
2 2 2 2 2 2

6. Let S be the surface in R3 formed by the part of the paraboloid z = 1 − x2 − y 2

lying above the xy-plane (that is, where z ≥ 0) and let F = xîi + yĵj +RR
2(1 − z)k̂k .
Taking the upward normal n on S for positive orientation, calculate S F · dS.
[4 marks]
ZZ
F · dS = 2π.
S
7. Let f : (0, 1) → R be given by
(
1/q if x = p/q, where p, q are relatively prime positive integers,
f (x) :=
0 if x is irrational.

Show that f is discontinuous at each rational in (0, 1) and it is continuous at

each irrational in (0, 1). [10 marks]

Answer: Let c ∈ (0, 1) be a rational number. Then c = p/q for unique p, q ∈ N

such that p, q are relatively prime, and so f (c) = 1/q 6= 0. [1]
On the other hand, there exists a sequence (xn ) of irrational numbers such that
xn → c. [2]
But then f (xn ) = 0 for all n ∈ N. Hence f (xn ) → 0 6= f (c). This proves that
f is not continuous at c. [1]
Next, suppose c ∈ (0, 1) is irrational. Then f (c) = 0. Thus to prove continuity
of f at c it suffices to show that for any  > 0, there is δ > 0 such that

(∗) x ∈ (0, 1) and |x − c| < δ =⇒ |f (x)| < . [1]

Now (*) clearly holds if x ∈ (0, 1) is irrational. To prove it for rational x ∈ (0, 1),
note that for any given  > 0, there is n0 ∈ N such that n10 < . [1]
Now there are only finitely many q ∈ N such that q ≤ n0 . Also if p, q ∈ N are
such that p/q ∈ (0, 1), then we must have 1 ≤ p < q. It follows that there are
only finitely many rational numbers in (0, 1) of the form p/q, where p, q ∈ N
are relatively prime and q ≤ n0 . [2]
Hence we can choose δ > 0 such that (c − δ, c + δ) ⊆ (0, 1) and (c − δ, c + δ)
contains none among these finitely many rationals. [1]
Now if x ∈ (c − δ, c + δ) is a rational number, then x = p/q for some p, q ∈ N
such that p, q are relatively prime and q > n0 . Hence f (x) = 1q < n10 < . [1]
This proves that (*) holds and thus f is continuous at c.

Note: An incomplete argument for continuity at irrationals using decimal rep-

resentation may be given at most 2 points.
 2
8. Suppose f : R → R is a differentiable function such that f 0 (x) = ex and
f (0) = 6. Prove that 6.7 ≤ f (1) ≤ 9.2. [9 marks]

Answer: By the Mean Value Theorem, there exists c ∈ (0, 1) such that
2
f (1) − f (0) = f 0 (c) = ec [4]
2
Since f (0) = 6 and 1 < ec < e, this implies that

7 ≤ f (1) ≤ 6 + e. [4]

Since 2 < e < 3, it follows that 6.7 ≤ f (1) ≤ 9.2. [1]

2
Aliter: Since f 0 (x) = ex , we see that f 0 (0) = 1 and f 0 (1) = e < 3. Also f 0 is
differentiable on [0, 1] and
2
f 00 (x) = 2xex ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [0, 1]. [2]

Hence f 0 is (monotonically) increasing and so

1 = f 0 (0) ≤ f 0 (x) ≤ f 0 (1) < 3 for all x ∈ [0, 1]. [2]

This implies that

Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
x2
1= 1dx = e dx ≤ 3dx and hence by FTC, 1 ≤ f (1) − f (0) ≤ 6.
0 0 0
[3]
Since f (0) = 6, we obtain 7 ≤ f (1) ≤ 9, which yields 6.7 ≤ f (1) ≤ 9.2. [2]
9. Let a, b ∈ R with a < b. Define when a function F : [a, b] → R is said to be
convex. Use your definition to show that if f : [a, b] → R is a monotonically
increasing function, then F : [a, b] → R defined by
Z x
F (x) := f (t)dt for x ∈ [a, b]
a
is a convex function. [10 marks]
Answer: A function F : [a, b] → R is said to be convex (on [a, b]) if for any
x1 , x, , x2 ∈ [a, b] with x1 < x < x2 , we have
F (x2 ) − F (x1 )
F (x) ≤ F (x1 ) + (x − x1 ). [2]
x2 − x1
Aliter: A function F : [a, b] → R is said to be convex if for any x, y ∈ [a, b] and
λ ∈ [0, 1], we have
F (λx + (1 − λ)y) ≤ λF (x) + (1 − λ)F (y). [2]
Now suppse f : [a, b] → R is a monotonically increasing function, and let
F : [a, b] → R be defined by
Z x
F (x) := f (t)dt for x ∈ [a, b]
a
Fix any x1 , x, , x2 ∈ [a, b] with x1 < x < x2 . Then
Z x Z x
F (x) − F (x1 ) 1 1
= f (t)dt ≤ f (x)dt = f (x),
x − x1 x − x 1 x1 x − x 1 x1
where the inequality above follows since f is monotonically increasing. [2]
Similarly, since f is monotonically increasing,
Z x2
1 F (x2 ) − F (x)
f (x) ≤ f (t)dt = . [2]
x2 − x x x2 − x
It follows that
 
F (x) − F (x1 ) F (x2 ) − F (x) 1 1 F (x1 ) F (x2 )
≤ and so + F (x) ≤ + .
x − x1 x2 − x x − x1 x 2 − x x − x1 x2 − x
[2]
This implies that
x2 − x x − x1 F (x2 ) − F (x1 )
F (x) ≤ F (x1 ) + F (x2 ) = F (x1 ) + (x − x1 ),
x2 − x1 x2 − x1 x2 − x1
where the last step follows by writing x2 − x = (x2 − x1 ) − (x − x1 ). [2]
Thus F is convex on [a, b].
[Note: Cut 4 marks if it is argued that F is convex because F 0 = f is monon-
ically increasing or because F 00 ≥ 0. Since f is not given to be continuous, we
can not assume that F is differentiable.]
10. Find the global extrema of the function f : [0, 2] × [0, 2] → R defined by

f (x, y) := 3x + y − x2 − y 2 for (x, y) ∈ [0, 2] × [0, 2].

Also determine the points in [0, 2]×[0, 2] where the global extrema are attained.
[9 marks]

Answer: We calculate that the only critical point of f on the interior of the
square is (x0 , y0 ) = (3 − 2x0 , 1 − 2y0 ) = (0, 0). Hence, (x0 , y0 ) = (3/2, 1/2). The
value at (3/2, 1/2) is 10/4. [2]
We now turn to the boundary of the square:

(a) On the edge x = 0, the function specialises to f (0, y) = y − y 2 . It has a

critical point at y0 = 1/2 with value 1/4. [1]
(b) On the edge x = 2, the function specialises to f (2, y) = 2 + y − y 2 . It has
a critical point at y0 = 1/2 with value 9/4. [1]
(c) On the edge y = 0, the function specialises to f (x, 0) = 3x − x2 . It has a
critical point at x0 = 3/2 with value 9/4. [1]
(d) On the edge y = 2, the function specialises to f (x, 2) = 3x − x2 − 2. It has
a critical point at x0 = 3/2 with value 1/4. [1]

The value of f at the end points (0, 0), (0, 2), (2, 0) and (2, 2) are 0, −2, 2, 0
respecitvely. [2]
Hence, the global maximum is attained at the point (3/2, 1/2) with value 10/4
and the global minimum is attained at the point (0, 2) with value −2. [1]
11. Find the absolute value of the line integral of the vector field F in R3 given by

F(x, y, z) := (yez , xez , xyez )

over the curve C cut out by the intersection of the plane x + y + z = 1 with the
portion of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 where x ≥ 3/5. [9 marks]

Answer: We note that the given vector field F is the gradient field ∇f of the
function f (x, y, z) = xyez . [3]
By the FTC for line integrals (part II), we obtain
Z Z
Fds = ∇f ds = |f (b) − f (a)|
C C

where a and b are the two endpoints of the path C. [3]

We calculate the two endpoints of the path to be: a = (3/5, 4/5, −2/5) and
b = (3/5, −4/5, 6/5). [2]
Hence, Z
12 6/5
e + e−2/5 .


F · ds = |f (b) − f (a)| = [1]
C 25

Note: Those who have computed the curl(F) to be zero and concluded that
the line integral is zero may be given at most 4 marks.
12. Evaluate the line integral
Z
2 2
I= zdx + (x + ey )dy + (y + ez )dz,
C

where C is the curve which is the intersection of the plane y + z = 3 and the
cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4. Orient C counterclockwise as viewed from above.
[9 marks]

2 2
Answer: Let F := (z, x + ey , y + ez ). Then curl(F
F ) = (1, 1, 1). [2]
If D represents the union of C and the region bounded by C (which is the inside
of an ellipse), then by Stokes’ theorem,
ZZ
I= F ) · n dS,
curl(F
S

where S is the surface in R3 given the parametrization Φ(x, y) = (x, y, 3 − y),

where x2 + y 2 ≤ 4. [4]
Now since, Φx = (1, 0, 0), Φy = (0, 1, −1), we see that
ZZ
I= 2d(x, y) = 8π. [3]
x2 +y 2 ≤4

Note: Some other variations as well as alternative solutions for Q. 12 are

provided in a separate note by a grader.