ELECTRICAL LOAD

Definition: The device which takes electrical energy is known as the electric load. In other words, the electrical load
is a device that consumes electrical energy in the form of the current and transforms it into other forms like heat,
light, work, etc. The electrical load may be resistive, inductive, capacitive or some combination between them. The
term load is used in the number of ways.

 To indicates a device or a collection of the equipment which use electrical energy.

 For showing the power requires from a given supply circuit.
 The electrical load indicates the current or power passing through the line or machine.
 Electrical Loads are something that the Utility have to support or carry on its system.
 Power company loads are ever changing depending upon time of day and season.

The classifications of loads are shown in the figure below.

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL LOADS

The nature of the load depends on the load factor, demand factor, diversity factor, power factor, and a utilization
factor of the system. The different types of load are explained below in details.

RESISTIVE LOAD
The resistive load obstructs the flow of electrical energy in the circuit and converts it into thermal energy, due to
which the energy dropout occurs in the circuit. The lamp and the heater are the examples of the resistive load. The
resistive loads take power in such a way so that the current and the voltage wave remain in the same phase. Thus the
power factor of the resistive load remains in unity.

INDUCTIVE LOAD
The inductive loads use the magnetic field for doing the work. The transformers, generators, motors are the examples
of the load. The inductive load has a coil which stores magnetic energy when the current pass through it. The current
wave of the inductive load is lagging behind the voltage wave, and the power factor of the inductive load is also
lagging.

CAPACITIVE LOAD
In the capacitive load, the voltage wave is leading the current wave. The examples of capacitive loads are capacitor
bank, three phase induction motor starting circuit, etc. The power factor of such type of loads is leading.

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL LOADS IN POWER SYSTEM

 The total loads of an area depend on its population and living standard of the people. The different types of the loads
in power system are as follows. The illustrations are a graphical representation of the individual loads

1. Domestic load
2. Commercial load
3. Industrial load
4. Agriculture load

1. Domestic Load – The domestic load is defined as the total energy consumed by the electrical appliances in the
household work. It depends on the living standard, weather and type of residence. The domestic loads mainly consist
of lights, fan, refrigerator, air conditioners, mixer, grinder, heater, ovens, small pumping, motor, etc. The domestic
load consume very little power and also independent from frequency. This load largely consists of lighting, cooling
or heating.
2. Commercial Load – Commercial load mainly consist of lightning of shops, offices, advertisements, etc., Fans,
Heating, Air conditioning and many other electrical appliances used in establishments such as market restaurants,
etc. are considered as a commercial load.
3. Industrial Loads – Industrial load consists of small-scale industries, medium scale industries, large scale
industries, heavy industries and cottage industries. The induction motor forms a high proportion of the composite
load. The industrial loads are the composite load. The composite load is a function of frequency and voltage and its
form a major part of the system load.

5. Agriculture Loads – This type of load is mainly motor pumps-sets load for irrigation purposes. The load
factor of this load is very small e.g. 0.15 – 0.20.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KW & KWH
The most significant difference between the kW and kWh is that the KW measure the power generate and utilize by
the devices, whereas the kWh measure the energy consumed by the electrical equipment. The other differences
between kW and kWh are explained below in the comparison chart.

The word demand shows the kW, and the word consumption describes the kWh. The kW stands for kilowatt, and
one kW is equal to 1000 watts. It is used for measuring the power utilized by small devices like a bulb, cooler, fan,
etc. Whereas, the kWh stands for a kilowatt hour. The kWh measures the energy utilizes by the electrical equipment
over a given period. The kilowatt hour is mainly used for measuring the electricity bill.

CONTENT: KW VS KWH
COMPARISON CHART
Basis for Comparison KW KWh

Basis for Comparison KW Measure the power induces and utilizes KWh Measure the energy consumes by the
Definition by the electrical devices. appliances.

Basis for Comparison

KW Kilowatt KWh Kilowatt Hour
Full Form

Basis for Comparison

Formula
KWh

Basis for Comparison KW Measure power of small appliances like, KWh Use for calculating the electrical
Applications bulb, motor etc. energy.

DEFINITION OF KW
The kW measure the power delivered by the electrical devices with respect to time, or we can say that it calculates
the work performed by the electrical appliances regarding time. The home appliances like the fan, electric heater, the
lamp have rated power. And this power is measured in kilowatts.

DEFINITION OF KWH
The kWh measure the work performed by the appliances at the given period. The kWh measure the energy utilized
by the machines. The small consumption of energy is measured in kilowatt-hours, and the large consumption of
energy is measured in megawatt hours.

Example – Let the heater run for 24 hours of a day and consumes 1500 – 2000 watts of power. So the total energy
consumed by the heater is measured by the product of time and power utilized by the heater.

Energy (in kWh) = Power (kW) X Time (24).

Energy = 1500 x 24 /1000

 Energy = 36 kWh

KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN KW AND KWH

1. The kW is the unit of measuring the power utilize and consume by electrical appliances like motor, generator, heater,
etc. Whereas the kWh measure the energy consume by the electrical appliances
2. The kW stands for kilowatt, and the full form of kWh is kilowatt hour. The kWh measures the energy which is the
product of the total power consumed by the devices and the time in an hour.
3. The kW measure the power consumed by the electrical appliance like a bulb, electric heater, fan, etc. The kWh is
mainly used for calculating the energy utilized by the Load over a specific time period.

WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT “LOADS”?

• We need to accurately measure the load
• We need to specify the Metering Equipment
- Instrument Transformers
- Meter Voltage
- Meter Configuration
- Meter Wiring

WE NEED TO KNOW THE CUSTOMERS LOAD.

• Configuration
- Single Phase or Poly Phase, Wye, Delta or Network
• Voltage
• Full Load Current
- Under 200 amps use self- contained meter
- Over 200 amps use Transformer Rated meter
SPECIAL CONSIDERSTIONS.
• Bypass sockets
• Multiple Sockets
• Over head or Underground Service
• Primary Voltages
TYPICAL SERVICES
SINGLE PHASE OVERHEAD
CLASS 320
SINGLE PHASE UNDERGROUND

SINGLE PHASE MULTIPLE METER

THREE PHASE MULTIPLE METERING

POLYPHASE CT METERING
SWITCH GEAR INSTALLATION
PRIMARY METERING OVERHEAD OR UNDERGROUND
METER CONNECTIONS DIAGRAMS ARE DESCRIBED IN THE METERMAN’S HANDBOOK
• For this presentation we will focus on Single Phase services
• 2 Wire or 3 Wire
• can be 120, 208, 240, 277, or 480 volts
• Self Contianed are Form 1s,2s and 12s
• Transformer Rated are 3s, 4s and 5s
SERVICE CAPACITY AND METER CAPACITY

• A normal house service has a capacity of 200 amps

- 200 Amp Main Distribution panel
- 200 Amp Meter Base
• With this service we would use a Self Contained meter with a capacity of 200 Amps
• The “Class” of the meter as indicated on the Nameplate is the capacity of the meter
• Form 1S, 2S or 12S

• A Larger home may have a Load capacity of 400 Amps

- 2 – 200Amp Main Distribution Panels

- 1 Meter socket rated at 400 amps (320 amps continuous)
- Form 2S

• For services over 400 amps they may include:

- 600 amp main breaker
- Current transformers would be used
- A meter base with “Test Switch” provisions installed
- We could use a form 4S class 10 or 20 meter.

APPLYING THE WRONG METER CAN NOT ONLY CAUSE INACCURATE METERING BUT CAN BE
DANGEROUS!
FORM 1S
FORM 2S
FORM 3S
FORM 4S
Form 3s

.3
Form 12S
Form 5s Single phase

.
BE SAFE!