Additional Exercises
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lily.zhan2026O X F O R D I B D I P L O M A P R O G R A M M E
ADDITIONAL
EXERCISES
MATHEMATICS:
ANALYSIS AND APPROACHES
H I G H E R L E V E L
E N H A NC E D ON L IN E
Jennifer Chang Wathall
Josip Harcet
Rose Harrison
Lorraine Heinrichs
Marlene Torres-Skoumal
/
Additional exercise
1.1 Sequences, series and sigma
notation
1 For each of the sequences below, write the next three terms and find the general term.
a 3, 9, 15, …
1 3 5
b , , ,…
4 4 4
c −1, −3, −9, …
2 For each general term below, write the first three terms of the sequence.
a {𝑢𝑛 } = {−3𝑛 + 2}, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+
b {𝑢𝑛 } = {(−1)𝑛−1 2𝑛 }, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+
3 For each series written in sigma notation below, write the first 4 terms of the sequence.
a ∑8𝑖=2 3𝑖 − 1
b ∑20 𝑖
𝑖=1 2 + 3
c ∑5𝑖=1(−1)𝑖 𝑖 3
𝑖−1
d ∑10
𝑖=3 𝑖+1
4 Write each of the following series in sigma notation.
a 5 + 13 + 21 + 29
b −3 + 6 − 12 + 24 − 48
c 4 + 8 + 12 + ⋯
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a 21, 27, 33
3, 9, 15, …
3𝑥1, 3𝑥3, 3𝑥5, …
Since the sequence is 3 times the positive odd integers:
𝑢𝑛 = 3(2𝑛 − 1), 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+
7 9 11
b , ,
4 4 4
1 3 5
, , ,…
4 4 4
2𝑛−1
𝑢𝑛 = , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+
4
c -27, -81, -243
−1, −3, −9, …
−1 × 30 , −1 × 31 , −1 × 32
𝑢𝑛 = (−1) × 3𝑛−1 , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+
2 a 𝑢1 = −3(1) + 2 = −1
𝑢2 = −3(2) + 2 = −4
𝑢3 = −3(3) + 2 = −7
b 𝑢1 = (−1)1−1 21 = 2
𝑢2 = (−1)2−1 22 = −4
𝑢3 = (−1)3−1 23 = 8
3 a 3(2) − 1, 3(3) − 1, 3(4) − 1, 3(5) − 1
5,8,11,14
b 21 + 3, 22 + 3, 23 + 3, 24 + 3
5, 7, 11, 19
c (−1)1 (1)3 , (−1)2 (2)3 , (−1)3 (3)3 , (−1)4 (4)3
-1, 8, -27, 64
3−1 4−1 5−1 6−1
d , , ,
3+1 4+1 5+1 6+1
2 3 4 5
, , ,
4 5 6 7
1 3 2 5
, , ,
2 5 3 7
4 a 5 + 13 + 21 + 29
(5+0) + (5+8) + (5+16) + (5+24)
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
(5+4x0) + (5+4x2) + (5+4x4) + (5+4x6)
∑4𝑛=1 5 + 4(2𝑛 − 2) = ∑4𝑛=1 5 + 8𝑛 − 8 = ∑4𝑛=1 8𝑛 − 3
b −3 + 6 − 12 + 24 − 48
(−1)1 (3 × 1), (−1)2 (3 × 2), (−1)3 (3 × 4), (−1)4 (3 × 8), (−1)5 (3 × 16)
(−1)1 (3 × 20 ), (−1)2 (3 × 21 ), (−1)3 (3 × 22 ), (−1)4 (3 × 23 ), (−1)5 (3 × 24 )
∑5𝑛=1(−1)𝑛 (3 × 2𝑛−1 )
c 4 + 8 + 12 + ⋯
(4 × 1) + (4 × 2) + (4 × 3) + ⋯
∞
∑ 4𝑛
𝑛=1
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
1.2 Arithmetic and geometric
sequences and series
1 For each arithmetic progression below, find the value of the common difference and the general
term then determine how many terms are in each progression.
a 3, 7, 11, … , 75
b −12, −14, −16, … − 40
c 0.10, −2.4, −4.9 … − 64.9
2 Give that an arithmetic progression has a third term of 4 and a sixth term of 184, find the value
of the 12th term.
3 The Summer Olympics are held every four years. They were held in Rio De Janeiro in 2016.
When will they be held for the first time after 2060?
4 The sum of three consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence is 78 and their product is 17
472. Find the three numbers.
3
5 A geometric sequence has a common ratio of − and the sixth term is -1280. Find:
4
a The first term.
b The 20th term.
c The sum of the first 8 terms.
6 In a geometric sequence, 𝑢1 = 5 and 𝑢3 = 1280. The last term of the sequence is 20 480. Find
the number of terms in the sequence.
1
7 Given a geometric sequence whose first term is -2 and has common ratio of ,find which term
4
−1
has a value of .
8192
8 For each series below, suggest whether it is arithmetic, geometric or neither, and find the sum
indicated.
1 8 13
a + + + ⋯ , 𝑆6
15 15 15
b 12 + 18 + 24 + ⋯ + 300
c ∑6𝑘=1(−1)𝑘 (2)𝑘+1
1
9 Insert four terms between 81 and to form a geometric sequence.
729
10 How many multiples of 3 are there less than 1000?
11 Evaluate ∑15 𝑛
𝑛=1 −3(2) .
12 Decide if the following geometric sequences are converging. If so, find the sum.
a 0.25 + 0.375 + 0.5625 + ⋯
3 9 27
b − + − +⋯
8 32 128
1 𝑛
c ∑∞
𝑛=1 −4 ( ) 2
d (9𝑥 − 9) + (3𝑥 − 3) + (𝑥 − 1) + ⋯
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
1 2 4
e + + +⋯
√2 √2 √2
1 1 1
f − + −⋯
√2 2√2 4√2
13 A ball is dropped from a height of 1.75 meters. With each bounce, the ball rebounds 70% of
its height.
a Sketch a diagram of the first 3 bounces. Include the heights of each bounce.
b How many times does the ball need to hit the ground before its bounce is less than 20
centimetres?
c What is the total distance the balls travels until it comes to a stop?
14 A car deprecates at a rate of 21.5% per year. If you bought a new car today for $35 690, how
much will it be worth after six years?
15 Michael checks the balance of his savings account and sees that he has $1800. If the interest
rate is 1.25% per annum, compounded monthly, how did Michael originally deposit four years
ago if the has not withdrawn or deposited any money since then?
16 If you invest 4500 Swiss Francs today in an investment that pays 2.25% per annum,
compounded quarterly, how long will it take for your investment to double in value?
17 The first term of a geometric sequence is 32 and the common ratio is 0.5. Find the largest
1
term that is smaller than .
1000
18 A geometric series has all positive terms. The sum of the first two terms is 15 and the sum to
infinity is 27. Find the common ration and hence, find the first term of the sequence.
1
19 The sum of an infinite geometric series is 81 with a common ratio of . Find the first three
4
terms of this series.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a 𝑑 =7−3=4
𝑢𝑛 = 3 + (𝑛 − 1)4 = 3 + 4𝑛 − 4 = 4𝑛 − 1
75 = 4𝑛 − 1
76 = 4𝑛
𝑛 = 19
b 𝑑 = −14 − −12 = −2
𝑢𝑛 = −12 + (𝑛 − 1)(−2) = −12 − 2𝑛 + 2 = −10 − 2𝑛
−40 = −10 − 2𝑛
−30 = −2𝑛
𝑛 = 15
c 𝑑 = −2.4 − 0.1 = −2.5
𝑢𝑛 = 0.10 + (𝑛 − 1)(−2.5)
𝑢𝑛 = 0.10 − 2.5𝑛 + 2.5
𝑢𝑛 = −2.5𝑛 + 2.6
−64.9 = −2.5𝑛 + 2.6
67.5 = −2.5𝑛
𝑛 = 27
2 𝑢3 = 4, 𝑢6 = 184
184 = 4 + (4 − 1)𝑑
184 = 4 + 3𝑑
180 = 3𝑑
𝑑 = 60
𝑢12 = 4 + (10 − 1)(60)
𝑢12 = 544
3 2060 = 2016 + (𝑛 − 1)(4)
44 = 4(𝑛 − 1)
11 = 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 = 12
They will next be held in 2064.
4. Let the three terms be 𝑥 − 𝑑, 𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑑.
Using the sum:
𝑥 − 𝑑 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑑 = 78
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 3
Additional exercise
3𝑥 = 78
𝑥 = 26
This makes the three terms: 26 − 𝑑, 26, 26 + 𝑑.
Using the product:
26(26 − 𝑑)(26 + 𝑑) = 17472
26(262 − 𝑑2 ) = 17472
676 − 𝑑2 = 672
𝑑2 = 4
𝑑=2
The three terms are 24, 26, 28.
5 a 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢1 𝑟 𝑛−1
3 6−1
−1280 = 𝑢1 (− )
4
3 5
−1280 = 𝑢1 (− )
4
−243
−1280 = 𝑢1 ( )
1024
1310720
𝑢1 =
243
1310720 3 20−1
b 𝑢20 = ( ) (− )
243 4
𝑢20 ≈ −22.8
𝑢1 (1−𝑟 𝑛 )
c 𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1310720 3 8
(1−(− ) )
243 4
𝑆8 = 3
1−(− )
4
𝑆8 ≈ 2773.7
6 1280 = 5𝑟 3−1
256 = 𝑟 2
𝑟 = 16
20480 = 5(16)𝑛−1
4096 = (16)𝑛−1
163 = (16)𝑛−1
3 = 𝑛−1
𝑛=4
−1 1 𝑛−1
7 = −2 ( )
8192 4
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 4
Additional exercise
1 1 𝑛−1
=( )
16384 4
1 7 1 𝑛−1
( ) =( )
4 4
7 = 𝑛−1
𝑛=8
8 1 13 8
8 a − ≠ − , ∴ not arithmetic
15 15 15 15
8 13
15
1 ≠ 15
8 , ∴ not geometric
15 15
b 18 − 12 = 24 − 18, ∴ arithmetic
To find n:
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
300 = 12 + (𝑛 − 1)6
288 = 6(𝑛 − 1)
48 = 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 = 49
49
𝑆49 = (12 + 300)
2
49
𝑆49 = (312)
2
𝑆49 = 7644
(−1)2 (2)2+1 8
c Geometric with 𝑟 = (−1)1(2)1+1 = = −2 and 𝑢1 = (−1)1 21+1 = −4.
−4
−4(1−(−2)6 )
𝑆6 =
1−−2
−4(1−64)
𝑆6 =
3
−4(−63)
𝑆6 =
3
252
𝑆6 =
3
𝑆6 = 84
1
9 = 81(𝑟)6−1
729
1
= 𝑟5
59049
1 5
( ) = 𝑟5
9
1
𝑟=
9
1
𝑢2 = 81 ( ) = 9
9
1
𝑢3 = 9 ( ) = 1
9
1 1
𝑢4 = 1 ( ) =
9 9
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 5
Additional exercise
1 1 1
𝑢5 = ( ) =
9 9 81
10 The multiples of 3 s are 3, 6, 9, 12, …
3 + (𝑛 − 1)3 > 1000
3(𝑛 − 1) > 997
𝑛 − 1 > 332.3333 …
𝑛 > 333.3333 …
There are 333 terms.
11 𝑢1 = −3(2)1 = −6
𝑢2 = −3(2)2 = −12
12
𝑟=− =2
−6
−6(1−(2)15 )
𝑆15 =
1−2
−6(1−32768)
𝑆15 =
−1
𝑆15 = 6(32767)
𝑆15 = 196 602
0.375
12 a 𝑟 = = 1.5, ∴ The series is not converging.
0.25
9
9 8 −3
b 𝑟= 32
−3 = × =
32 −3 4
8
3
−
𝑆∞ = 8
3
1−−
4
3
−
𝑆∞ = 7
8
3 4
𝑆∞ = − ×
8 7
3
𝑆∞ = −
14
1 2
−4( ) −1 1
c 𝑟= 2
1 1
= =
−4( ) −2 2
2
−2
𝑆∞ = 1
1−
2
−2
𝑆∞ = 1
2
𝑆∞ = −4
3𝑥−3 3(𝑥−1) 1
d 𝑟= = =
9𝑥−9 9(𝑥−1) 3
9𝑥−9
𝑆∞ = 1
1−
3
9𝑥−9
𝑆∞ = 2
3
3
𝑆∞ = (9𝑥 − 9)
2
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 6
Additional exercise
27 27
𝑆∞ = 𝑥−
2 2
e 𝑟= √2
1 = 2, ∴ The series is not converging.
√2
−1
1
f 𝑟= 2√2
1 =−
2
√2
𝑆∞ = √2
1
1−−
2
𝑆∞ = √2
1
1+
2
𝑆∞ = √2
3
2
1 2
𝑆∞ = ×
√2 3
2 √2
𝑆∞ = (= )
3√2 3
13 a Diagram of a bouncing ball with at least three bounces. The bounces should be labelled as
follows: 1.75m, 1.225m, 0.8575m.
b 𝑢1 𝑟 𝑛−1 < 0.2
1.75(0.7)𝑛−1 < 0.2
(0.7)𝑛−1 < 0.114285 …
By GDC, 𝑛 > 7
c Total distance = 2𝑆∞ − 𝑢1
1.75
Total distance = 2 ( ) − 1.75
1−0.7
35 7
Total distance = −
3 4
119
Total distance = ≈ 9.92𝑚
12
14 𝑢7 = 35690(1 − 0.215)7−1
𝑢7 = 35690(0.785)6
𝑢7 ≈ $8351.50
0.0125 12×4
15 1800 = 𝑢1 (1 + )
12
0.0125 48
1800 = 𝑢1 (1 + )
12
1800 = 𝑢1 (1.0512437 … )
𝑢1 ≈ $1712.26
0.0225 4𝑛
16 9000 = 4500 (1 + )
4
0.0225 4𝑛
2 = (1 + )
4
2 = (1.005625)4𝑛
By GDC, 30.9 years
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 7
Additional exercise
17 32(0.5)𝑛−1 < 0.001
(0.5)𝑛−1 < 0.00003125
By GDC, 𝑛 = 16
1
Note that the term with 𝑛 = 16 is 32(0.5)15 = .
1024
18 Let 𝑥 be the first term.
𝑥
27 =
1−𝑟
27(1 − 𝑟) = 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑥 ∙ 𝑟 = 15
27(1 − 𝑟) + (27(1 − 𝑟)) ∙ 𝑟 = 15
27 − 27𝑟 + 27𝑟 − 27𝑟 2 = 15
27 − 27𝑟 2 = 15
−27𝑟 2 = −12
12 4
𝑟2 = =
27 9
2
𝑟=±
3
2
Since the terms must all be positive, 𝑟 = .
3
2
𝑥 = 27 (1 − )
3
1
𝑥 = 27 ( )
3
𝑥=9
𝑢1
19 81 = 1
1−
4
𝑢1
81 = 3
4
243
𝑢1 =
4
1 2−1 243
𝑢2 = 𝑢1 ( ) =
4 16
1 3−1 243
𝑢3 = 𝑢1 ( ) =
4 64
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 8
Additional exercise
1.3 Proof
1 Prove that the square of any even number is also even.
2 Prove that if 𝑛 is an odd integer then 𝑛2 is also an odd integer
3 Let 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 be integers. Prove directly that if 𝑥 divides 𝑦 and 𝑥 divides 𝑧, then 𝑥 also divides
𝑦 + 𝑧.
4 Let 𝑚 and 𝑛 be perfect square integers. Show that 𝑚𝑛 is also a perfect square integer.
5 If 𝑛 is an even integer, prove that 7𝑛 + 4 is also an even integer.
6 Show that if 𝑛 is any even integer, then (−1)𝑛 = 1.
7 Prove that for all integers 𝑛, 4(𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1) − 3𝑛2 is a perfect square.
8 Prove that the product of any two rational numbers is a rational number.
9 Prove that if 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are odd integers, then the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 has no integer
solution.
10 Prove that the statement 3(𝑥 − 2) − 4(3𝑥 + 5) + 2𝑥 − 2 = −7(𝑥 + 4) is true for all values of
x.
𝑥−2 3𝑥−6 𝑥+1
11 a Prove that
𝑥
÷ 𝑥 2 +𝑥 = 3
b For what values of x does this mathematical statement not hold true?
12 Use contraction to show that there exists no integers 𝑛 and 𝑚 for which 18𝑛 + 6𝑚 = 1.
13 Prove that if 𝑎, 𝑏, ∈ ℤ, then 𝑎2 − 4𝑏 ≠ 2.
14 Find a counterexample that disproves the statement “For all 𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛2 + 4 > 5.
15 Prove by induction: 𝑛! > 3𝑛 for 𝑛 ≥ 7, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ.
16 Prove by induction: (2𝑛)! ≥ 2𝑛 (𝑛!)2 , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
17 Prove that 4𝑛 + 2 is divisible by 3 for 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
18 Use mathematical induction to prove that 𝑛3 + 11𝑛 is divisible by 3 for 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
19 Prove by induction that 𝑛(𝑛2 + 5) is divisible by 6 for 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
20 Prove that ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 2 = , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
6
1 𝑛
21 Prove that ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 (3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2) = 6𝑛+4 , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ .
+
22 A sequence is defined by 𝑢1 = 1 and 𝑢𝑛+1 = 2𝑢𝑛 + 1 for all 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ . Prove that
𝑢𝑛 = 2𝑛 − 1.
23 Prove by induction that the formula for the sum of a finite geometric series holds true for all
𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ . (IB Q)
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 Assume 𝑛 is an even number, ∴ 𝑛 = 2𝑘, for some integer 𝑘. Then
𝑛2 = (2𝑘)2 = 4𝑘 2 = 2(2𝑘 2 ). Since this is divisible by 2, 𝑛2 is even.
2 Assume 𝑛 is an odd integer, ∴ 𝑛 = 2𝑘 + 1, for some integer 𝑘. Then
𝑛2 = (2𝑘 + 1)2
𝑛2 = (2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 1)
𝑛2 = 4𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 1
𝑛2 = 2(2𝑘 2 + 2𝑘) + 1
∴ 𝑛2 is an odd integer.
3 Since 𝑥 divides 𝑦, then 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥, for some integer 𝑎.
Also, since 𝑥 divides 𝑧, then 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑥, for some integer 𝑏.
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑏)
Hence 𝑥 divides 𝑦 + 𝑧 since 𝑎 + 𝑏 is an integer.
4 𝑚 = 𝑘 2, for some integer 𝑘 and 𝑛 = 𝑙 2 , for some integer 𝑙.
𝑚𝑛 = 𝑘 2 𝑙 2 = (𝑘𝑙)2
Since 𝑘𝑙 is an integer, 𝑚𝑛 is a perfect square.
5 Assume 𝑛 is an even number, ∴ 𝑛 = 2𝑘, for some integer 𝑘.
Then, 7𝑛 + 4 = 7(2𝑘) + 4
7𝑛 + 4 = 14𝑘 + 4
7𝑛 + 4 = 2(7𝑘 + 2)
Since 𝑘 is an integer, so is 7𝑘 + 2. Since 7𝑛 + 4 is divisible 2, it is an even integer.
6 Assume 𝑛 is an even number, ∴ 𝑛 = 2𝑘, for some integer 𝑘.
(−1)𝑛 = (−1)2𝑘
(−1)𝑛 = ((−1)2 )𝑘
(−1)𝑛 = (1)𝑘
(−1)𝑛 = 1
𝑄𝐸𝐷
7 4(𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1) − 3𝑛2 = 4𝑛2 + 4𝑛 + 4 − 3𝑛2
4(𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1) − 3𝑛2 = 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 + 4
4(𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1) − 3𝑛2 = (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 2)
4(𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1) − 3𝑛2 = (𝑛 + 2)2
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Since 𝑛 is an integer, 𝑛 + 2 is also an integer and thus 4(𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1) − 3𝑛2 is a perfect
square.
8 Assume 𝑎 and 𝑏 are rational numbers.
𝑐 𝑒
𝑎 = 𝑑 and 𝑏 = 𝑓 , 𝑑. 𝑓 ≠ 0
𝑐 𝑒 𝑐𝑒
𝑎𝑏 = (𝑑) (𝑓) = 𝑑𝑓
Since 𝑐𝑒 and 𝑑𝑓 are both integers as they are the product of integers, and 𝑑𝑓 ≠ 0 as it is the
product of two non-zero integers, 𝑎𝑏 is a quotient of rational numbers and thus rational.
9 Suppose 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are odd integers and the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 has an integer
solution.
Case 1: 𝑥 is even.
Since the product of an even integers with any integer is even, 𝑎𝑥 2 and 𝑏𝑥 are both even.
Since the sum of two even integers is even,𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 is also even. Since, 𝑐 is an odd integer
and the sum of an even integer and an odd integer is odd, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is odd.
Case 2: 𝑥 is odd.
Since 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are odd integers and the product of odd integers is odd, 𝑎𝑥 2 and 𝑏𝑥 are both
odd. Since the sum of two odd integers is even, 𝑎𝑥 2 and 𝑏𝑥 are both even. Since, 𝑐 is an odd
integer and the sum of an even integer and an odd integer is odd, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is odd.
Thus, in either case, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is odd and hence cannot be equal to 0. Therefore the
equation as no integer solutions.
10 3(𝑥 − 2) − 4(3𝑥 + 5) + 2𝑥 − 2 = −7(𝑥 + 4)
⇔ 3𝑥 − 6 − 12𝑥 − 20 + 2𝑥 − 2 = −7(𝑥 + 4)
⇔ −7𝑥 − 28 = −7(𝑥 + 4)
⇔ −7(𝑥 + 4) = −7(𝑥 + 4)
𝑄𝐸𝐷
𝑥−2 3𝑥−6 𝑥+1
11 a ÷ 𝑥 2 +𝑥 =
𝑥 3
𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥+1
⇔ ∙ 3𝑥−6 =
𝑥 3
𝑥−2 𝑥(𝑥+1) 𝑥+1
⇔ ∙ 3(𝑥−2) =
𝑥 3
1 (𝑥+1) 𝑥+1
⇔1∙ =
3 3
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
⇔ =
3 3
𝑄𝐸𝐷
b 𝑥 ≠ 0, −1, 2.
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
12 Assume 𝑛 and 𝑚 are integers.
18𝑛 + 6𝑚 = 1
1
⇒ 3𝑛 + 𝑚 = 6
Since the sum of two integers cannot be between 0 and 1, this is a contradiction and therefore
𝑛 and 𝑚 cannot be integers.
13 Suppose there exists two integers 𝑎 and 𝑏, such that 𝑎2 − 4𝑏 = 2.
𝑎2 = 4𝑏 + 2
𝑎2 = 2(2𝑏 + 1)
∴ 𝑎2 is even and 𝑎 is also even.
∴ 𝑎 = 2𝑘 for some integer 𝑘.
𝑎2 − 4𝑏 = (2𝑘)2 − 4𝑏 = 2
4𝑘 2 − 4𝑏 = 2
2𝑘 2 − 2𝑏 = 1
2(𝑘 2 − 𝑏) = 1
Since 𝑘 2 − 𝑏 is an integer, 1 is therefore even.
Since this is not true, then 𝑎2 − 4𝑏 ≠ 2 by contradiction.
14 Find a counterexample that disproves the statement “For all 𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛2 + 4 > 5.
If 𝑛 = 0 then 0 + 4 > 5, which is false.
15 If 𝑛 = 7:
7! > 37
⇔ 5040 > 2187
Which is true.
Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘:
𝑘! > 3𝑘
Consider 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1:
(𝑘 + 1)! = (𝑘 + 1)𝑘!
> (𝑘 + 1)3𝑘
> 3 ∙ 3𝑘 (as 𝑘 > 6)
= 3𝑘+1
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
Hence, if true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 then also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
As true for 𝑛 = 7, so true for all 𝑛 ≥ 7 by induction.
16 If 𝑛 = 1:
2! ≥ 21 (1!)2
⇔2≥2
Which is true.
Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘:
(2𝑘)! ≥ 2𝑘 (𝑘!)2
Consider 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1:
(2(𝑘 + 1))! = (2𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘)!
⇒ (2(𝑘 + 1))! ≥ (2𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘 + 1)(𝑘!)2 2𝑘
= 2(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 1)(𝑘!)2 2𝑘
> 2𝑘+1 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘!)2 since 2𝑘 + 1 > 𝑘 + 1
= 2𝑘+1 ((𝑘 + 1)!)2
Hence, if true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 then also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
As true for 𝑛 = 1, so true for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
17 If 𝑛 = 1:
41 + 2 = 6 = 3(2)
Which is divisible by 3.
Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘:
4𝑘 + 2 = 3𝑗, for some integer j
Consider 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1:
⇔ 4𝑘+1 + 2 = 4 ∙ 4𝑘 + 2
⇔ 4𝑘+1 + 2 = 4(3𝑗 − 2) + 2
⇔ 4𝑘+1 + 2 = 12𝑗 − 8 + 2
⇔ 4𝑘+1 + 2 = 12𝑗 − 6
⇔ 4𝑘+1 + 2 = 3(4𝑗 − 2)
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
⇔ 4𝑘+1 + 2 is divisible by 3.
Hence, if true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 then also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
As true for 𝑛 = 1, so true for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
18 If 𝑛 = 1:
13 + 11(1) = 12 = 3(4)
Which is divisible by 3.
Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘:
𝑘 3 + 11𝑘 = 3𝑗, for some integer j
Consider 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1:
(𝑘 + 1)3 + 11(𝑘 + 1) = 𝑘 3 + 3𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 11𝑘 + 11
(𝑘 + 1)3 + 11(𝑘 + 1) = 𝑘 3 + 11 + 3𝑘 2 + 3𝑘
(𝑘 + 1)3 + 11(𝑘 + 1) = 3𝑗 + 3𝑘 2 + 3𝑘
(𝑘 + 1)3 + 11(𝑘 + 1) = 3(𝑗 + 𝑘 2 + 𝑘)
(𝑘 + 1)3 + 11(𝑘 + 1) is divisible by 3.
Hence, if true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 then also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
As true for 𝑛 = 1, so true for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
19 If 𝑛 = 1:
1(12 + 5) = 6 = 6(1)
Which is divisible by 6.
Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘:
𝑘(𝑘 2 + 5) = 6𝑗, for some integer j.
Consider 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1:
(𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1)2 + 5) = (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 6)
(𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1)2 + 5) = 𝑘 3 + 2𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 + 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 6
(𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1)2 + 5) = 𝑘 3 + 3𝑘 2 + 8𝑘 + 6
(𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1)2 + 5) = (𝑘 3 + 5𝑘) + (3𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 6)
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
(𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1)2 + 5) = 𝑘(𝑘 2 + 5) + (3𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 6)
(𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1)2 + 5) = 6𝑗 + 3𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + 6
Since 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) is even, all three terms are divisible by 6.
Hence, if true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 then also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
As true for 𝑛 = 1, so true for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
20 If 𝑛 = 1:
1(1+1)(2(1)+1)
12 = 6
1(2)(3)
⇔1= 6
6
⇔1=6
⇔1=1
Which is true.
Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘:
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)
∑𝑘𝑖=1 𝑖 2 =
6
Consider 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1:
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2(𝑘+1)+1) (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3)
We need to show that ∑𝑘+1 2
𝑖=1 𝑖 = = .
6 6
∑𝑘+1 2 𝑘 2
𝑖=1 𝑖 = ∑𝑖=1 𝑖 + (𝑘 + 1)
2
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)
⇔ ∑𝑘+1 2
𝑖=1 𝑖 = 6
+ (𝑘 + 1)2
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1) 6(𝑘+1)2
⇔ ∑𝑘+1 2
𝑖=1 𝑖 = 6
+ 6
𝑘(2𝑘 2 +3𝑘+1)+6(𝑘 2 +2𝑘+1)
⇔ ∑𝑘+1 2
𝑖=1 𝑖 = 6
2𝑘 3 +3𝑘 2 +𝑘+6𝑘 2 +12𝑘+6
⇔ ∑𝑘+1 2
𝑖=1 𝑖 = 6
2𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 +𝑘+13𝑘+6
⇔ ∑𝑘+1 2
𝑖=1 𝑖 = 6
(2𝑘+3)(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)
⇔ ∑𝑘+1 2
𝑖=1 𝑖 = 6
𝑄𝐸𝐷
Hence, if true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 then also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
© Oxford University Press 2019 7
Additional exercise
As true for 𝑛 = 1, so true for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
21 If 𝑛 = 1:
1 1
∑1𝑖=1 = 6(1)+4
(3(1)−1)(3(1)+2)
1 1
⇔ ∑1𝑖=1 (3−1)(3+2) = 6+4
1 1
⇔ ∑1𝑖=1 (2)(5) = 10
1 1
⇔ ∑1𝑖=1 10 = 10
Which is true.
Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘:
1 𝑘
∑𝑘𝑖=1 = 6𝑘+4
(3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2)
Consider 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1:
We want to show that
1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1
∑𝑘+1
𝑖=1 = 6(𝑘+1)+4 = 6𝑘+10 = 2(3𝑘+5)
(3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2)
1 1 1
∑𝑘+1
𝑖=1 = ∑𝑘𝑖=1 (3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2) + (3(𝑘+1)−1)(3(𝑘+1)+2)
(3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2)
1 𝑘 1
⇔ ∑𝑘+1
𝑖=1 (3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2) = 6𝑘+4 + (3𝑘+3−1)(3𝑘+3+2)
1 𝑘 1
⇔ ∑𝑘+1
𝑖=1 (3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2) = 2(3𝑘+2) + (3𝑘+2)(3𝑘+5)
1 𝑘(3𝑘+5) 2
⇔ ∑𝑘+1
𝑖=1 (3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2) = 2(3𝑘+2)(3𝑘+5) + 2(3𝑘+2)(3𝑘+5)
1 3𝑘 2 +5𝑘+2
⇔ ∑𝑘+1
𝑖=1 (3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2) = 2(3𝑘+2)(3𝑘+5)
1 (3𝑘+2)(𝑘+1)
⇔ ∑𝑘+1
𝑖=1 (3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2) = 2(3𝑘+2)(3𝑘+5)
1 𝑘+1
⇔ ∑𝑘+1
𝑖=1 (3𝑖−1)(3𝑖+2) = 2(3𝑘+5)
Hence, if true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 then also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑛 = 1, so true for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
As true for
22 A sequence is defined by 𝑢1 = 1 and 𝑢𝑛+1 = 2𝑢𝑛 + 1 for all 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ . Prove that
𝑢𝑛 = 2𝑛 − 1.
© Oxford University Press 2019 8
Additional exercise
If 𝑛 = 2:
𝑢2 = 2(𝑢1 ) + 1 = 3
22 − 1 = 3
Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘:
𝑢 𝑘 = 2𝑘 − 1
Consider 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1:
We want to prove that 𝑢𝑘+1 = 2𝑘+1 − 1.
𝑢𝑘+1 = 2𝑢𝑘 + 1
⇒ 𝑢𝑘+1 = 2(2𝑘 − 1) + 1
⇒ 𝑢𝑘+1 = 2𝑘+1 − 2 + 1
⇒ 𝑢𝑘+1 = 2𝑘+1 − 1
Hence, if true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 then also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
As true for 𝑛 = 1, so true for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
23 We want to prove that 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 =
1−𝑟
If 𝑛 = 1:
𝑎(1−𝑟 1 )
𝑎= 1−𝑟
⇔𝑎=𝑎
Which is true.
Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘:
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑘 )
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑘−1 = 1−𝑟
Consider 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1:
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑘 )
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑘−1 + 𝑎𝑟 𝑘 = 1−𝑟
+ 𝑎𝑟 𝑘
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑘 ) 𝑎𝑟 𝑘 (1−𝑟)
= 1−𝑟
+ 1−𝑟
𝑎−𝑎𝑟 𝑘 +𝑎𝑟 𝑘 −𝑎𝑟 𝑘+1
= 1−𝑟
© Oxford University Press 2019 9
Additional exercise
𝑎−𝑎𝑟 𝑘+1
=
1−𝑟
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑘+1 )
= 1−𝑟
Hence, if true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 then also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
As true for 𝑛 = 1, so true for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
© Oxford University Press 2019 10
Additional exercise
1.4 Counting principles and the
binomial theorem
1 Simplify then evaluate the following expressions:
8!
a
6!
2!
b
4!
4!2!
c
6!
2 Simplify the following expressions:
𝑛!
a
(𝑛−2)!
(𝑛+2)!
b
(𝑛−1)!
(𝑛2 −4)!
c
(𝑛−2)(𝑛2 −5)!
(𝑛!)2
d
(𝑛−1)!(𝑛+1)!
3 How many different odd 3 digit numbers are there?
4 The letters of the word BARRIER are arranged. How many different permutations are there,
starting with:
a the letter R
b all three Rs?
5 Nghia has a bunch of identical toy cars: 4 are red, 3 are green and 2 are yellow. In how many
ways can he line up his cars for a race?
6 Write down an English word where the number of possible permutations of the letters is equal
5!
to . Explain your answer.
2!
7 There are 5 people who need to sit in a row of chairs. Calculate the number of permutations for
each situation below:
a There are 5 chairs.
b There are 6 chairs.
c There are 5 chairs, but Jack, one of the people, needs to be on either end.
d There are 5 chairs, but Jack needs to be in the middle.
e There are 5 chairs, but Jack and Jill, another one of the people, must sit together.
f There are 5 chairs, but Jack and Jill refuse to sit together.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
8 Using only the digits 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9 without repetition,
a How many 3 digit numbers greater than 6500 can be formed?
b How many 3 digit even numbers can be formed?
c How many numbers less than 400 can be formed?
9 Solve the following equations algebraically
a nP2 = 30
b nP3 = 60
c 2n + nP2 = 56
10 A jury of 6 men and 6 women must be chosen from a pool of 14 men and 16 women. How
many different juries can be formed?
11 Consider the word CABBAGE. How many permutations are there if:
a All the letters are used?
b All letters are used and it starts with a B?
c All letters are used and it starts with a vowel?
12 From a group of 5 students, three must be selected to work on a committee.
a How many different committees are possible?
b How many different committees are possible if Mohammed, one of the students, must be on
the committee?
c How many different committees are possible if Mohammed and Tenzin, another one of the
students, cannot work together?
13 Find the indicated term in the expansions below.
a The 6th term of (2𝑥 − 𝑦)9 .
b The 4th term of (𝑥 + 5𝑦)7 .
c The middle term of (𝑥 2 − 2)8 .
d The constant term of (3𝑥 − 2)10 .
14
a Find the term containing 𝑥 3 in the expansion of (𝑥 − 3)8 .
b Hence, find the term containing 𝑥 4 in the expansion of −2𝑥(𝑥 − 3)8 .
15 The fourth term in the expansion of (2𝑥 − 𝑘)8 is −387072𝑥 5 . Find the value of k.
16 Find the coefficient of the term containing 𝑎3 𝑏 6 in the expansion of (𝑎 − 𝑏 2 )6 .
17 Use the binomial theorem to estimate 1.814 to three decimal places.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
3 1
18 Expand for |𝑥| < .
(1−2𝑥) 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
Answers
8×7×6!
1 a
6!
= 56
2! 1
b
4×3×2!
= 12
4!×2! 2×1 1
c = =
6×5×4! 6×5 15
𝑛! 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)!
2 a
(𝑛−2)!
= (𝑛−2)!
= 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛2 − 𝑛
(𝑛+2)! (𝑛+2)(𝑛+1)𝑛(𝑛−1)!
b
(𝑛−1)!
= (𝑛−1)!
= 𝑛(𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 2) = 𝑛3 + 3𝑛2 + 2𝑛
(𝑛2 −4)! (𝑛2 −4)(𝑛2 −5)! 𝑛2 −4 (𝑛−2)(𝑛+2)
c
(𝑛−2)(𝑛2 −5)!
= (𝑛−2)(𝑛2 −5)!
= = =𝑛+2
𝑛−2 (𝑛−2)
(𝑛!)2 𝑛!𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛(𝑛−1)! 𝑛! 1 𝑛
d
(𝑛−1)!(𝑛+1)!
= (𝑛−1)!(𝑛+1)! = (𝑛−1)! ∙ (𝑛+1)! = ∙
(𝑛−1)! (𝑛+1)𝑛!
= 𝑛 ∙ (𝑛+1) = 𝑛+1
3 An odd three digit cannot start with 0 and must end with one of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, therefore
(9)(10)(5) = 450
3(6!)
4 a
3!
= 360
3!(4!)
b
3!
= 24
9! 362880 362880
5
4!3!2!
= (24)(6)(2) = 288
= 1260
6 Answers will vary. Some possible answers are: hello, apple, needy.
7 a 5 𝑃5 =120
b 6𝑃5 =720
c 2(4!) = 48
d (4!) = 24
e 2(4!) = 48
f 5! − 2(4!) = 120 − 48 = 72
8 a Case 1: Start with a 6 with second digit 5, 8, or 9
(1)(3)(4)(3) = 36
Case 2: Starting with a 8 or 9
(2)(5)(4)(3) = 120
Total: 36 + 120 = 156
b An even number must end in 2, 6, or 8:
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
(5)(4)(3) = 60
c Case 1: three digit number
(2)(5)(4) = 40
Case 2: two digit number
(6)(5) = 30
Case 1: one digit number
Total:40 + 30 + 6 = 76
9 a n𝑃2 = 30
𝑛!
(𝑛−2)!
= 30
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) = 30
𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 30 = 0
(𝑛 − 6)(𝑛 + 5) = 0
𝑛 = 6, −5
Since 𝑛 ≥ 0, 𝑛 = 6
b n𝑃3 = 60
𝑛!
(𝑛−3)!
= 60
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) = 60
𝑛(𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 2) = 60
𝑛3 − 3𝑛2 + 2𝑛 − 60 = 0
By GDC, 𝑛 = 5
c 2n + n𝑃2 = 56
𝑛!
2𝑛 + (𝑛−2)! = 56
2𝑛 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) = 56
𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 56 = 0
(𝑛 + 8)(𝑛 − 7) = 0
𝑛 = 7, −8
Since 𝑛 ≥ 0, 𝑛 = 7
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
14 16
10 ( ) ∙ ( ) = 24 048 024
6 6
7! 5040
11 a
2!2!
= 4
= 1260
(2)(6!) 1440
b
2!2!
= 4
= 360
(3)(6!) 2160
c
2!2!
= 4
= 540
5
12 a ( ) = 10
3
1 4
b ( )∙( )=6
1 2
c Case 1: Mohammed is on the committee, but Tenzin is not.
1 3
( )∙( )=3
1 2
Case 2: Tenzin is on the committee, but Mohammed is not.
1 3
( )∙( )=3
1 2
Case 3: Neither one is on the committee.
3
( )=1
3
Total: 7
9
13 a ( ) (2𝑥)4 (−𝑦)5 = 126(16𝑥 4 )(−𝑦 5 ) = −2016𝑥 4 𝑦 5
5
7
b ( ) (𝑥)4 (5𝑦)3 = 35(𝑥 4 )(125𝑦 3 ) = 4375𝑥 4 𝑦 3
3
c There are 9 terms, so the middle term is the 5th.
8
( ) (𝑥 2 )4 (−2)4 = 70(𝑥 8 )(16) = 1120𝑥 8
4
10
d ( ) (3𝑥)0 (−2)10 = 1024
10
8
14 a ( ) (𝑥)3 (−3)5 = 56(𝑥 3 )(−243) = −13608𝑥 3
5
b (−2𝑥)(−13608𝑥 3 ) = 27216𝑥 4
8 (2𝑥)5 (−𝑘)3
15 ( ) = −387072𝑥 5
3
56(32𝑥 5 )(−𝑘 3 ) = −387072𝑥 5
−1792𝑘 3 𝑥 5 = −387072𝑥 5
−1792𝑘 3 = −387072
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
𝑘 3 = 216
3 3
√𝑘 3 = √216
𝑘=6
6 (𝑎)3 (−𝑏2 )3
16 ( ) = 20(𝑎3 )(−𝑏6 ) = −20𝑎3 𝑏6
3
The coefficient is -20.
17
1.814 = (1 + 0.81)4 =
4 4 4 4 4
( ) (1)4 (0.81)0 + ( ) (1)3 (0.81)1 + ( ) (1)2 (0.81)2 + ( ) (1)1 (0.81)3 + ( ) (1)0 (0.81)4
0 1 2 3 4
1.814 = 1 + 4(0.81) + 6(0.812 ) + 4(0.813 ) + (0.81)4
1.814 = 10.7328 ≈ 10.733
3
18
(1−2𝑥)
= 3(1 − 2𝑥)−1
3 (1)(2) (1)(2)(3)
= 3 (1 + (1)(2𝑥) + (2𝑥)2 + (2𝑥)3 +⋯)
(1−2𝑥) 2! 3!
3
(1−2𝑥)
= 3(1 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 3 + ⋯ )
3
(1−2𝑥)
= 3 + 6𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 3 + ⋯
© Oxford University Press 2019 7
Additional exercise
2.1 Functional relationships
1 For each relation below, state its domain and range and if it is a function or not.
a y 3x 2 b y4 c {(2,3),(3,9),(3,6),(5, 1)}
x -1 3 8 11 16
y -2 -2 -2 -2 8
e All multiplies of 3 greater than 9.
2 For each graph below, state if it is a function or not and write down its domain and range.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a Domain: x or (, ) or ] , [
Range: y or (, ) or ] , [
Function: yes
b Domain: x or (, ) or ] , [
Range: {4}
Function: yes
c Domain: {2,3,5}
Range: {1,3,6,9}
Function: no
d Domain: {1,3,8,11,16}
Range: {2,8}
Function: yes
e Domain: x 3 , x
Range: {12,15,18,}
Function: yes
2 a Function: yes
Domain: x or (, ) or ] , [
Range: y
b Function: yes
Domain: x 1.5 or [1.5, ) or [1.5, [
Range: y 4 or [4, ) or [4, [
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
2.2 Special functions and their
graphs
1 2
1 State the concavity of f (x) x 4x 1 and find the:
2
a Equation of the axis of symmetry
b Vertex
c Domain and range
d Vertex form
2 Find the equation of the quadratic equation that has a vertex at (2,5) and a y -intercept of
(0, 2) . State your answer in standard form.
3 Write the quadratic equation for each graph below.
4 In a 110 volt electrical circuit having a resistance of 144 ohms, the available power P in watts
is a function of I , the amount of current flowing in amperes. If P 110I 144I 2 , how many
amperes will produce the maximum power in the circuit? What is the maximum power?
3x 1
5 For the function y ,
4 2x
a i State the equation of all asymptotes.
ii Write down the domain and range.
b Hence, sketch the graph.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
1
6 a Determine the equations of the asymptotes for y .
6 x 2 5x 1
b Use your GDC to sketch the graph.
c Write down the domain and range.
7 Determine the domain and range of the following functions and state any asymptotes. Confirm
your answers graphically.
2 4
a y 1 2x 4 b y c y
2
x 7x 12 x2 9
8 Express the following expressions in partial fractions
3x 2 3x 11 5x 4
a b c
x2 x x2 x 6 2
x x 2
9 Sketch the graphs of the following absolute value functions and state the domain and range.
a y 2 x 4 3 b y 2(x 1)2 3 c y 2x2 6x 1
10 Solve the following equations. Check your answers either algebraically or graphically.
a x 2 2x 5 2 b x2 9 x 3
c 2a 1 a 4 d x 2 4x 0
11 Solve the following inequalities. Justify your answers graphically.
a 2 3x 9 36 b 5x 6 1
c 3x 2 9 5 d x2 3x 1 1
2
12 Solve 4 algebraically.
x 2
13 Solve the following inequalities graphically.
x 6 2
a 4 b 2 3
x 2 x 1
x 2, x 1
14 Consider the function f (x) 3, 1 x 2
x2, x 2
a Evaluate f (1) , f (0) , f (1) , f (2) and f (4)
b Sketch the graph of f (x)
c Write the domain and range of f (x)
15 Rewrite g(x) 2x 6 2 as a piecewise function.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 Concave down
b 4 4
a x 4
2a 1 1
2
2
1 1
b f (4) 42 4 4 1 16 16 1 8 18 1 7 , vertex: (4,7)
2 2
c Domain: x or (, ) or ] , [
Range: y 7 or (,7] or ] ,7]
1
d f (x) (x 4)2 7
2
y a(x 2)2 5
2 a(0 2)2 5
7 4a
7
a
4
7
y (x 2)2 5
4
3 a
y a(x 2)2 4
7 a(3 2)2 4
3a
y 3(x 2)2 4
y a(x 1)(x 5)
4 a(1 1)(1 5)
4 8a
1
a
2
1
y (x 1)(x 5)
2
b 110
4 I 0.382 , P 110 0.382 144 0.3822 21
2a 2 144
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
0.382 amperes will produce a maximum power of 21 watts.
3
5 a i Vertical asymptote: x 2 , horizontal asymptote: y
2
ii Domain: x , x 2 or (,2) (2, ) or ,2 2,
3 3 3 3 3
Range: y , y or , , or , ,
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
6 a Vertical asymptote where 6x2 5x 1 0 (3x 1)(2x 1) 0 : x and x
3 2
Horizontal asymptote: y 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c Domain: x , x , x or , , , or , , ,
3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
Range: y 0 , y 24 or ,0 24, or ,0 24,
7 a Domain: x 2 or [2, ) or [2, [ , range: y 1 or [1, ) or [1, [
Asymptotes: none
b Domain: x 3 , x 4 or (,3) (4, ) or ] ,3[]4, [ , range: y 0 or (,0) or
] ,0[
Asymptotes: x 3 and x 4
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
c Domain: x , x 3 , x 3 or (, 3) (3,3) (3, ) or ] , 3[] 3,3[]3, [
4 4 4
Range: y , y 0 or , (0, ) or , 0,
9 9 9
Asymptotes: x 3 and x 3
3x 2 A B
8 a 3x 2 A(x 1) Bx . Let x 1 :
x2 x x x 1
3 (1) 2 A (1 1) B (1) B 1 . Let x 0 : 3 0 2 A (0 1) B 0 A 2 . So
3x 2 A B 2 1
x2 x x x 1 x x 1
3x 11 A B
b 2
3x 11 A(x 2) B(x 3) . Let x 2 :
x x 6 x 3 x 2
3 (2) 1 A (2 2) B (2 3) B 1 . Let x 3 :
3x 11 A B 4 1
3 3 11 A (3 2) B (3 3) A 4 . So
x2 x 6 x 3 x 2 x 3 x 2
5x 4 A B
c 2
5x 4 A(x 1) B(x 2) . Let x 2 :
x x 2 x 2 x 1
5 2 4 A (2 1) B (2 2) A 2 . Let x 1 :
5x 4 A B 2 3
5 (1) 4 A (1 1) B (1 2) B 3 . So
x2 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
9 a Domain: x or (, ) , , range: y 3 or [3, ) or [3, [
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
b Domain: x or (, ) , , range: y 0 or [0, ) or [0, [
c Domain: x or (, ) , , range: y 0 or [0, ) or [0, [
10 a Case 1: x2 2x 5 2 Case 2: x2 2x 5 2
0 x 2 2x 7 0 x 2 2x 3
2
2 2 4 1 (7) x 2 2x 3
x
2 1 (x 3)(x 1)
x 12 2 x 1,3
Check:
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
b Case 1: x2 9 x 3 Case 2: x2 9 x 3
0 x2 x 6
0 x 2 x 12
x2 x 6
(x 4)(x 3)
(x 2)(x 3)
x 3, 4
x 3, 2
Check:
(3)2 9 3 3
99 0
00
22 9 2 3
49 5
55
42 9 4 3
16 9 7
77
c Case 1: 2a 1 a 4 Case 2: 2a 1 a 4
3a 5
a 3
5
a a 3
3
Check:
5 5
2 1 4
3 3 2 (3) 1 (3) 4
10 7
1 6 1 7
3 3
77
7 7
3 3
d Case 1: x2 4x 0 Case 2: x2 4x 0
x(x 4) 0 x( x 4) 0
x 0, 4 x 0, 4
Check:
© Oxford University Press 2019 7
Additional exercise
11 a Case 1: 2(3x 9) 36 Case 2: 2(3x 9) 36
6 x 18 36 6 x 18 36
6 x 54 6 x 18
x9 x 3
3 x 9
b Case 1: 5x 6 1 Case 2: 5x 6 1
5x 7
5x 5
7
x 1 x
5
7
x 1
5
c Case 1: 3x 2 9 5 Case 2: 3x 2 9 5
3x 2
3x 6
2
x x 2
3
x
d Case 1: x2 3x 1 1 Case 2: x2 3x 1 1
x 2 3x 2 0
2
x 3x 0 x 2 3x 2 0
x(x 3) 0 (x 1)(x 2) 0
0 x 3 x 1
x 2
0 x 1,2 x 3
2 2
12 Case 1: 4 Case 2: 4
x 2 x 2
4(x 2) 2 4(x 2) 2
4x 8 2 4 x 8 2
4 x 6 4 x 10
3 5
x x
2 2
5 3
x , x 2
2 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 8
Additional exercise
13 a x 0.667 , x 2.8
b x 1 , x 3
14 a f (1) (1) 2 3 , f (0) 0 2 2 , f (1) 3 , f (2) 3 , f (4) 42 16
c Domain: x or (, ) , , range: y 1 or (1, ) or ]1, [
2x 8, x 3 2x 8, x 3
15 g(x) or g(x)
2x 4, x 3 2x 4, x 3
© Oxford University Press 2019 9
Additional exercise
2.3 Classification of functions
1 Classify each function below as one-to-one or many-to-one. Justify your answers.
a f (x ) x x
b y 0.1x2 2.3x 1.4
2 Determine algebraically whether the following functions are even, odd or neither. Verify your
answers graphically.
a f (x) 2x2 4 b g(x) 2x3 4x c f ( x) x 4
x3 x
3 Show that f (x) is odd.
x2 1
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a One-to-one because it passes the vertical and horizontal line tests
b Many-to-one because it fails the horizontal line test
c One-to-one because it passes the vertical and horizontal line tests
d Many-to-one because it fails the horizontal line test
2 a f (x) 2(x)2 4 2x2 4 f (x) so even
b g(x) 2(x)3 4(x) 2x3 4x (2x3 4x) g(x) so odd
c f ( x) x 4 which is neither f (x) nor f (x) so neither odd nor even
( x)3 ( x) x3 x x3 x
3 f ( x) 2 2 2 f (x)
( x) 1 x 1 x 1
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
2.4 Operations with functions
1 Given f (x) (x) and g(x) x2 3x
a i Find a simplified expression for g f (x) and state the domain.
ii Find a simplified expression for f g(x) and state the domain.
b Hence, explain if f (x) and g(x) are inverses.
2
2 Given f (x) , g(x) 2 x 3 and h(x) 4 :
x 1
a Evaluate
i f (0) ii f (1) iii g(9)
iv h(1) v g(f (7)) vi f (g(h(0)))
b Find the domains of f (x) , g(x) and h(x) .
c Hence state the domain of f (g(h(x))) .
3 You purchase a new refrigerator. You have no way to get it home, so you pay the delivery fee
of $30. The sales tax is 5%.
a Write a function f (x) that represents the cost of the fridge and the delivery fee.
b Write a function g(x) that represents the cost of the fridge and the tax.
c Find and interpret both f (g(x)) and f (g(x)) .
d If taxes cannot be charged on delivery, which composition of functions from part c should be
used to calculate the total amount you must pay to the store?
4 a For each function below, sketch its graph.
b On the same set of axis, sketch the graph of its inverse.
c State if each function is one-to-one. Justify your answer.
i f (x) 3x 1 ii f : x 2x2 4 iii g(x) 3
1
5 a Find the inverse of f (x) 2 , x 1 algebraically.
x 1
b Sketch the graph of f 1(x) .
c Hence, state the domain and range of f 1(x) .
d Is f (x) a one-to-one function? Justify your answer.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
6 Determine algebraically of the following pairs of functions are inverses or not.
x2 2
a f (x) 3x 2 and g(x)
3 3
3 4x 20
b g(x) x 5 and h(x)
4 3
x
7 Show that the function f (x) is a self-inverse.
x 1
3x 5
8 Find the value of k such that f : x is a self-inverse function.
xk
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
x
2
1 a i g f (x) 3 x x 3 x , domain: x 0 or [0, ) or [0, [
ii f g(x) x2 3x , domain: x 0 or [0, ) or [0, [
b Since g f (x) f g(x) x , they are not inverses.
2 2 2
2 a i f (0) 2 ii f (0) undefined
0 1 1 1 0
iii g(9) 2 9 3 2 3 3 9 iv h(1) 4
2 2 1 1 1
v g(f (7)) g g g 2 3 2 3 13 4
7 1 8 4 4 2
vi f (g(h(0))) f (g(4)) f 2 4 3 f (4 3) f (7)
2
7 1 4
1
b Domain of f (x) : x , x 1
Domain of g(x) : x 0
Domain of h(x) : x
c x0
3 a f (x) x 30
b g(x) 1.05x
c f (g(x)) represents the cost of the refrigerator plus the tax and the delivery fee.
g(f (x)) represents paying the tax on the cost of the refrigerator and the delivery fee.
d f (g(x))
4 i a, b
c Yes, both f (x) and its inverse pass the vertical line test.
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
i a, b
c No, the inverse fails the vertical line test.
iii a, b
c No, the inverse fails the vertical line test.
1
5 a f (x) 2
x 1
1
x 2
y 1
1
x 2
y 1
1
y 1
x 2
1
y 1
x 2
1
f 1 ( x ) 1
x 2
c Domain: x , x 2 , range: y , y 1
d Yes. The inverse passes the vertical line test.
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
x2 2
6 a f (g(x)) 3 2 x2 2 2 x2 x
3 3
2
3x 2 2 3x 2 2 3 x
g(f (x)) x
3 3 3 3
Since f (g(x)) g(f (x)) x , these are inverses.
3 4x 20 12x 60
b g(h(x)) 5 5 x 55 x
4 3 12
3
4 x 5 20
4 3x 20 20 3x
h(g(x)) x
3 3 3
Since f (g(x)) g(f (x)) x , these are inverses.
x x x x
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
7 f (f (x)) x
x x x 1 x x 1 1
x 1 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
x
Therefore f (x) is a self-inverse.
x 1
8 To be a self-inverse, f (f (x)) x ,
3x 5 9x 15 (9x 15) 5(x k ) 9x 15 5x 5k
3 5 x k 5
x k (x k ) (x k ) 9x 15 5x 5k
x xk x
3x 5 3x 5 (3 x 5) k ( x k ) 3x 5 kx k 2
3x 5 kx k 2
xk k xk k
(x k ) (x k ) xk
So 4x 5k 15 3x2 5x kx2 k 2 (3 k)x2 (k 2 5)x , since there is no x 2 on the left hand
side:
3 k 0 k 3
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
2.5 Function transformations
1 For each function below, sketch the graphs of y f (x) and y f x .
a y 2 x 2 4x
b y 2x 2
2 Given the graph of y g(x) below, sketch y g(x) and y g x .
1
3 On the same set of axes, draw the graphs of y x2 9 and y . Label any y -intercepts
x2 9
and asymptotes.
1
4 Given the graph of g(x) below, sketch the graph of .
g(x )
5 If f (x) 2(x 2)2 6 :
a Sketch the graph of f (x) .
b Sketch the graph of f (x) reflected over the x -axis.
c i Sketch the graph of f (x) reflected over the y -axis.
ii Write the equation of the function after the reflection over the y -axis.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
6 Given the graph of y f (x) below, sketch the graph of
1
a y 2f (x) b y f (x) 3 c y 2
f (x)
1
7 The point (6,8) is on the graph of y f (3x) 1 . State the coordinates of the corresponding
2
point on the graph of y f (x) .
8 The graphs of g(x) and f (x) are shown below.
a Identify the transformations performed on f (x) to obtain g(x) .
b Write g(x) in terms of f (x) .
1 3
9 Consider the functions f (x) and g(x) 1 . Describe the transformations needed to
x 2x 4
produce g(x) from f (x) .
1 3
10 Describe the transformations needed to transform f (x) to g(x) 1.
x 2x 4
11 Rewrite the equation of y x 2 after each of the following transformations.
a A translation of 2 units down and 3 units to the left.
1
b A reflection in the y -axis and a vertical compression of .
2
1
c A reflection in the x -axis and a horizontal compression by a factor of .
2
1 3
12 The point (2, 4) lies on the graph of y x . What are the coordinates of the corresponding
2
1
point on the graph of y 1 (2(x 3))3 1 ?
2
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a y f (x ) :
y f x:
b y f (x ) :
y f x:
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
2 y g(x) :
y f x:
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
5 a
c i
ii y 2((x 2))2 6
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
6 a
7 There was a vertical translation one unit down, so to reverse it, add 1 to the y -coordinate:
(6, 8) (6, 9)
1
There was a vertical compression by a factor of , so to reverse it, multiply the y -coordinate
2
by 2: (6,9) (6,18)
1
There was a horizontal compression by a factor of , so to reverse it, multiply the x -
3
coordinate by 3: (6,18) (18,18)
The coordinates of the point on f (x) are (18,18) .
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
8 a Vertical reflection: (x, y) (x, y)
Vertical stretch with a factor of 2: (x, y) (x,2y)
Horizontal translation three units to the left: (x, y) (x 3, y)
Vertical translation two units up: (x, y) (x, y 2)
b g(x) 2f (x 3) 2
3 3
9 g(x) 1 1
2x 4 2(x 2)
Vertical reflection: (x, y) (x, y)
Vertical stretch with a factor of 3: (x, y) (x,3y)
1 1
Horizontal compression with a factor of : ( x, y ) x, y
2 2
Horizontal translation two units to the right: (x, y) (x 2, y)
Vertical translation one unit down: (x, y) (x, y 1)
x 2 (x 4) 2 4 6
10 g(x) 1
x4 x4 x4
Vertical reflection: (x, y) (x, y)
Vertical stretch with a factor of 6: (x, y) (x,6y)
Horizontal translation 4 units to the left: (x, y) (x 4, y)
Vertical translation one unit up: (x, y) (x, y 1)
11 a y x 1 2
1
b y (x 2)
2
1
c y (x 2)
2
1 1
12 Horizontal compression with a factor of : (x, y ) x, y , (2, 4) (1, 4)
2 2
Horizontal translation 3 units to the right: (x, y) (x 3, y) , (1, 4) (2, 4)
Vertical translation one unit up: (x, y) (x, y 1) , (2, 4) (2, 3)
The coordinates of the corresponding point are (2, 3) .
© Oxford University Press 2019 7
Additional exercise
3.1 Quadratic equations and
inequalities
1 Solve the following quadratic equations by factorisation:
a x2 7 x 10 0
b 6 x2 17 x 14 0
2 Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square, giving your answers in exact
form:
a x2 5x 20 0
b 4 x2 10 x 3 0
3 Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square, giving your answers to 3
significant figures:
a x2 4 x 3 0
b 2 x2 7 x 3 0
4 Solve the following quadratic equations using the quadratic formula, giving your answer in
exact form:
a x2 7 x 3 0
b 2 x2 5x 4
5 Solve the equation x2 2kx 5k 2 giving your answer in terms of k.
6 Without solving these quadratic equations, determine the nature of their roots:
a x2 2 x 5 0
b 6.25x2 9 15x
7 Find the values of m for which the equation 3x 2 2 x 1 m has:
a two distinct real roots
b one real repeated root
c no real roots
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
8 Solve the following quadratic inequalities and verify using a GDC:
a x2 11x 24 0
b 3x 2 2 5 x
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a
x 5 x 2 0
x 5 or x 2
b
6 x 2 21x 4 x 14 0
3x 2 x 7 2 2 x 7 0
3x 2 2 x 7 0
2 7
x or x
3 2
2 a
2
5 105
x
2 4
5 105
x
2
b
2
5 25 3
x
4 16 4
2
5 13
x
4 16
5 13
x
4
3 a
x 2
2
7
x 2 7
4.65, 0.645
2
7 49
x 2
4 16
7 17
x
4 16
0.719, 3.81
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
4 a
7 37
x
2
b
5 57
x
4
5
2k 24k 2
x
2
k 1 6
6 a 4 20 0
So 2 real roots
15 4 6.25 9 0
2
b
So 1 repeated real root
7 4 12 m 1 16 12m
So
4
a 2 distinct roots when m
3
4
b 1 real repeated root when m
3
4
c no real roots when m
3
8 a
x 8 x 3 0
3 x 8
b
3x 2 5 x 2 0
3 x 1 x 2 0
1
x 2, x
3
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
3.2 Complex numbers, modulus,
operations with complex numbers
1 Find the real and imaginary parts of:
a 3 6i
8 15i
b
17
2 Find the modulus and argument of the complex number in question 1.
3 Given z1 2 3i, z2 6 i and z3 2 3i calculate
a z1 z2 z3
2 z1 3z2 4 z3
b
5
4 For the complex numbers in question 3, calculate:
z1
a z3
z2
2 z1 3z3
b
z1 z2*
5 Find the real and imaginary parts of:
1 3i
a
i
1 3i 1 3i
b
1 3i 1 3i
6 Find the real numbers a and b that satisfy 1 2i a bi 1 7i
7 Find the complex numbers z satisfying the following equations:
a 3 z 2i 2i z 3
z 2 i z 2i 1
b
1 3i 2i 3
8 Solve for z : z z* 4 2i
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
z1 z2
*
9 Prove that z1* z2*
10 Calculate:
a i5 i11 i17 i 23
62
b i
k 1
k
11 Calculate:
4 3i
3
a
1 2i
5
b
12 Evaluate:
a 4i
b 8 15i
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a Real part = -3, imaginary part = 6
8 15
b Real part = , imaginary part =
17 17
2 a 45 3 5
64 225
b 1
17
3 a 2 3i 6 i 2 3i 10 5i
4 6i 18 3i 8 12i 22 3i
b
5 5
4 a
2 3i
2 3i
6i
2 3i 6 i 2 3i
37
9 20i
2 3i
37
65 91
i
37 37
b
4 6i 6 9i
2 3i 6 i
10 15i
9 20i
10 15i 9 20i
481
390 65
i
481 481
13 5
i
37 37
5 a
1 3i 3 i
i 1
So real part = 3, imaginary part = -1
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
1 3i 1 3i
1 3i 1 3i
1 3i 1 3i
2 2
10
12i
10
So real part = 0, imaginary part = 1.2
a 2b 1, 2a b 7
a 3, b 1
7 a
3 z 6i 2iz 6i
12i
z
3 2i
12i 3 2i
13
24 36
i
13 13
z 2 i z 2i 1
1 3i 2i 3
z 2 i 2i 3 1 3i z 2i 1
2iz 4i 2 3 z 6 3i z 2i 1 3iz 6 3i
z 2i 3 4 7i z 1 3i 5 5i
9 12i 9 12i 2 5i
z
2 5i 29
78 21
i
29 29
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
a ib a ib 4 2i
a 2 b 2 a 4, b 2
a2 4 4 a
2
3
a , b 2
2
9
z1 z2
*
a1 a2 b1 b2i
*
a1 a2 b1 b2i
a1 b1i a2 b2i
z1* z2*
10 a i5 i11 i17 i 23 i i i i 0
62
b i i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 ..... i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1
k 1
k
11 a
4 3i
3
64 144i 108 27i
44 117i
b
1 2i
5
1 10i 40 80i 80 32i
41 38i
12 a
z 2 4i a ib 4i
2
a 2 b 2 0, 2ab 4
4
a2 0a 2
a2
z 2 2i, 2 2i
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
a 2 b 2 8, 2ab 15
225
a2 2 8
4a
4a 4 32a 2 225 0
2a 2 25 2a 2 9 0
5 2
a
2
5 2 3 2 5 2 3 2
z i, i
2 2 2 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
3.3 Polynomials and their graphs,
polynomial equations and
inequalities
1 In each case use long division to find the quotient and remainder when f is divided by g.
a f ( x) 2 x3 3x 2 2 x 11, g ( x) x 3
b f ( x) 3x4 7 x3 6 x 2 2 x 1, g ( x) x 2 x 2
2 In each case use synthetic division to find the quotient and remainder when f is divided by g.
a f ( x) x3 3x2 4 x 1, g ( x) x 3
b f ( x) 3x5 10 x4 4 x3 15x 2 5x 23, g ( x) x 4
3 f ( x) 2 x4 9 x3 12 x 2 29 x 30.
a Show that x 1 and x 2 are factors.
b Hence fully factorise f ( x)
4 In each case use long division to find the quotient and remainder when f is divided by g.
a f ( x) 4 x3 8x 2 3x 11, g ( x) 2 x 1
b f ( x) 3x5 7 x4 17 x3 8x 2 2 x 4, g ( x) 3x 1
5 The polynomial f ( x) x4 2 x3 3x2 ax b is divisible by x 1 and x 2 . Find a and
b.
6 The polynomial f ( x) 4 x5 10 x4 3x3 ax b is divisible by (2x+1) and when it is divided
by (x-2) the remainder is 20. Find a and b.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a Quotient = 2x2 5x 7 , remainder = 6
b Quotient = 3x2 4 x 8 , remainder = 2x 17
2 a Quotient = x2 6 x 14 , remainder = 43
b Quotient = 3x4 2x3 4 x2 x 1 , remainder = 27
3
f (1) 2 9 12 29 30 0
f (2) 32 72 48 58 30 0
So x 1 and x 2 are factors
Using long division
f ( x) x 1 x 2 2 x 2 7 x 15
x 1 x 2 2 x 3 x 5
4 a Quotient = 2x2 5x 4 , remainder = 7
b Quotient = x4 2 x3 5x2 x 1, remainder = 5
1 2 3 a b 0 a b 6
16 16 12 2a b 0 2a b 12
a 2, b 8
1 1 5 3 1 1 7
f a b 0 a b
2 8 8 8 2 2 8
f (2) 128 160 24 2a b 20 2a b 244
389 99
a ,b
4 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
3.4 The fundamental theorem of
algebra, sum and product of the
zeros of polynomials
1 Find a polynomial of the smallest degree with integer coefficients whose zeros are:
a 0, 1 and -4
1
b 1, ,1 and 3
3
c 1, 2 and 3 2
2 Factorise these polynomials:
a x3 4 x2 7 x 10
b 2 x 4 3x3 3x 2 5 x 3
3 In each case, k is a zero with multiplicity n of the polynomial f. Factorise f fully.
a k 1, n 2, f ( x) 2 x3 x2 8x 5
1
b k , n 3, f ( x) 8 x 4 12 x3 30 x 2 17 x 3
2
4 In each case, f is a polynomial with complex zero z. Find the remaining zeros:
a f ( x) x3 2 x2 9 x 18, z 3i
b f ( x) 4 x4 8x3 19 x2 2 x 5, z 1 2i
5 Given that z is a zero of the polynomial f, find the missing real coefficients. Hence find all the
remaining zeros.
a z 2, f ( x) x3 ax2 x 2
b z 1 2i, f ( x) x4 5x2 ax b
6 Find the sum and product of the zeros of these polynomials:
a f ( x) 3 x 5 2 x 4 7 x 3 2 x 2 x 9
b f ( x) 4 x8 5x7 3x6 2 x5 9 x 4 7 x 6
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
7 The quartic equation 4 x 4 2 x 3 3x 2 5 x 3 0 has roots x1 , x2 , x3 and x4 . Find the value of
1 1 1 1
.
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x4 x1 x3 x4 x2 x3 x4
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a x x 1 x 4 x3 3x 2 4 x
x 1 3x 1 x 1 x 3
x 1 3x 1 x 2 4 x 3
x 1 3x3 11x 2 4 x 3
3x 4 8 x3 6 x 2 8 x 3
c
x 1 x 2 x3 2
x 2 x 2 x3 2
x5 x 4 2 x3 2 x 2 2 x 4
2 a
x 1 x 2 3x 10
x 1 x 5 x 2
x 1 2 x3 5x 2 8x 3
x 1 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 3
3 a
x 2 x 1 2 x 5
2
x 1 2 x 5
2
2
8 x 3
12 x 2 6 x 1 x 3
2 x 1 x 3
3
4 a z 3i is also a zero x2 9 is a factor
f ( x) x 2 9 x 2
So other zeros are 2 and 3i.
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
b z 1 2i is also a zero x2 2 x 5 is a factor
f ( x) x 2 2 x 5 4 x 2 1
1
So other zeros are 1 2i, .
2
5 a
8 4a 2 2 0 a 1
f ( x) x 2 x 2 x 1
So no other zeros since <0.
b 1 i is also a zero
x2 2 x 2 is a factor
So by equating coefficients
f ( x) x 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 1
So a 6, b 2
So remaining zeros are 1 i,1 3.
2 9
6 a Sum = , product = 3.
3 3
5 6 3
b Sum = , product = .
4 4 2
7
1 1 1 1
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x4 x1 x3 x4 x2 x3 x4
x1 x2 x3 x4
x1 x2 x3 x4
2
4
3
4
2
.
3
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
3.5 Solving equations and
inequalities
by different methods
1 Solve the following equations:
a x3 2 x 2 5 x 6 0
b x 4 3x3 3x 2 7 x 6 0
2 The equation 2 x3 ax2 bx 12 0 has a repeated root of -2.
a Find the values of a and b.
b Find the remaining root.
3 Solve the following polynomial inequalities:
a x3 2 x 2 5 x 6 0
b 4 x 4 4 x 3 3x 2 4 x 1 0
4 Use a calculator to solve the inequality x7 x6 3x 4.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a
x 1 x 2 x 6 0
x 1 x 3 x 2 0
x 2,1,3.
x 1
2
x 3
4x2 x 6 0
x 1 x 2 5 x 6 0
2
x 1 x 3 x 2 0
2
x 1, 2,3.
2 x3 ax 2 bx 12 x 2 cx d
2
2
By equating coefficients, c 2, d 3
x 2 2 x 3
2
So polynomial is
3
So a 5, b 4 and remaining root is .
2
3 a
x 1 x 2 x 6 0
x 1 x 3 x 2 0
x 2,1 x 3.
x 1 4 x3 8 x 2 5 x 1 0
x 1 x 1 4 x 2 4 x 1 0
x 1 x 1 2 x 1 0
2
x 1, x 1.
4 x 7 x 6 3x 4 0
Solving x 7 x 6 3x 4 0 on a calculator gives
x 1.573... 1.57
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
And by also looking at the graph
x 1.57
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
3.6 Solving systems of linear
equations
1 Find the value of the real parameter m such that the system of equations
2 x my 1
x 3y 5
has no solution.
2 Find the value of the real parameter p such that the system of equations
3x y 1
3 px 2 y p
has infinitely many solutions.
3 Find the values of the real parameter s such that the system of equations
3x sy 2
x y 5
has a unique solution.
Hence find the solution in terms of s.
4 Solve the system of equations
1 i x 2 y 4 4i
4 x 1 i y 1 5i
5 a Find the value of the real parameter k such that the system of equations
3x y z 1
x y 2z 3
2 x 6 y kz p
does not have a unique solution.
b In the case where the system has an infinite number of solutions, find the value of p and the
solutions.
6 Find the quadratic function f(x) whose graph passes through the points (1,3), (-1,10) and
(2,7).
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 m 6.
2 p 2.
s 3
2 5s 13
x ,y
3 s 3 s
4 x 1 i, y 1 2i.
5 Adding first two equations
4 x 3z 4
Eliminating y from equations 1 and 3
20 x 6 k z 6 p
so no unique solution if
and infinite number of solutions if k 9
In this case
4 4x
z
3
And substituting this in equation 1
4 4x 1 5 x
y 1 3x
3 3
1 5 x 4 4 x
So solutions are of the form x, ,
3 3
6 Writing f ( x) ax 2 bx c,
abc 3
a b c 10
4a 2b c 7
Solving these gives
a 2, b 3, c 5
So f ( x) 2 x 2 3x 5.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
4.1 Limits, continuity and
convergence
1 Find the limit of each function, if it exists.
lim
x 2 16
a
x 4 x 4
lim x x 2
b
x 2 2x 1 x>2
lim x 1 x 1
c 2 ..
x 1 x 1 x>1
2x 1 x 2
2 a Determine whether f (x) is continuous at x=1.
3x 2 x>2
(x 2)2
x 2
b Determine whether f (x) x 2 is continuous at x=2.
1 x 2
kx 2 x 2
c Find the value of k such that f (x) is continuous at x=-2.
8 x 2
3 Determine whether each function is continuous on the set of real numbers. If the function
is not continuous, state the values of x for which the function is discontinuous.
x2 4
a f (x)
x2 4
x
b f (x)
x2 1
x3
c f (x) 3
x 8
4 Do not use a calculator for this question.
Find the required limit, if it exists.
lim x 1
a
x 4 x 1
lim x2 1
b
x 1 x2 x
lim 4x 2 2(1 x)
c
x 1 x 1
5 Do not use a calculator for this question.
lim
Find f (x) if it exists.
x
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
2x
a f (x)
x 1
2x 2 1
b f (x)
x 1
x 1
c f (x) 2
x x 2
6 Do not use a calculator for this question.
Find any vertical and horizontal asymptotes of these functions.
x
a f (x)
x 1
2x
b f (x)
x2 3
x 3 2x
c f (x)
x2 1
7 Do not use a calculator for this question.
Determine whether these sequences converge. If the sequence converges, state the
number it converges to.
a 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, …
1 1 1
b 1, , , ,.....
4 9 16
n 1
c un
2n 1
n 1
d un
n2 1
n3 1
e un
n 1
8 Do not use a calculator for this question.
Determine whether each series converges. If it converges, determine its sum.
1
a 2
n 0
n
5n 2n
b
n 0 7n
n
e
c 2.7
n 1
9 Do not use a calculator for this question.
n
2x
Find the set of values for which converges.
n 1 x 3
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 From GDC
a -8
b No limit
c 0
2 a Yes, because both limits = 1.
b No because the left limit = 0 and the right limit =1
c k(2)2 8 k 2
3 a The function is discontinuous at x = 2 because the denominator is zero and the
numerator is not.
b Continuous for all real values.
c The function is discontinuous at x = 2 because the denominator is zero and the
numerator is not.
5
4 a
3
x 2 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
b so limit =2.
x2 x x x 1 x
4x 2 2(1 x) 2(2x 1)(x 1)
c = = 2(2x 1) so limit = 6.
x 1 x 1
2x 2
5 a 2 so limit =2.
x 1 x 1
2x 2 x 3x
b 2x so no finite limit exists
x 1 x 1
x 1 1
c so limit = 0.
x2 x 2 x 2
x 1
6 a 1 so vertical asymptote of x=-1 and horizontal asymptote of y = 1.
x 1 x 1
2x
0 as x
b x2 3
so vertical asymptotes of x = 3 and horizontal asymptote of y 0.
x 3 2x x
c x 2 so vertical asymptotes at x 1 . No horizontal asymptotes.
x2 1 x 1
7 a Oscillating.
b Limit = 0.
1
lim n 1 lim 1 n 1
c
n 2n 1 n 1 2
2
n
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
1
lim n 1 lim 1 n
d 0
n n2 1 n 1
n
n
2 1
lim n3 1 lim n n
e so diverges.
n n 1 n 1
1
n
1
8 a Geometric with r 1 so converges to 2.
1
1
2
5n 2n
5n 2n 1 1 7 7
b 7n
=
n 0 7
n
n
7
so converges to
5
2
2.1
2 5
n 0
1 1
7 7
e
c 1 so diverges.
2.7
2x
9 1 1 x 3.
x 3
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
4.2 The derivative of a
function
1 Find the gradient of the graph of the function at the given value of x.
3
a y :x 1
x
b y x2 3x 2 : x 0
2x
c y :x 2
x 1
2 Find the gradient function of f (x) x2 x 3 .
3 Find the coordinates of the point on the graph of y x2 2 where the gradient is 4.
4 Differentiate the following functions from first principles.
a f ( x) 2x 2 x 3
b f ( x) x 3
5 A particle’s displacement is 10t t 3 .
a Find an expression for the velocity.
b Find the velocity after 2 seconds and comment on what the sign means.
1
6 Find the point on the curve y where the derivative is -1 and find the equation of
x 1
the tangents at this point.
7 Find any points on the curve y x3 12x where the tangent is horizontal.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
3
lim 1 h 3
1 a Gradient =
h0 h
3 3 3h
lim1 h
h0 h
lim 3
3
h 01 h
b Gradient =
2
lim h 3h 2 2
h0 h
lim h2 3h
h0 h
lim
h 3 3
h0
4 2h
lim 2 h 1 4
c Gradient =
h0 h
4 2h 4 4h
lim h 1
h0 h
lim 2
2
h 0h 1
2
2 2
lim (x h) (x h) 3 x x 3
h0 h
lim 2 xh h2 h
h0 h
lim
2x h 1
h0
2x 1
3 Gradient function is given by
lim x h 2 x 2
2 2
h0 h
lim 2 xh h2
h0 h
lim
2x h
h0
2x
x 2
and y 6
So coordinates are (2,6)
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
4 a f (x)
lim 2 x h x h 3 2x x 3
2 2
h0 h
lim 4 xh 2h2 h
h0 h
lim
4 x 2h 1
h0
4x 1
lim
x h3 x 3
B f (x)
h0 h
lim x h3 x 3 x h3 x 3
h0 h x h3 x 3
lim h
h 0h x h3 x 3
lim 1
h0 x h3 x 3
1
2 x 3
5 a
lim 10 t h t h 10t t
33
h0 h
lim 10h 3t 2h 3th2 h3
h0 h
lim
10 3t 2 3th h2
h0
10 3t 2
b Velocity =10-12=-2
Negative sign means it is travelling backwards.
1 1
lim
6 Derivative = x h 1 x 1
h0 h
h
=
lim x 1 x h 1
h0 h
lim 1
=
h 0 x 1 x h 1
1
x 1
2
So derivative =-1 when x=0
And y=1 so equation is y x 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
7 Derivative =
3 3
lim x h 12 x h x 12x
h0 h
lim 3x 2h 3xh2 h3 12h
h0 h
lim
3x 2 3xh h2 12
h0
3x 2 12
3x 2 12 0 when x 2
So coordinates are (-2, 16), (2, -16)
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
4.3 Differentiation Rules
dy
1 Find for each function.
dx
y 2x 1
2
a
1 3
b y x 3x 1
2
3
c y x
4
d y x3
e
y 1 x 2 x
3
2 Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y 3x2 5x at x 1.
3 Find the coordinates of the point where the normal to the curve y x2 4x 2 at x 0
intersects the curve again.
dy
4 Find for each function.
dx
y 2x 1
6
a
3
b y
1 x2
1
c y
3 2
x 3
5 Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y x2 1 at x 1.
6 Differentiate these functions with respect to x.
y 2x 1 x 5
3
a
b y x 2x 3
1
c y
x 3 3x 2 1
x2 1 x 1 .
2
7 Consider the function y
a Show that
dy x 1 3x x 2
2
.
dx x2 1
b Find the coordinates of any points on the curve where the tangent is horizontal.
8 Differentiate using the quotient rule.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
1 x
a y
3x 2
2x 1
b y
x 2 2x
9 Differentiate the functions with respect to x.
x2 1
a y
x3 1
12 x
b y
1 x
10 f (x) 3x 4 7x3 2x2 5x 7. Find f (2).
d2y
11 Find the coordinates of the points on the curve y x 4 6x 3 12x 2 3x 1 where 0.
dx2
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a y 4x 2 4x 1
dy
8x 4
dx
dy 3 2
b x 3.
dx 2
1
dy 1 23 1
c y x3 x
dx 3 33 x 2
3
dy 3 14 3
d y x4 x 4
dx 4 4 x
1 1 5
e y 2 x 3 2x 2 x 6
dy 1 23
1
5 1
x x 2 x 6
dx 3 6
1 1 5
33 x 2 x 66 x
dy
2 6 x 5 1 at x 1
dx
y 2
Equation of tangent is y x 3
Equation of normal is y x 1
3 y 2 when x 0
dy
2x 4
dx
1
So gradient of normal =
4
1
Equation of normal is y x 2
4
1
Intersect when x 2 x 2 4x 2
4
1
x2 4 x 0
4
17 49
Second point of intersection is ,
4 16
dy
6 2x 1 2 12 2x 1
5 5
4 a
dx
b y 3 1 x 2 2
3
dy 3 6x
1 x2 2
2x
dx 2
3
2 1 x2
c y x2 3 3
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
4
dy 1 2x
x2 3 3
2x
dx 3
4
33 1 x 2
1
5
y x2 1 2
1
dy 1 2 1
x 1 2
2x at x 1
dx 2 2
y 2 when x 1
1 1
Equation of tangent is y x
2 2
Equation of normal is y 2 x 2 2
dy
2 x 5 2x 1 3 x 5
3 2
6 a
dx
x 5 2 x 5 3 2x 1
2
x 5 8 x 7
2
1
b y x 2 x 3 2
dy 1
1 1
2 x 3 2 x 2 x 3 2 2
dx 2
x
2x 3
2x 3
3x 3
2x 3
dy 3x 2 6 x
c
2
dx x 3 3x 2 1
1
7 a y x2 1 x 1
2
2
1 1
dy 1 2
2x x 1 x 2 1 2 x 1
2
x 1 2 2
dx 2
x x 1 2 x 2 1 x 1
2
1
2 x 1 2
x 1 x 2 x 2x 2 2
2 x 1
x 1 3x 2 x 2
x2 1
dy
b 0 only when x 1 since 3x 2 x 2 never = 0.
dx
So tangent = 0 at ( 1, 4 2)
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
dy 1 3x 2 1 x 3
8 a
3x 2
2
dx
5
3x 2
2
B
2
dy 2 x 2x 2x 1 2x 2
2
dx x 2 2x
2x 2 4x 4x 2 2x 2
x
2
2
2x
2x 2 2x 2
x
2
2
2x
9 a
3 2
dy 2x x 1 x 1 3x
2
2
dx x3 1
2 x 4 2 x 3x 4 3x 2
x
2
3
1
x 4 3x 2 2 x
x
2
2
2x
1
1
1
1
1
x 2
1 x 2 1 2x 2 x 2
dy 2
b 2
dx 1
1 x
2
1 1
1 2
x 2
1 x 1
2
2
1
1 x
2
1
1 2
x 2
2 2
1
1 x
2
14 x
2
2 x 1 x
10 f (x) 12x3 21x2 4x 5
f (x) 36x2 42x 4
f (x) 72x 42
So f (2) 102
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
dy
11 4x 3 18x 2 24x 3
dx
d2y
12 x 2 36 x 24
dx 2
d2y
So 0 when 12 x 2 36 x 24 0
dx 2
x 2 3x 2 0
x 1,2
coordinates are 1,3 , 2, 9
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
4.4 Graphical interpretation of the
derivatives
1 The graph of y=f(x) is shown below.
State the values of x where
a f 0
b f is positive
c f is negative
d f is increasing
e f is decreasing
2 For each function
a Find any stationary points and determine the nature of these points.
b State the intervals on which the function is increasing.
c State the intervals on which the function is decreasing.
i y x3 3x2 1
1
ii y 2x
x 1
3 The graph of the function y x3 ax2 bx c passes through the point (2, -39) and has
turning points at x = -1, 5. Find the values of a, b and c.
4 Do not use a GDC for this question.
Find and classify any turning points of the function y 3x3 4x2
5 Do not use a calculator for this question.
The function f (x) x3 ax2 b has a turning point at (-2,8).
a Find a and b.
b Find any other turning points
6 Do not use a calculator for this question.
For these functions, find
a Any points of inflexion.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
b The intervals where the function is concave up.
c The intervals where the function is concave down.
i y x 4 x2
ii y x3 x2 3
iii y 3x 4 2x3 7
7 The cubic function f (x) ax3 bx2 cx d has no stationary points. Show that b2 3ac .
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a x=-1, 2, 4
b b. -1<x<2, x>4
c c. x<-1, 2<x<4
d d. -1<x<2, x>4
e e. x<-1, 2<x<4
2 a i
dy
3x 2 6 x 0 when x 0,2
dx
So stationary points at (0,1), (2,-3)
(0,1) is a maximum and (2,-3) is a minimum.
ii Increasing when x<0, x>2
iii Decreasing when 0<x<2.
b i
dy 1 1
2 0 when x 1
dx (x 1)2 2
1 1 1 1
So stationary points at 1 , 2 2 2 , 1 , 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
1 , 2 2 2 is a maximum
2 2
1 1
and 1 , 2 2 2 is a minimum.
2 2
1 1
ii Increasing when x 1 , x 1
2 2
1 1
iii Decreasing when 1 x 1
2 2
dy
3 3x 2 2ax b
dx
3 2a b 0,75 10a b 0
a 6, b 15
8 4a 2b c 39 c 7
dy 8
4 9x 2 8x 0 when x 0, .
dx 9
8 256
So stationary points at 0,0 , ,
9 243
and by looking at sign of derivative or y values on either side
8 256
0,0 is a maximum and , is a minimum.
9 243
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
dy
5 a 3x 2 2ax 12 4a 0 a 3
dx
8 4a b 8 b 4
b Other turning point at 0, 4
d2y
6 a I 12x 2 2
dx 2
1
Points of inflexion at x
6
1 5 1 5
, , ,
6 36 6 36
1 1
ii Concave up when x ,x
6 6
1 1
iii Concave down when x
6 6
d2y
b i 6x 2
dx 2
1
Point of inflexion at x
3
1 79
,
3 27
1
ii Concave up when x
3
1
iii Concave down when x
3
d2y
c I 36 x 2 12x
dx 2
1
Points of inflexion at x 0,
3
1 62
0, 7 , 3 ,
9
1
ii Concave up when x 0, x
3
1
iii Concave down when 0 x
3
dy
7 3ax 2 2bx c
dx
dy
No stationary points discriminant of 0
dx
2b 12ac 0 b2 3ac
2
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
4.5 Applications of differential
calculus
1 Do not use a calculator for this question.
A farmer has 160m of fencing and wishes to build a rectangular plot of land, one side of
which will be bounded by an existing wall. What dimensions will enable her to enclose the
maximum area?
2 Do not use a calculator for this question.
A closed cylinder has a surface area of 10 cm2 . What is the maximum possible volume?
3 Do not use a GDC for this question.
An open rectangular box is to be made from a piece of card 16cm by 24cm by cutting out
square corners and folding it up. What is the maximum possible volume of the box?
4 You need to cross a field 100m by 100m from corner to corner. You can jog at 3ms-1 round
the outside of the field or through the field at 2ms-1. What is the best route to take?
5 Do not use a calculator for this question.
A company produces electrical components. The cost of pricing x components is given by
C(x) 0.2x3 240x 3000. What number of components will minimise the cost?
6 Do not use a calculator for this question.
A train journey costs $200. The capacity of the train is 150 passengers but they find they
are only averaging 100 passengers. Each reduction of $5 in the price will increase the
average number of passengers by 3. What is the best ticket price?
7 Do not use a calculator for this question.
The displacement of a particle is given by s 98 84t 14t 2, t 0. Find
a The velocity of the particle
b The maximum displacement
c The velocity of the particle when the displacement is 0.
8 A particle moves so that its displacement is given by s(t ) t 3 10t 2 12t 8;0 t 10.
Find
a The velocity and acceleration.
b When the particle is at rest.
c When the acceleration is positive.
d The total distance travelled.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 Area = x(160 2x) where x width
dA
160 4x
dx
0 when x=40.
this is clearly a maximum
So maximum area = 40 80=3200m2.
2 Area = 2 r 2 2 rh 10
5 r2
h
r
5 r2
So Volume = r 2
r
r 5 r2
dV 1
=5 15 r 2 = 0 when r
dr 3
d2V
Clearly a maximum because 2 = 30 r 0
dr
13
1 13 3
Volume = 3
3 1 9
3
3 Volume = x(16 2x)(24 2x)
4 x 3 80 x 2 384 x
dV
12 x 2 160 x 384
dx
0 when x 3.139....,10.19...,
Clearly x 8 and x 3.139...is a maximum
d2V
because 24 x 160 0
dx 2
So volume = 540.8... 541cm2.
4 If you jog along the edge for x metres and then cut across diagonally then time taken is
x 10000 (100 x)2 2 x 3 20000 200 x x 2
t
3 2 6
1
3
given by dt 2 20000 200x x 2 2 x 200
2
2
dx 6
x 10.557... from GDC
So time =70.60... 70.6s
5 C (x) 0.6x2 240
So C(x) 0 when x 20 and this is a minimum because C<0
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
5
6 Income from tickets = (100 x)(200 x)
3
100 5
20000 x x2
3 3
dI 100 10
x 0 when x 10
dx 3 3
d2I
and this is a maximum because 0
dx 2
7 a v 84 28t
b Maximum displacement occurs when v 0
So t 3, s 224
c Displacement =0 when 98 84t 14t 2 0
t 2 6t 7 0
t 7, v 112
8 a v 3t 2 20t 12
a 6t 20
b v 3t 2 20t 12 (3t 2)(t 6)
2
0 when t ,6
3
10
c a 0 when t> .
3
d When t 0, s 8
2 112
When t ,s
3 27
When t 6, s 80
When t 10, s 112
112 112 736
so total distance travelled= 8 80 192
27 27 27
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
4.6 Implicit differentiation and
related rates
dy
1 Find by implicit differentiation in each case.
dx
a 3x2 5y 2 7
b x2 2xy 2y 2 11
x 3x2 4y 4
c
1 1
2 Find the tangent and normal to the curve 1 at the point (2,-1).
x y 3
3 Given the curve x y x2 xy y 2.
dy
a Find .
dx
2
d2y dy dy
b Show that 1 x 2y 2 2 2
dx 2 dx dx
4 Write an equation involving the rates of change of the variables in the following equations.
a Volume of cube = x 3.
1
b Volume of pyramid = r 2h.
3
5 The volume of a sphere is increasing at a rate of 3m3s-1. Find the rate at which the
surface area is increasing when the sphere has a volume of 100m3.
6 An aeroplane is flying horizontally at a speed of 100ms-1 and is at a height of 500m. It
passes vertically above a point A on the ground. When it has flown a further 2km, find the
rate of change of its distance from A.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
dy
1 a 6 x 10y 0
dx
dy 3x
dx 5y
dy dy
b 2x 2x 2y 4y 0
dx dx
dy 2x 2y x y
dx 2x 4y x 2y
1
1 dy
c 1 3x 2 4y 4 2
6 x 16y 3
2 dx
dy 3x 2 4y 4
dx 3x 8y 3
dy
x 2 y 3
2
2 0
dx
1 1 dy dy
0 1
4 4 dx dx
Equation of tangent is y x 3
Equation of normal is y x 1
dy dy dy
3 a 1 2x x y 2y
dx dx dx
dy 1 2x y
dx 1 x 2y
dy
b 1 x 2y 1 2x y
dx
d2y dy dy dy
1 x 2y 1 2 2
dx 2 dx dx dx
2
d2y dy dy
1 x 2y 2 2 2
dx 2 dx dx
dV dx
4 a 3x 2
dt dt
dV 2 dr 1 2 dh
b rh r
dt 3 dt 3 dt
4 dV dr
5 V r3 4 r 2
3 dt dt
When V=100, r =2.879...
dr
So 0.02879...
dt
dA dr
8 r 2.083... 2.08cm2s1
dt dt
6
D 5002 x 2
1
dD 1 dx x dx
5002 x 2 2
2x
dt 2 dt 5002 x 2 dt
2000
100 97.01... 97.0ms1
5002 20002
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
5.1 Sampling
1 For each of a and b define:
i the target population ii the sampling unit
iii the sampling frame iv the sampling variable
v the sampling value
a An investigation into the heights in cm of adult males in France
b The weight, to the nearest gram, of 1kg bags of sugar that a sugar packing plant produces.
2 A country claims that the life expectancy of its adult females is 81 years. Explain why testing
the population is not possible. Suggest a sampling technique which could be beneficial to test
this claim.
3 Explain why conducting a poll by email might introduce bias.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a i All the adult males in France ii Each adult male in France
iii The list of all adult males in France iv The height of the adult male in cm.
v A reasonable range – say 100-250cm
b i All the bags of sugar produced by the plant
ii Each bag of sugar produced by the plant
iii The list of all the bags of sugar produced by the plant
iv The weight of each bag of sugar to the nearest gram
v A reasonable range, say 900-1100g
2 It would be logistically impossible to do this for various reasons including the fact that getting
data on all the deaths in a given time frame would be very difficult. Taking a good sized
stratified sample covering various target groups could help to test the claim.
3 Various problems including the fact it excludes people who do not use email or have access to
the internet.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
5.2 Descriptive statistics
1 The weights of 40 carrots picked from a farm were measured and recorded to the nearest
gram. The results are shown in this frequency table:
Weight to the
30 x 40 40 x 50 50 x 60 60 x 70 70 x 80
nearest g
Frequency 4 7 18 8 3
Draw a frequency histogram to illustrate the data
2 Describe this distribution:
3 Draw a histogram for the data in the table, which represents the weights in kg of 392 parcels
sent via a courier postal service in a month.
Weight (in kg) Frequency
0 x 5 2
10 x 15 17
15 x 20 35
20 x 25 70
25 x 30 50
30 x 35 42
35 x 40 37
40 x 45 65
45 x 50 35
50 x 55 21
55 x 60 18
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
4 Calculate an estimate of the mean for the data in the table, which represent the heights of
50 children in a primary school class.
Height (in cm) Frequency
100 x 110 3
110 x 120 8
120 x 125 10
125 x 130 11
130 x 140 12
140 x 150 6
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
2 Bimodal, fairly symmetric but with outliers
4 127.05cm
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
5.3 The justification of statistical
techniques
1 Find the mean and standard deviation of the following:
a 14m, 14m, 18m, 19m, 26m, 29m, 32m
x 2-4 5-7 8 - 10 11 - 13
Frequency 6 5 9 1
2 The average height of tomato plants in a greenhouse in 2017 was 43.1 cm. In 2018 a new
fertiliser was used and the results were as follows:
Height in cm Frequency
20-30 3
30-40 5
40-50 10
50-60 11
60-70 14
a Calculate an estimate of the mean and standard deviation. Explain why these are only
estimates.
b Comment on whether or not you think there has been an increase in the height of the
tomato plants.
3 Jim takes 10 samples to measure the nitrate concentration in the soil in his garden. The results
were as follows where x is in ppm (parts per million)
x 63 , x 2
478
Calculate an estimate of the mean and standard deviation of the nitrate concentration in the
garden.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
Answers
14 14 18 19 26 29 32 152
1 a Mean 21.71
7 7
2
142 142 182 192 262 292 322 152 2222
Standard deviation 6.73
7 7 49
3 6 6 5 9 9 12 1 141
b Mean 6.71
6 5 9 1 21
2
32 6 62 5 92 9 122 1 141 374
Standard deviation 2.76
6 5 9 1 21 49
25 3 35 5 45 10 55 11 65 14 2215
2 a Mean 51.51
3 5 10 11 14 43
Standard deviation
2
25 3 352 5 452 10 552 11 652 14 2215
2
282800
12.37
3 5 10 11 14 43 1849
b Although the mean has increased, it is not clear whether this increase is significant- it is less
than the standard deviation.
63
3 Mean 6.3
10
478 811
Standard deviation 6.32 2.85
10 10
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
5.4 Correlation, causation and
linear regreession
1 This scatter graph shows maths grade (vertical) against the number of hours spent watching
television each week. Comment on the graph.
2 This table gives the mathematics and physics results in 2 tests given to 25 students:
Mathematics score Physics score
20 18
22 28
25 23
26 31
27 24
27 29
28 30
31 31
32 22
33 40
34 32
34 34
35 38
36 41
37 34
38 36
40 47
42 41
44 43
45 48
45 43
46 32
47 43
49 41
50 48
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
a Calculate the line of best fit.
b Comment on the correlation coefficient.
c Predict the physics score of a student who achieves 34 in mathematics.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 There is a weak negative correlation.
2 a y 0.947x 2.12
b 0.744 so strong positive linear correlation
c y 0.947 34 2.12 34.3 34
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
6.1 The properties of three-
dimensional space
1 Find the mid-point of each pair of points.
a (1,2,7),(6, 4,3)
b (2, 3, 4),(1, 7,1)
2 Find the distance between each pair of points in question 1.
3 Consider a cuboid with edges of length 5cm, 6cm and 7cm.
a Find the length of the diagonal of the cuboid.
b Find the angle that the diagonal makes with the 5cm by 6cm face.
4 ABCDE is a square-based pyramid as shown in the diagram below.
Find the angle that the edge AB makes with the base.
5 Find the volume and surface area of these two shapes.
6 A pipe of thickness 6mm and outer radius 7cm is 2m long.
Find the volume of material required to make the pipe.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1
1 a 2 ,3,5
2
1 1
b , 5,2
2 2
2 a 72 22 42 8.306.... 8.31
b 32 42 32 5.830.... 5.83
3 a 52 62 72 10.48.... 10.5cm
b 52 62 7.810...
7.810...
So cos
10.48...
41.86... 41.9
1 2 2
2 6 6
4 Angle = arccos
10
64.89..... 64.9
1
5 a Volume = 578
3
93.33... 93.3cm3
1 1
Surface area = 5 7 2 5 3.52 82 2 7 2.52 82
2 2
137.3 137cm2
4
b Volume = 9.153
3
3208.8... 3210cm3
Surface area = 4 9.152
1052.0... 1050cm2
6
Volume = 72 200 6.42 200
5051.6... 5050cm3
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
6.2 Angles of measure
1 Do not use a calculator for this question.
Express in radians
a 20
b 90
c 240
d 675
2 Do not use a calculator for this question.
Express in degrees
a
4
b
20
17
c
9
55
d
18
3 Express in radians correct to 3 significant figures
a 11
b 173
c 229
4 Express in degrees correct to 3 significant figures
a 1.5c
b 2.71c
c 4.62c
5 Do not use a calculator for this question.
For each sector, find
i the arc length
ii the area
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
6 Do not use a calculator for this question.
A sector has a radius of 10cm and a perimeter of 20 9 cm . Find
a the angle of the sector
b the area of the sector.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a
9
b
4
4
c
3
15
d
4
2 a 45
b 9
c 340
d 550
3 a 0.1919... 0.192c.
b 3.019... 3.02c.
c 3.996... 4.00c.
4 a 85.94... 85.9
b 154.6... 155
c 263.7... 264
2
5 a i 12 6 12 4 cm
3
1 2
a ii 62 12 cm2
2 3
13 65
b i 10 5 10 cm
9 9
1 2 13 325
b ii 5 cm2
2 9 18
9
6 a .
10
1 9
b Area = 102 45 cm2 .
2 10
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
6.3 Ratios and identities
1 Do not use a calculator for this question.
Write down the quadrant and associated angle when is
a 240
7
b
4
8
c
3
d 687
2 Find all values of between 0 and 360 such that
a cos 0.3
b tan 1.7
3 Do not use a calculator for this question.
5
Given that is obtuse and tan , find sin and cos .
12
4 For each of the following, find the values of for 0< < 3.
a cos 0.73
b sin 2.1
c 3cos 2
d tan1.5 2
5 Use the cosine rule to find the angles in a triangle with sides 3cm, 5cm and 6 cm.
6 Find the third side in this triangle.
7 Find the unknown sides and angles in this triangle.
8 Find the length CD in this diagram
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
9 In triangle ABC, ABC 21 , AC 12cm and BC = 20cm. Find the areas of the two
possible triangles.
10 Two planes leave an airport at the same time. One flies at 400kmh-1 on a bearing of 043˚
and the other flies at 300kmh-1on a bearing of 327. How far apart are they after one hour
and what is the bearing of the first plane from the second plane?
11 Do not use a calculator for this question.
3 7
Evaluate exactly sec tan .
4 6
12 Simplify to give a single trigonometric expression.
a cosec2 cos sin
tan
b
sin
13 Given that cosec =1.3 and , find the values of cos , sin and tan .
2
14 Solve the following equations for 0 2 .
a 2 2cos sin 2
b cosec2 1 cot
c 2 tan 2 5 5sec
15 Simplify
a sec 1sec 1
2cot cosec2
b
1 cot
16 Do not use a calculator for this question.
Evaluate exactly: a sin15 b tan165 .
17 Prove the following identities:
1 cos A
a cosecA cot A
sin A
b tan x cot x 2 tan 2 x
c sec4 x tan 4 x sec2 x(1 sin 2 x)
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
3tan x tan 3 x
18 Show that tan 3x .
1 3tan 2 x
19 cos3x 4cos3 x 3cos x
Use the fact that to solve the equation
cos3x cos2 x for 0 x 2 .
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a Q II 60
b Q IV
4
c Q III
3
d Q IV 33
2 a arccos 0.3 72.54...
72.54...,360 72.54...
72.5 , 287.5
b arctan 1.7 59.53...
180 59.53...,360 59.53...
120.5 ,300.5
3 In QI by Pythagoras,
5 12 5
tan cos ,sin
12 13 13
So in QII
12 5
cos ,sin
13 13
4 a arccos(0.73) 0.7524...
0.7524... 2.389...
2.39c
b arcsin(2.1) is undefined
no values of .
2
c 3cos 2 cos
3
2
arccos 0.8410...
3
0.8410..., 0.8410....
0.841c , 2.30c
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
d arctan(2) 1.107...
1.5 1.107..., 1.107...
0.7380...., 2.832....
0.738c , 2.83c
32 52 62
5 One angle = arccos 93.82...
2 3 5
93.8
32 62 52
Another angle = arccos 56.25....
2 3 6
56.3
So third angle =29.93...
29.9
6 7.12 8.22 2 7.1 8.2 cos 43
5.700...
5.70cm
sin x sin 42
7 Angle opposite 8cm side:
8 10
8sin 42
x arcsin 32.36...
10
32.4
So third angle 105.6
Third side= 82 102 2 8 10 cos105.6...
14.39... 14.4cm
8 Find BC first
CD ( BC 6) tan 21
CD BC tan 36
6 tan 21
BC
tan 36 tan 21
6 tan 21tan 36
So CD 4.883... 4.88cm
tan 36 tan 21
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
sin 21 sin A
9
12 20
20sin 21
sin A
12
A 36.67...or143.32...
C 122.3...or 15.68...
1
Area = 12 20sin C 101.4...,32.43...
2
101cm 2 ,32.4cm 2
10 Position of first plane = 400cos 43, 400sin 43
Position of second plane = 300 cos 33,300sin 33
400 cos 43 300 cos 33 400sin 43 300sin 33
2 2
So distance=
555.0... 555km
400 cos 43 300 cos 33
Bearing = arctan
400sin 43 300sin 33
78.63... 078.6
3 7 1
11 sec tan tan
4 6 cos 3 6
4
1 1
3
cos
4
1
2 .
3
12 a cosec2 cos sin
cos sin
sin 2
cos
sin
cot
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
tan sin
b
sin cos sin
1
cos
sec
1
13 cosec 1.3 sin 0.7692... 0.769
1.3
2
1
cos 1 since
1.3 2
0.6389... 0.639.
sin 0.7692...
tan 1.203... 1.20
cos 0.6389...
14 a 2 2cos sin 2
2 2 cos 1 cos 2
cos 2 2 cos 1 0
cos 1 0
2
cos 1
0, 2
b cosec2 1 cot
cot 2 1 cot 1
cot cot 1 0
cot 0,1
5 3
, , ,
4 2 4 2
c 2 tan 2 5 5sec
2 sec 2 1 5 5sec
2sec 2 5sec 3 0
2sec 3 sec 1 0
sec 1,1.5
2
cos 1,
3
0, 0.8410..., 2 0.8410..., 2
0, 0.841,5.44, 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 7
Additional exercise
15 a sec 1sec 1
sec2 1
tan 2
2cot cosec2
b
1 cot
2 cot cot 2 1
1 cot
1 cot
2
1 cot
1 cot .
16 a
sin15 sin 45 30
sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30
1 3 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 1
2 2
b tan165 tan 120 45
tan120 tan 45
1 tan120 tan 45
3 1
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 cos A 1 cos A
17 a cos ecA cot A
sin A sin A sin A
b tan x cot x
sin x cos x
cos x sin x
sin 2 x cos 2 x
cos x sin x
cos 2 x
1
sin 2 x
2
2 tan 2 x
© Oxford University Press 2019 8
Additional exercise
c sec4 x tan 4 x
sec 2 x tan 2 x sec 2 x tan 2 x
1 sec 2 x tan 2 x
1 sin 2 x
cos 2 x cos 2 x
1
2
cos x
1 sin 2 x
sec 2 x 1 sin x
2
18 tan 3x
tan 2 x x
tan 2 x tan x
1 tan 2 x tan x
2 tan x
tan x
1 tan 2
x
2 tan x
1 tan x
1 tan 2 x
2 tan x tan x 1 tan 2 x
1 tan x 2 tan
2 2
x
3 tan x tan 3 x
1 3 tan 2 x
19 4cos3 x 3cos x cos2 x
cos x 4 cos 2 x cos x 3 0
cos x 4 cos x 3 cos x 1
3
cos x 0, ,1
4
3
x 0, , 2.42,3.86, , 2
2 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 9
Additional exercise
6.4 Trigonometric functions
1 Use the graph f ( ) cos to deduce the graph and properties of f ( ) sec .
2 Use transformations of y sin x to graph each of the following functions
a y 2 sin3x
b y 3sin 2x 2
3 The height h in metres of the tide in a harbour port on a certain day is given by the
equation h 7.2 cos 0.26 t 3.1 10 where t is the time in hours after midnight.
a Find the time of the first high tide.
b When is the tide lower than 6m?
4 Write down the values of the following angles
3
a arcsin
2
b arctan 1
1
c arccos
2
5 For the graph y 2 cos3x , find
a The period
b The amplitude.
© Oxford University Press 2018 1
Additional exercise
Answers
a b
3 a
High tide is 17.2
7.2 cos 0.26 t 3.1 10 17.2
cos 0.26 t 3.1 1
0.26 t 3.1 0,2 ,...
t 21.06...
time is 21 : 04
7.2 cos 0.26 t 3.1 10 6
cos 0.26 t 3.1 0.5555...
cos 0.26 t 3.1 0.5555... when 0.26 t 3.1 2.159..., 4.123...,8.443...
Between 05:12 and 12:46
3
4 a b c
3 4 4
2
5 a b2
3
© Oxford University Press 2018 2
Additional exercise
6.5 Trigonometric equations
1 Find the roots of the equations for 0 2 and check on a GDC.
a sec2 4sec 4
b 2cosec cot tan
2 Prove by differentiation from first principles that
d cos 2 x
2sin 2 x
dx
3 Differentiate with respect to x:
a sin 3x
2 3x
b tan
7
c
sin 2 x 2 1
d cosec x 2 3
4 Differentiate with respect to x:
a 2 x 3 cos x
3x 7
b
sin 4 x
5 Find the gradient of the curve at the given point.
a y cos 2 x at x
12
b y x 4 sec x at x
4
dy
6 Find when y arcsin 3x .
dx
7 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
y 1 x 2 arccos x when x 0.
8 A triangle has sides 8cm, 8cm and xcm. The angle between the two 8 cm sides is denoted
by A.
dA dx
a Find an expression for in terms of
dt dt
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
dx 1 dA
b If = 0.1 cms , find an expression for when the triangle is equilateral.
dt dt
9 A ladder of length 7m is leaning against a vertical wall when it starts to slip down at a rate
1
of 0.4ms . Find the rate of change of x, the distance of the foot of the ladder from the
wall, when the top of the ladder is 6cm above the ground.
Answers
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
1 a sec2 4sec 4
sec 2 0
2
sec 2
1
cos
2
5
,
3 3
b 2cosec cot tan
2 cos sin
sin sin cos
2 cos cos 2 sin 2
1
cos
2
7
,
4 4
cos 2 x h cos 2 x
2 lim
h 0 h
cos 2 x cos 2 h sin 2 x sin 2 h cos 2 x
lim
h 0 h
cos 2h 1 sin 2h
lim cos 2 x sin 2 x
h 0
h h
cos 2h 1 sin 2h
cos 2 x lim sin 2 x lim
h 0 h h 0 h
cos 2 x 0 sin 2 x 2
2sin 2 x
3 a 3cos 3x
2 3x 3
b sec2
7 7
3 2 3x
sec 2
7 7
c
4 x cos 2 x 2 1
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
1
d cosec x 3 cot x 3 x 2 3
2 2 2 2x
2
xcosec x 2 3 cot x 2 3
x2 3
4 a 2cos x 2 x 3 sin x
3sin 4 x 3x 7 4cos 4 x
b
sin 2 4 x
3sin 4 x 12 x 28 cos 4 x
sin 2 4 x
dy
5 a 2sin 2 x 2 sin
dx 6
1
dy
b 4 x3 sec x x 4 sec x tan x
dx
3 4
4 sec sec tan
4 4 4 4 4
3 4
4 2 4 2 1
64 256
2 3 2 4
16 64
3
6
1 9x 2
dy 1 x2
7 2 xarccosx
dx 1 x2
2 xarccosx 1 x 2
1
y x c
c
2
y x
2
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
1
x
2 x
8 a A 2 arcsin 2 arcsin
8 16
dA 2 1 dx
dt x
2 16 dt
1
16
1 dx
x 2 dt
8 1
256
dA 1
b 0.1
dt 1
8 1
4
1
rad/s
40 3
9 x 49 y 2
1
2 y 49 y 2 2
dx 1 dy y dy
dt 2 dt 49 y 2 dt
6
0.4 0.6656... 0.666ms 1
13
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
7.1 Integration as
antidifferentiation and definite
integrals
1 Find indefinite integrals of the following expressions:
2
3 x
a x b 2x 3 c 1 2 sin2
5 2
1
x
3
d 2
2x e x 2 sin x
sin2 x
dy
2 Find y f (x) given that 4x 3 2x and f (2) 18
dx
3 Find f (x) with the given conditions;
a f (x) 2 sin 2x , f 1 b f (x) 1 4 sin x , f (0) 1 , f (0) 6
4 2
4 A particle moves in a straight line such that, at time t , its acceleration is a(t ) 16t 4 . When
t 0 , its velocity is 3ms1 and its displacement is 4m . Find expressions for the velocity and
displacement of the particle.
5 Integrate with respect to x :
1
a (1 4x)5 b 7(2 3x) 4
6 Use definite integration to find the areas of the regions bounded by the graph of the function,
the x -axis and the given lines. Verify your result by finding the area of a geometric shape.
a y 2x 1 , x 0 , x 7 b y x 1 , x 2 , x 2
7 Find the areas of the regions bounded by the graph of the function, the x -axis and the given
lines. Verify your result using a GDC.
a y x2 3x 4 , x 1 , x 4 b y 7x 12 x2 , x 2 , x 5
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
Answers
3 2 6 53
1 a x c b x c
10 5
x
c Since cos2x 1 2 sin2 x , 1 2 sin2 cos x , so the answer is sin x c
2
1 7 12 5
x
3
d 2
2x x 6 6x5 12x 4 8x3 , so the answer is x x6 x 2x 4 c
7 5
1 3
e The integral of cosec2 x is cot x c , so the answer is x cos x cot x c
3
2 y x 4 x2 c , 18 16 4 c c 6 , so y x 4 x2 6
1 1
3 a f (x) 2x cot 2x c , 1 c c 1 , so f (x) 2x cot 2x 1
2 2 2 2
b f (x) x 4 cos x c , 1 0 4 c c 5 f (x) x 4cos x 5
1 2 1
f (x ) x 4 sin x 5x d , 6 0 0 d d 6 f (x) x 2 4 sin x 5x 6
2 2
4 v 8t 2 4t c , 3 0 c c 3 v 8t 2 4t 3 ,
8 3 8
s t 2t 2 3t d , 4 0 0 0 d d 4 s t 3 2t 2 3t 4
3 3
1
5 a (1 4x)6 c
24
3
28
b (2 3x)4 c
9
7
7 1
2x 1 dx x x 56 0 56 , area of trapezium (1 15) 7 56
2
6 a
0
0 2
2 0 2 0 2
1 1
x 1 dx x 1 dx 2 x
2
b x 1 dx x x2 2 (2 2) (2 2) 8 , area of
2 2 0 2 2 0
1
two trapezia 2 (1 2) 2 8
2
4 4
1 3 64 1 3 125 125
x
2
7 a 3x 4 dx x 3 x 2 4x 24 16 4 , so area
1 3 2 1 3 3 2 6 6
b 7x 12 x2 0 when x 3, 4 , so area
3 4 5
7 x 12 x 2 dx 7 x 12 x 2 dx 7 x 12 x 2 dx
2 3 4
3 4 5
7 1 7 1 7 1
x 2 12 x x 3 x 2 12 x x 3 x 2 12x x 3
2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 4
27 38 40 27 85 40
2 3 3 2 6 3
11
6
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
7.2 Exponents and logarithms
1 Find the value of these expressions:
3
2
81 4
a 643 b
16
2 Simplify 35 52n1 2 25n
3 Solve the following equations:
a 24 x 25x 7 0 b 8x 5 4x 4 2x 3
4 A car bought for $16 000 is worth $9000 three years later. Find the annual rate of depreciation
as a percentage correct to one decimal place.
5 Express in logarithmic form:
a 27 128 b x2y 14
6 Express in exponent form:
1
a log3 3 b logx 2 5
27
7 Solve for x :
4
a logx 81 3 b log8 x
3
8 Express as a single logarithm:
1 2
a log12 4log3 log60 b logx y logx y 3 z
3 3
1 9 1
9 Express log3 log3 6 log3 81 as a rational number.
2 4 3
10 Express y in terms of x in each of the following:
a 3log x 5log y b log10 y 1 3log10 x
11 Evaluate:
1
a log3 5 log5 3 b log3 64 log27 64 c log4 80
log10 4
12 Solve the equation 24 x 1 73
13 A geometric series has first term 5 and common ratio 1.1. find the value of k when the sum of
the first k terms of the series first exceeds 10 000.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
14 This graph shows an exponential function of the form y ax . Find the value of a .
15 Solve the equation ex ex 1 6
16 Sketch the graphs of:
x
a y ln2x b y ln
3
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
8
1 a 16 b
27
2 35 52n1 2 25n 7 52n 2 52n 52n1
3 a 4x 5x 7 x 7
b 8x 5 4x 4 2x 3 23x 5 22x 4 8 2x , let y 2x then we get
y 3 5y2 8y 4 0 (y 1)(y 2 4y 4) 0 (y 1)(y 2)2 0 y 1,2 which gives
x 0,1
9000 9
4 3 3 0.8253... , 1 0.8253... 0.175 17.5%
16000 16
5 a log2 128 7 b logx 14 2y
1
6 a 33 b x5 2
27
4
7 a x3 81 x 3 81 33 3 b 83 x x 16
12 60 80 1 2
7 2
8 a log log b logx y 3 y 2 z 3 logx y 3 z 3
34 9
3
6
1 9 1
9 log3 log3 6 log3 81 log3 2 log3 3 1
2 4 4 3
3
10 a x3 y 5 y x 5
b log10 y 1 3log10 x log10 y log10 10 3log10 x y 10x3
log5 5
11 a log3 5 log5 3 log3 5 log5 5 1
log3 5
log3 64
b log3 64 log27 64 log3 64 log3 27 3
log3 27
1 log4 10 3
c log4 80 log4 80 log4 80 log4 10 log4 8
log10 4 log4 4 2
log73
12 24 x 1 73 4x 1 log2 log73 4x 1 x 1.797... 1.80
log2
1.1k 1 10000 log201
13 5 10000 1.1k 1 k 55.6... , so smallest value of k is 55.
1.1 1 50 log1.1
1
14 a
3
y 6
15 ex ex 1 6 , set y e x , then y 6y 4.486... x ln 4.486... 1.478... 1.48
e 1
1
e
16 a
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
7.3 Derivatives of exponential and
logarithmic functions; tangents
and normals
1 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :
a y 3e1 4 x b y e2 sin x c
y ln x2 2x
2 Use the product rule to find the derivatives of the following functions with respect to x :
cos 2x
a y 2xe3x 1 b y x 4 ln 5x 7 c y
e3 x
3 Use the quotient rule to find the derivatives of the following functions with respect to x :
x2 1 x2 x2 ex
a y b y c y
ex ln2x e 2 x
4 f (x) x2 ln x
a Show that the function has only one turning point.
b Find the coordinates of the turning point and classify its nature.
c State the domain and range of the function.
d Write the equation of any asymptotes.
e Sketch the curve.
5 f (x) ex cos2x for 0 x
a Show that the function has two turning points and two points of inflexion.
b Identify the nature of the turning points and the coordinates.
c Find the coordinates of the points of inflection.
d Sketch the curve.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
Answers
dy dy dy 2x 2
1 a 12e1 4 x b 2e2 sin x cos x c 2
dx dx dx x 2x
dy dy 5x 4
2 a 2e3x 1 6 xe3x 1 2 1 3x e3x 1 b 4x 3 ln 5x 7
dx dx 5x 7
dy
c 2e3x sin2x 3e3x cos 2x e3x 2 sin2x 3 cos 2x
dx
dy 2xe x x 2e x x 2 x
3 a b
dx e2 x ex
2
dy
2x ln2x 1 x 2 2
2x 2x ln2x 1 x
2
ln2x x ln2x
2 2
dx
c
dy
2x e x e2 x x 2 e x e2 x 2 2x e x 2x 2 2e x
2x x 1 e2 x 3e3x
dx e4 x e2 x
dy 1 1 1
4 a 0 2x 0 2x 2 1 x , but as ln is not defined for x so only one
dx x 2 2
turning point
1 1 1 1 1 1 d 2y 1
b Coordinates are , ln , ln2 , 2
2 2 0 so it is a minimum
2 2 2 2 2 2 dx x
1 1
c Domain: x 0 , range: y ln2
2 2
d x 0 is an asymptote
5 a f (x) ex cos2x 2ex sin2x f (x) 0 when cos2x 2 sin2x since e x is never equal to 0,
1
so tan2x which has 2 roots for 0 x , so 2 turning points.
2
f (x) ex cos2x 2ex sin2x 2ex sin2x 4ex cos2x 3ex cos2x 4ex sin2x f (x) 0
3
when 3cos2x 4sin2x since e x is never equal to 0, so tan2x which has 2 roots
4
for 0 x , so 2 points of inflection.
b Using a calculator, we find the coordinates of the turning points are (0.232,1.13) and
(1.80, 5.43) . When x 0.232 , f (x) 0 so it is a maximum, when x 1.80 , f (x) 0 so
it is a minimum.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
c Using a calculator, we find the coordinates of the points of inflection are (1.25, 2.79) and
(2.82,13.42) .
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
7.4 Integration techniques
1 Find the following integrals:
x 2 sin
4 2
a cos2x dx b 2x 1 dx
xe
x
2x 1 sin x dx
x2
c d sec2 2x dx
1
2 Find f (x) given f (x) x 3 tan2 x and f (0) 2 .
e2 x
3 Find f (x) given f (x) 2 sin x cos x , f =3 and f (0) 1 .
4
4 Evaluate the following definite integrals:
6 2
3
e 2
2 x 1 x
a cos x dx b dx
0 1 1 2x
2 4
3x cos 2x
c 0 2x 1 dx d cos x sin x dx
0
7x 5 7x 5
5 Reduce
2 x 2 3x 1
, hence find 2x 2
3x 1
dx .
1
2x 2 2x 8
6 Show that
0 x2 4
dx 2 ln3 2ln2 .
7 Find the following integrals using an appropriate substitution:
3x(x 2 tan2x dx
2
a 7)2 dx b
2x x
2
c 3x 1 dx d 2x cos(x3 3x2 ) dx
x x(x 2)
3 7
e 1 x dx f dx
2
x cos 2x
g x 3 dx h 1 sin2x 3
dx
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
8 Find the following definite integrals using an appropriate substitution:
4 3 3 2
x 4x sin x
2x 1 2 dx 2
x
a dx b 2
dx c d 2x dx
1 x 1 1 cos x 1
6
3 1
dx dx
9 Show that x 2
2x 2
arctan(x 1) c and hence show that
0
x 2 2x 2 12
10 Use integration by parts to find the following integrals:
xe x 1 cos x dx x arctan x dx
3x 4
a dx b c ln3x dx d
(x
2
e x 3)ln x dx
11 Evaluate the following definite integrals:
1
2 e 3
arcsin x dx x x cos x dx
2
a b ln x dx c
0 1 0
12 Find the following:
x x
2 2
a cos x dx b x 2 e3x dx
13 Evaluate the following definite integrals:
3 2
3
x2
(x x e
2 2x 3
a 1)e dx b cos x dx c x
dx
0 0 0
e
x
14 Evaluate sin3x dx .
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 5 1
1 a x sin2x c
5 2
1
2 sin2 2x 1 cos 4x 2 sin
2
b 2x 1 dx sin 4x c
4
1
x 1 2 1 1 1
c 2x 1 sin x dx 2 2x 1 sin x dx 2 x 4 ln(2x 1) cos x 4 c
1 x2 1
d e tan2x c
2 2
1 4 1 2 x 1 3
2 f (x) x 3 e2 x sec2 x 1 f (x) x e tan x x c , 2 c c , so
4 2 2 2
1 4 1 2 x 3
f (x) x e tan x x
4 2 2
1 1
3 f (x) sin2x f (x) cos 2x c , 0 c 3 c 3 , so f (x) cos 2x 3 .
2 2
1 1
f (x ) sin2x 3x d , 0 d 1 d 1 f (x) sin2x 3x 1
4 4
6
1 6
4 a
0
e2 x 1 cos x dx e2 x 1 sin x 0.1597... 0.160
2 0
2 2
x ln 2 3 1 x 3 4 3 2
b 1 e 1 2x dx ln2 2 2 ln 1 2x 1 ln2 2 ln3 ln2 4.533 4.53
3 2
2
3x
2
3 2 3 3
c 0 2x 1 dx 0 2 2x 1
dx x ln 2 x 1 1.792... 1.79
2 4 0
d As cos2x cos2 x sin2 x (cos x sin x)(cos x sin x) ,
4 cos x sin x cos x sin x 4
1 1
0 cos x sin x
dx cos x sin x dx sin x cos x 4
0
2
2
1 2 1
0
7x 5 A B 1
5 7x 5 A x 1 B 2x 1 . Letting x gives A 3 and
2x 1 x 1 2x 1 x 1 2
7x 5 3 2
letting x 1 gives B 2 . So .
2 x 1 x 1 2 x 1 x 1
3 2 3
2x 1 x 1 dx 2 ln 2x 1 2ln x 1 c
2x 2 2x 8 2x 2x 2x A B
6 2 2 , then 2 2x A x 2 B x 2 .
x2 4 x 4 x 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
2x 2 2x 8 1 1
Letting x 2 gives A 1 and letting x 2 gives B 1 . So 2
2 .
x 4 x 2 x 2
1
1 1 1
2 x 2 x 2 dx 2x ln x 2 ln x 2
0
0
2 ln3 2ln2
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
3 1 1 2
3
3x(x 2 u du 2 u
2
7 a Let u x2 7 then du 2x dx and 7)2dx 2 3
c x 7 c
2
2 sin2x
b 2 tan2x dx cos 2x
dx , let u cos2x then du 2 sin2x dx and
1
2 tan2x dx u
du ln u c ln cos 2x c
u 1
c Let u 3x 1 then du 3 dx and x then
3
2 3 2 1 4 52 4 32 4 5
4 3
2x 3x 1 dx u 2 u 2 du u u c 3x 12 3x 12 c
9 9 45 27 45 27
d Let u x3 3x2 then du 3x2 6x dx and
1 1 1
x 3 cos u du 3 sin u c 3 sin x
2
2x cos(x 3 3x 2 ) dx 3
3x 2 c
e Let u 1 x then du dx and x 1 u then
7 5 3 1
x
3
1 x dx 1 u
3
u du 1 3u 3u2 u3 u du u 2 3u 2 3u 2 u 2 du
2 29 6 27 6 25 2 23 2 9
6 7
6 5
2 3
u u u u c 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 c
9 7 5 3 9 7 5 3
f Let u x 2 then du dx and x u 2 then
1 9 1 8 1 1
x x 2 u 2 u u u c x 2 x 2 c
7 7 9 8
dx du
9 4 9 4
g Let u x 3 then du dx and x u 3 then
x x 3 u 3 1 6u
2 2 2
dx u2 du 1
9u2 du
9
u 6ln u 9u1 c x 3 6ln x 3 c
x 3
h Let u 1 sin2x then du 2 cos2x dx and
cos 2x 1 1 2 1
1 sin2x 2u
3
dx du u c c
4 1 sin2x
3 2
4
8 a Let u x 1 then du dx and x u 1 then
5
4 5 1
2 3 1
x 2
1 x 1
dx u 1 u
2
2
du u 2 2u 2
3 2 3
2 2 5 3.924... 3.92
u 1
b Let u 2x 1 then du 2 dx and x then
2
3 7
4x 7 1 1 7 4
1 2x 12 dx 3 (u 1)u du ln u u 3 ln7 7 ln 3 3 ln 3 21 0.6568... 0.659
2 1
c Let u cos x then du sin x dx and
1 3
3 2 2 3
sin x 2
cos2 x dx u du u du u 1 12 2
2 2
0.8452... 0.845
3 1 2 3
6 2 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
d Let u 2x then du ln2 2x dx and
2 4
1 12 1 2 23
4
4 4 2
2 2 dx 2 ln2
x x
u du u 4.974... 4.97
1 ln2 3 2 ln 8
dx dx du
9 Let u x 1 then x 2
2x 2
x 1 2
1
u
2
1
arctan u c arctan(x 1) c . So
3 1
dx 3 1
0
arctan(x 1)0
x 2 2x 2
arctan 3 arctan1
3 4 12
dv du 1
10 a Let u x and e3x so 1 and v e3 x giving
dx dx 3
1 3x 1 1 1
xe xe e3 x dx xe3 x e3 x c
3x
dx
3 3 3 9
dv du
b Let u x 1 and cos x so 1 and v sin x giving
dx dx
x 1 cos x dx x 1 sin x sin x dx x 1 sin x cos x c
dv du 3 1 1
c Let u ln3x and x 4 so and v x 5 giving
dx dx 3x x 5
1 5 1 1 1 5
x x ln3x x 4 dx x5 ln3x
4
ln3x dx x c
5 5 5 25
dv du 1
d Let u arctan x and 1 so and v x giving
dx dx 1 x 2
x 1
arctan x dx x arctan x 1 x 2
dx x arctan x
2
ln 1 x 2 c
dv du 1 1 1
e Let u ln x and x 2 x 3 so and v x 3 x 2 3x giving
dx dx x 3 2
1 1 1 1
x
x 3 ln x dx x 3 x 2 3x ln x x 2 x 3 dx
2
3 2 3 2
1 1 1 1
x 3 x 2 3x ln x x 3 x 2 3x c
3 2 9 4
dv du 1
11 a Let u arcsin x and 1 so and v x giving
dx dx 1 x2
1
x
arcsin x dx x arcsin x dx x arcsin x 1 x 2 2
c thus
1 x2
1 1
2
1
2 4
arcsin x dx x arcsin x 1 x 2 2
4 2
1 0.2624... 0.262
0 0
dv du 1 1
b Let u ln x and x 2 so and v x 3 giving
dx dx x 3
1 3 1 1 1
x x ln x x 2 dx x 3 ln x x 3 c thus
2
ln x dx
3 3 3 9
e e
1 3 1 3 e3 e3 1 1
1 x 2
ln x dx 3
x ln x x
9 1
3
9 9 9
1 2e3 4.574... 4.57
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
dv du
c Let u x and cos x so 1 and v sin x giving
dx dx
x cos x dx x sin x sin x dx x sin x cos x c thus
3
3 1 1
x cos x dx x sin x cos x
0
3
0
3
2
1
2 6
3 3 0.4069... 0.407
dv du
12 a Let u x2 and cos x so 2x and v sin x giving
dx dx
x cos x dx x2 sin x 2x sin x dx . Using integration by parts again, let u 2x and
2
dv du
sin x so 2 and v cos x giving
dx dx
x
2
cos x dx x2 sin x 2x cos x 2 cos x dx x2 sin x 2x cos x 2 sin x c
dv du 1
b Let u x2 x 2 and e3x so 2x 1 and v e3 x giving
dx dx 3
1 2 1
x
x x 2 e3 x 2x 1 e3 x dx . Using integration by parts again, let
2
x 2 e3 x dx
3 3
dv du 1
u 2x 1 and e3x so 2 and v e3 x giving
dx dx 3
1 2 1 1 2
x
x x 2 e3 x 2x 1 e3 x e3 x dx
2
x 2 e3 x dx
3 3 3 3
1 2 1 2 3x e3x
3
9
x x 2 e3x 2x 1 e3x
27
e c
27
9x 2 15x 23 c
dv du 1
13 a Let u x2 1 and e2x so 2x and v e2 x giving
dx dx 2
1 2 1
x
x 1 e2 x 2xe2 x dx . Using integration by parts again, let u 2x and
2
1 e2 x dx
2 2
dv du 1
e x so 2 and v e2 x , giving
dx dx 2
1 2 1
x
2
1 e2 x dx
2
x 1 e2 x
2
xe2 x e2 x dx
1 2
2
1 1
x 1 e2 x xe2 x e2 x c thus
2 4
3 3
1 1 1 1
x
2
So 1 e2 x dx x 2 1 e2 x xe2 x e2 x 1 11e6 1109.68
0 2 2 4 0 4
dv du
b Let u x3 and cos x so 3x 2 and v sin x giving
dx dx
x cos x dx x3 sin x 3 x2 sin x dx . Using integration by parts again, let u x2 and
3
dv du
sin x so 2x and v cos x giving
dx dx
x
3
cos x dx x3 sin x 3 x2 cos x 2x cos x dx x3 sin x 3x2 cos x 6 x cos x dx . Using
dv du
integration by parts again, let u x and cos x so 1 and v sin x giving
dx dx
x
3
cos x dx x3 sin x 3x2 cos x 6 x sin x sin x dx x3 sin x 3x2 cos x 6 x sin x 6 cos x c
thus
3
2 3
0 x cos x dx x sin x 3x cos x 6x sin x 6 cos x 03 3 3 6 18 3 0.1980... 0.198
3 3 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
dv du
e x so x e dx x2e x 2xe x dx .
2 x
c Let u x2 and 2x and v e x giving
dx dx
dv du
Using integration by parts again, let u 2x and e x so 2 and v e x giving
dx dx
x e
2 x
dx x2e x 2xe x 2e x dx x2e x 2xe x 2e x c thus
2
x2 2
e
0
x
dx x 2e x 2xe x 2e x 2 10e2 0.6464... 0.646
0
dv du 1
14 Set I e x sin3x dx then let u e x and sin3x so e x and v cos 3x then
dx dx 3
1 x 1 dv
I e cos 3x e x cos 3x dx . Using integration by parts again, let u e x and cos 3x
3 3 dx
du 1
so e x and v sin3x thus giving
dx 3
1 x 1 1 1 1 1
I e cos 3x e x sin3x e x sin3x dx e x cos 3x e x sin3x I so
3 9 9 3 9 9
1
I
10
e x sin3x 3e x cos 3x c .
© Oxford University Press 2019 7
Additional exercise
8.1 Areas and volumes
1 Do not use a GDC for this question
Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of:
a y 2x3 x2 3x 1 , y x3 x2 4x 1
b y x 4 10 , y 10 x2
2 Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of:
2 2
a y e x , y 4 cos x b y x4 1 , y
1 x
1
3 Find the area bounded by the graphs of y 3x , y 5x and y
x3
4 Do not use a GDC for this question
Find the volume of the solid formed by rotating the region enclosed by the graph of the function
and the x -axis through 2 radians about the x -axis in the given interval:
a y x2 2x , 0,2 b y cos x , 0,
2
5 Do not use a calculator for this question
3
A glass is modelled by the function y 7x 2 1 , x 0 rotated 2 radians about the y -axis
between y 1 and y 8 . Find the volume of the glass.
6 Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the region in the first quadrant bounded by
1
the curves y e x and y sin x through 2 radians about the x -axis.
4
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a Graphs cross when 2x3 x2 3x 1 x3 x2 4x 1 x3 2x2 x 2 0 which occurs at
x 1 x 1 x 2 0 , i.e. x 1,1,2 . By considering the shape of the graphs, area is
calculated as
1 2 1 2
x 4 2x 3 x 2 x 4 2x 3 x 2
x x
3
2x 2 x 2 dx 3
2x 2 x 2 dx 2x 2x
1 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
13 19 2 13
12 12 3 12
37
12
b Graphs cross when x 4 10 10 x2 x 4 x2 20 0 x2 5 x2 4 0 . By considering
2 2
1 1 464 464 928
20 x
2
the shape of the graphs, area is x 4 dx 20x x 3 x 5
2 3 5 2 15 15 15
0.932...
2 a From GDC, x 0.932... so area =
0.932...
4 cos x e dx 3.843... 3.84
x2
1.072...
1
b From GDC, x 1.072... so area =
2 x
x4 1 dx 1.218... 1.22
0
1 1
3 From GDC, 5x x 0.6904... and 3x 3 x 0.7576... so area
x3 x
0.6904... 0.7597...
1 x
=
0
(5x 3x ) dx 3 3 dx 0.2620... 0.262
0.6904... x
2 2 2
1 4 496
2
4 a Volume = x 2 2x dx x 4 4x 3 4x 2 dx x5 x 4 x 3
0 0 5 3 0 15
2
1 2
1 1 2 2
b Volume = cos x dx (cos 2x 1) dx
2
4 sin2x 2 x 4
0 0 2 0
2 4
3 8
y 1 3 y 1 3 y 1
5 y 7x 2 1 x , so volume = dy . Let u then volume
7 1 7 7
1
1
7
4
= 7u du 3u 3 3
3
0 0
1 x
6 From GDC, e sin x x 0.3705...,1.364... so volume
4
1.364... 2
1 x
= sin x e dx 0.04686... 0.0469
0.3705... 4
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
8.2 Kinematics
1 A particle travels with velocity v(t ) 1 2t et , 0 t 1 where v is in metres per second and
t is in seconds. If the displacement is 0 when t 0
a Find the particle’s displacement after 1 second.
b Find the total distance travelled in the second.
c Check your answer to b using technology.
2 Do not use a calculator for this question
Given the velocity function v(t ) 3 t , 0 t 3 find
a The times when the particle
i stops ii moves to the left iii moves to the right
b The particle’s displacement at the end of the time interval.
c The total distance travelled.
3 The graph shows the velocity in metres per second of a particle moving along the x -axis. At
t 0 , the particle is 3cm to the right of the origin
a Find the particle’s position at the end of the 5 seconds.
b Find the total distance travelled.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
Answers
dv du
1 2t e et then
t
1 a dt , use integration by parts: let u 1 2t and 2 and v et
dt dt
1 2t e dt 1 2t et 2et c 3 2t et c .
t
giving
3e0 c 0 c 3 s 3 2t et 3 so when t 1 , s e 3
1 1 1 1
1
b v 0 when t so s 2e2 3 giving distance =2e2 3 2e2 3 (e 3) 4e2 e 3
2
2 a i t 3 ii 0t 3 iii Never
3 3 3
1
2 3
2
b 3 t 2 dt
0
3 t 2 32 2 3
3 0 3
c 2 3 as the velocity never changes direction
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 9 9 21
3 a Area = 2 1 2 1 1 , so position = 3
2 3 2 3 2 2 3 6 4 4 4 4
2 1 7 31
b Distance travelled =
3 6 4 12
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
8.3 Ordinary differential equations
(ODEs)
1 Solve each differential equation:
dy 2x 3 dy dy x 2 cos x
a b y sin x c
dx 3y 2 dx dx 3y 3
2 Solve each differential equation given the initial value:
dy dy
a x2 y 2 0 , y(1) 2 b 2xy sec2 x, y(0) 1
dx dx
3 Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate at which an object’s temperature is changing at
any given time is proportional to the difference between its temperature and the temperature
of the surrounding environment.
An object’s temperature is 90 C at 10:00. At 10:30 its temperature is 73 C. If the surrounding
temperature is a constant 25 C ,
a Formulate a differential equation to model this situation
b Find the temperature of the object at 11:00
4 A colony of bacteria grows in population P at a rate proportional to the size of the population.
After 2 hours the population is 700 and after 3 hours it has increased to 800.
a Formulate a differential equation to model this situation
b Solve the differential equation to find an expression for P
c Find what the initial population was
d How many hours will it take for the population to reach 2000
dI I
5 The rate of spread of a disease can be modelled by the logistic equation 0.6I 1
dt 350
where I is the number of people infected. Initially I 20 .
a Solve the differential equation b Find the value of I when t 5
y
6 Solve these differential equations using the substitution v :
x
y 2y 2
a xy x2ex y b x2y y 2 xy x2 c y 2 , y(1) 4
x x
7 Find the general solution of these differential equations:
a y y sin x b xy y x3 x c x2y 2xy sin2x
8 Solve these initial value problems:
dy
a xy y x2 cos x , y 0 b y cot x cosec x , y 3
2 dx 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
9 Use Euler’s method to find approximate solutions to these differential equations at the stated
value, given the initial value and the step length.
2
a y 4y 2 e4 x , y(0) 1 , at x 0.4 , step length 0.1
b y e2 x y 3 , y(0) 3 , at x 0.25 , step length 0.05
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
x4 x4
3y dy 2x 3 dx y 3
2
1 a c y 3 c
2 2
1
y dy sin x dx ln y cos x c y e
cos x c
b Ae cos x
3y 4 x3 4x 3 4
3y dy x
3 2
c cos x dx sin x c y 4 sin x c
4 3 3 3
y3 x3 8 1
y dy x 2 dx
2
2 a c , using y(1) 2 , c c 3 x3 y 3 9
3 3 3 3
1 dv du
y dy 2x sec sec2 x then
2
b x dx using integration by parts, let u 2x and 2
dx dx
2x sec x dx 2x tan x 2 tan x dx 2x tan x 2ln cos x so
2
and v tan x giving
ln y 2x tan x 2ln cos x c y Ae2x tan x cos2 x using y(0) 1 ,
1 Ae0 cos2 0 A 1 y e2 x tan x cos2 x
dT
3 a k T 25
dt
dT
b T 25 kt c ln T 25 kt c T 25 Ae kt . Let t be the number of hours after
10:00, then 90 25 Ae0 A 65 T 25 65ekt and
65
65 2t ln
73 25 65ek 0.5 k 2ln T 25 65e 48
so when t = 1 ,
48
3929
T 60.446... 60.4 C
65
dP
4 a kP
dt
8 8
b P Aekt using Ae2k 700 and Ae3k 800 we get ek k ln 0.1335... and
7 7
8575
A 535.9... so P 536e0.134t
16
c 536
1 2000
d 536e0.134t 2000 t ln 9.861... 9.86 hours
0.134 536
dI 1 1 I I
5 a I(350 I) 0.6t c I 350 I dI 0.6t c ln 350 I 0.6t c 350 I Ae0.6t
20 2
Using the initial condition, Ae0.60 A so
350 20 33
700 0.6t
e
I 2 0.6t 33 700e0.6t
e I
350 I 33 2 0.6t 33 2e0.6t
1 e
33
700e3
b I 192.1 192
33 2e3
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
6 a v xv xex v v ex v ex c y xex cx
dv 1
b x2(v xv ) v 2 x2 vx2 x 2 v xv v 2 v 1 v 2
1
x dx
arctan v ln x c y x tan ln x c
dv dx 1 1
c v xv v 2v 2 2v 2
x
ln x c v
v ln x c
x 1 1 4x
y 4 c y
ln x c c 4 1 4ln x
d
7 a Integrating factor e x , so
dx
e x y e x sin x e x y e x sin x dx . Let u e x and
dv du
e x and v cos x so e sin x dx e x cos x e x cos x dx . Using
x
sin x then
dx dx
dv du
integration by parts again, let u e x and cos x then e x and v sin x so
dx dx
e sin x dx e x cos x e x sin x e x sin x dx 2 e x sin x dx e x cos x e x sin x
x
1
solving this gives e
x
sin x dx
2
e x sin x e x cos x c and so the solution is
1
y
2
sin x cos x cex
1
y
x 2 1 . Integrating factor e x eln x x , giving
dx
b y
x
d 1 1 1 1 c
dx
xy x3 x xy 4 x 4 2 x2 c y 4 x3 2 x x
2
2y sin2x x dx
c y . Integrating factor e e2 ln x x2 , giving
x x2
d 1 c cos 2x
dx
x2y sin2x x 2y cos 2x c y
2 2x 2
1
1 1
y x cos x . Integrating factor e x e ln x , giving
dx
8 a y
x x
d 1 1
y cos x y sin x c y cx x sin x , using the initial value,
dx x x
0c c 1 y x x sin x
2 2
d xc
b Integrating factor e sin xy 1 sin xy x c y sin x
cot x dx
eln sin x sin x , giving
dx
c x 3
Using the initial value, 3 2 c 3 y 2
1 2 sin x
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
9 a
n xn yn dy 2
2 e4 xn 4yn
dx
0 0 1 3
1 0.1 1 3 0.1 0.7 1.840...
2 0.2 0.7 1.840... 0.1 0.5159... 1.237...
3 0.3 0.5159... 1.237... 0.1 0.3922... 1.002...
4 0.4 0.3922... 1.002... 0.1 0.2919...
y(0.4) 0.292
n xn yn dy
e2 xn yn3
dx
0 0 3 26
1 0.05 3 26 0.05 1.7 3.807...
2 0.1 1.7 3.807... 0.05 1.509... 2.218...
3 0.15 1.509... 2.218... 0.05 1.398... 1.386...
4 0.2 1.398... 1.386... 0.05 1.329... 0.8573...
5 0.25 1.329... 0.8573... 0.05 1.286...
y(0.25) 1.29
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
8.4 Limits revisited
1 Use L’Hopital’s Rule to find the following limits if possible:
arctan(x )
sin 3x 1 ln2 x 3
a lim b lim c l im
x 0 x e 2x x 3 x
x
2 1 tan 3
e 3 3
3x 2 cos 2x cos5x
d lim e lim
x e2 3 x x 0 x2
2 Use L’Hopital’s Rule, if possible, to find any asymptotes of these functions:
4 x 3 3x 2 2 x 1 3x
a y b y
1 x x3 x3
3 Compute the Maclaurin polynomials to approximate the following functions around x 0 to the
given order:
a f (x) x2 sin x , order 5 b f (x) cos(2x) , order 4
2 1
c f (x) e2 x , order 6 d f (x) , order 4
1 2x
4 Use an appropriate known Maclaurin or Binomial series to find the Maclaurin expansions for:
1
a y b y e4x c y cos2 x (use cos2x 2 cos2 x 1 )
1 x2
5x 3
5 Use partial fractions to find a Maclaurin series for f (x)
x 2 2x 3
6 Find the following limits using Maclaurin series:
2 2
e x e2 x x 2 cos2 x 1
a lim b lim
x 0 x2 x 0 x 2 cos2 x
7 Use the Binomial Series to find a Maclaurin expansion for:
1 1
a f (x) b f (x)
1 x 3
1 x2
8 a Find the Maclaurin expansion for f (x) 1 x
1
b Show that 50 7 1
49
c Use your answer to a to find 50 correct to 5 decimal places.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
9 Find the first 3 terms of a Maclaurin expansion to approximate the solution of y ye2x ex if
y(0) 1
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
2
sin3x 3 cos 3x 1 ln2x 2x 1
1 a lim lim 3 b lim lim
x 0 x x 0 1 e 2x e 2
x
2 1 x
2
e e
1 1
arctan(x)
3 1 x 2
4 3 3
c l im lim
x 3 x x 3 x 16
tan 3 sec2 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3x 2 6x 6
d lim lim lim , which tends to as x so no finite limit
x e23x x 3e23x x 9e23x
cos 2x cos5x 2 sin2x 5 sin5x 4 cos 2x 25 cos5x 21
e lim lim lim
x 0 x2 x 0 2x x 0 2 2
12x2 6x 2 24x 6 24
2 a lim lim lim 4 so y 4 is a horizontal asymptote
x 1 3x2 x 6 x x 6
ln3 3x lim ln3 3x which tends to as x so no horizontal
2 3
ln3 3x
b lim lim
x 3x 2 x 6x x 6
asymptotes
3 a f (x) sin x f (0) 0 , f (x) cos x f (0) 1 , f (x) sin x f (0) 0 ,
x3 x5 x5
f (x) cos x f (0) 1 so sin x x x 2 sin x x 3
6 120 6
b f (x) cos x f (0) 1 , f (x) sin x f (0) 0 , f (x) cos x f (0) 1 ,
x2 x 4 x6 2x 4
f (x) sin x f (0) 0 so cos x 1 ... cos 2x 1 2x 2
2 24 720 3
c f (x) ex f (0) 1 , f (x) ex f (0) 1 , f (x) ex f (0) 1 , f (x) e x f (0) 1 so
x2 x3 2 4x 6
ex 1 x ... e2 x 1 2x 2 2x 4
2 6 3
f (x) 1 2x f (0) 1 , f (x) 2 1 2x f (0) 2 , f (x) 4 1 2x
1 2 3
d f (0) 4 ,
f (x) 12 1 2x f (0) 12 f (4)(x) 48 1 2x
4 4
f (4)(0) 48 so
1 2x
1
1 2x 4x2 8x3 16x 4
1 2 ..... 1 n 1 4x
n n
4n
4 a
n 0 n!
x
2
x
n 0
2n
b
n 0 n!
n!x
n 0
n
n 2x
2n
2n 1
1 1 1 1
n 2
c 1 cos 2x 1 1 x 2n
2 2 2 n 0 2n ! 2 n0 2n !
5x 3 A B
5 5x 3 A(x 3) B(x 1) , let x 1 to find A 2 and let x 3
x 2 2x 3 x 1 x 3
1
5x 3 2 3 x
2 1 x 1 . So
1
to find B 3 . So 2
x 2x 3 x 1 x 3 3
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
5x 3 1 2 .... 1 n 1 1 2 .... 1 n 1 x n
2 x
n
2
x 2x 3 n 0
n! n! 3
n x
n 1 n
n
2 x n
1
3
2 3 x
n 0 n 0
6 a
x4
2
e x e2 x
2
2
1 x
2
... 1 2x 2 2x 4 ... 3
3x 2 x 4 ... 3
3 x 2 ...
lim lim lim 2 lim 2 3
x 0 x2 x 0 x2 x 0 x2 x 0 1
b From 4c cos2 x 1 x2 ... so lim
x 2 cos2 x 1
lim
x 2 1 x 2 ... 1
2x 2 ...
lim 2 2
x 0 2 2
x cos x x 0 2 2
x 1 x ...
x 0 x ...
1 3 1
1 2 2 ..... 2 n 1
1 x 1 n x n
7 a 2
n 0 n !
1 4 1
1 3 3 ..... 3 n 1
1 x x 2n
2
b 3
n 0 n!
1 1 1
1 2 2 ..... 2 n 1
x n
8 a 1 x 2
n!
n 0
1
b 50 49 1 7 1
49
1 1 1 1
2
1 1
3
5 1
4
c From part a, 50 7 1 ... 7.07107
2 49 8 49 16 49 128 49
9 y(0) 1 , y ye2x ex y ye2x ex y(0) 2 , y 2ye2x ye2x ex y(0) 5 so
5x 2
y( x ) 1 2 x
2
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
9.1 Geometrical representation of
vectors and basic operations
1 ABCD is a square and E is the midpoint of AD.
Letting AD u and AB v , write the following in terms of u and v:
a AC
b DB
c CE
2 Show that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
3 OABC is a tetrahedron (triangle based pyramid) as shown in the diagram.
The centroid of the tetrahedron is defined to be the point X such that
1
OX a b c
4
1
Show that AX meets the base OBC at the point Y such that OY b + c
3
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a uv
b v-u
1
c -v - u
2
2 Let parallelogram be ABCD so AB=DC and AD=BC
Let E be the midpoint of diagonal AC
AE=
1
2
AB + BC
Let F be the midpoint of diagonal BD
1
2
1
AE= AB + BC + CD
2
1
2
1
= AB + BC AB
2
1
2
AB + BC
So proved.
1 1 1 3
AX = a + b + c - a b + c - a
4 4 4 4
1 1 4
AY = b + c - a AX
3 3 3
So Y lies on AX.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
9.2 Introduction to vector algebra
1 Given a 3i 2j, b 4i 3j, find
a 2a - b
1 3
b a+ b
3 4
2 If express the following as linear combinations of p and q:
a i + 3j
b 5i - 7j
3 A, B and C have coordinates (1,2,1), (3,4,-2) and (2,7,-4) respectively. If ABCD is a
parallelogram, find the coordinates of D.
4 Find a unit vector in the direction of these vectors:
a 8i -15j
b 3i - j- 7k
5 Find the vectors of length 3 parallel to:
a 4i - 5j
b 3i - 4j-12k
6 A is the point (1,2,4), B is the point (2,3,7) and C is the point (4,-1,4). Find the lengths of AB,
AC and BC.
Hence show that BAC=90 .
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a 2i - 7j
19
b 4i + j
12
2 a i + 3j ap bq
2a 3b 1, a b 3
a 2, b 1
i + 3j 2p q
b 5i 7 j ap bq
2a 3b 5, a b 7
16 19
a ,b
5 5
16 19
5i 7 j p q
5 5
2
3 AB 2
3
So D has coordinates (0,5,-1).
8 15
4 a i- j
17 17
3 1 7
b i- j k
59 59 59
12 15
5 a i j
61 61
9 12 36
b i j k
13 13 13
6 AB 11, AC 18 and BC 29
BC 2 AB2 AC 2
So by Pythagoras BAC=90 .
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
9.3 Scalar product and its properties
1 Find the scalar product of the vectors a and b.
a a 2, b 3, 45
b a 3, b 4,
5
2 If a=2i-3b+2k and b = 3i-5j+k find
a a.b
b the angle between a and b.
3 Given the vectors a and b such that a + b and 2a – b are perpendicular and a – b and 4a + b
are perpendicular, find the angle between a and b.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
3 2
1 a 3.
2
b 3 4 cos 9.708... 9.71
5
2 a a.b 23
23
b cos 19.45... 19.5
17 35
2 a b a.b 0 a.b b 2 a
2 2 2 2
3
4 a b 3a.b 0 3a.b 4 a b
2 2 2 2
So 4 a b 3 b 6 a
2 2 2 2
10
b a
2
1 2
a
a.b 1
cos 2
a b 10 2 10
a
2
71.56... 71.6
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
9.4 Vector equation of a line
1 Find a vector equation of the line passing through the points:
a (1,3) and (2,4)
b (3,-7) and (6,5)
2 Find a vector equation of the line that passes through the point (1,-4) and has normal
vector i - 3j .
x2 y3
3 The line L: = and the point T: (4,2) are given.
4 5
Find a vector equation of the line that:
a is parallel to L and passes through T.
b passes through T and the intersection of L and the line 8 i 2 3 j .
4 Find a vector equation of the line passing through the points (1,-2,3) and (4,1,-1).
5 Show that the lines
x 2 y 1 z 1
L1 : and
3 4 2
x 1 y 2
L2 : z 5
2 3
are skew.
6 Find the point of intersection of the lines
x 1 y 1 z 3
L1 : and
2 3 4
x 1 z 1
L2 : y .
2 3
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a r i + 3j i + j
b r 3i 7 j 3i + 12 j
2 r i 4 j 3i + j
3 a r 4i + 2 j 4i 5j
b Lines intersect where
2 4 8 4 6
3 5 2 3 5 3 1
1, 2
so intersect at (6,-8)
and vector equation is r= 4i + 2j + 2i -10j
4 r i - 2j + 3k 3i + 3j- 4k
x 2 3 x 1 2
5 Lines are y 1 4 and y 2 3
z 1 2 z 5 1
From x and y equations
2+3 = 1 2 3 2 3
1+4 =2 3 4 3 1
11, 15
Since these do not satisfy the z equation and the lines are clearly not parallel,
the lines must be skew.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
x 1 2 x 1 2
6 Lines are y 1 3 and y 0 1
z 3 4 z 1 3
From x and y equations
1+2 = 1 2 1
1+3 3 1
1, 2
Since these satisfy the z equation the lines meet at (3,2,7).
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
9.5 Vector product and properties
1 Find the vector product of:
a i - 2j + 3k and 2i + 3j- 4k
1 1 2 1 1
b i - j + k and i - j k.
2 3 3 4 2
2 Find the area of the parallelogram enclosed by the vectors
3i - j + 2k and i - 4j + 5k.
3 Show that the points A (1,2,3), B (4,1,7), C (3,-2,0) and D (2,5,10) are coplanar using the
mixed product.
4 AB = 2i + 3j- k , AC = 3i - j + 4k and AD = 5i + j + 7k.
Find the volume of the pyramid ABCD.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a
1 2 1
2 3 10 -i + 10j + 7k
3 4 7
1 2 1
2 3 12
1 1 5 1 i + 5 j+ 7 k
3 4 12 12 12 72
1 1 7
2 72
3 1 3
1 4 13
2 5 11
So area = 299
3 2 1
AB 1 , AC 4 , AD 3
4 3 7
19
AB AC 17
10
19 1
17 . 3 0
10 7
So points are coplanar.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
2 3 5
AB 3 , AC 1 , AD 1
4 4 7
16
AB AC 4
11
16 5
4 . 1 7
11 7
7
So volume = .
6
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
9.6 Vector equation of a plane
1 Find the vector equation of the plane given by the vectors
3 1
u 1 , v 3 and the point 7, 0, 3 .
2 7
2 A plane passes through the points (2,1,3), (1,0,-1) and (5,4,7). Find:
a the vector equation of the plane
b the parametric equations of the plane
c the Cartesian equation of the plane.
3 Find the Cartesian equation of the plane in question 1.
4 Find the point of intersection of the planes x y z 4, 2 x y 3z 21 and
3x 4 y z 4.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
7 3 1
1 r 0 1 3
3 2 7
2 1 3
2 a r 1 1 3
3 4 4
b x 2 3
y 1 3
z 3 4 4
c x y 1
1
3 u × v 23
10
So Cartesian equation is x 23 y 10 z 23
4 From first two equations 3x 4 z 25
From last two equations 11x 13z 80
So 5x 5 x 1, z 7, y 2
So point of intersection is (1,2,-7)
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
9.7 Lines, planes and angles
1 Find the point of intersection of the line
3 y z 1
x2 and the plane 2 x y 4 z 25 .
4 6
2 Find the values of the real parameter m such that the line
x y 1 z 2
is parallel to the plane mx my 5z 7 .
m 3 2
3 Find the distance between the point (1,2,-3) and the plane
x 3 y 4 z 32 .
4 a Show that the planes x yz 4 and 2x 2 y 2z 6 are parallel.
b Find the distances between the two planes.
5 Find the distance between the parallel lines
r = 1+2 i + 3- j+ 4 -1 k and
x3 2 z
5 y .
2 4
6 Show that the lines
4 1
y 3 z 7
r = 1 1 and x2 are skew.
1 1 2 4
Find the distance between them.
7 a Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes
x y 2z 4 and x y 2z 4 .
b Determine the angle between the two planes.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
8 Show that the lines
1 1 0 1
r = 2 1 and r = 3 1 intersect and
2 0 2 3
find the angle between the two lines.
9 Find the angle between the line
x 1 1 y z
and the plane x 2 y 4z 7 .
3 2 6
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 r 2 i 3 4 j 1 6 k
So intersects plane where
4 2 3 4 4 24 25
22 3 25
1
So intersect at (3,-1,5)
2 Parallel to plane if
m m
3 . m 0
2 5
m 2 3m 10 0
m 2 or 5.
3 Consider the line
1 2
r= 2 3
3 4
So meets plane where
2 4 6 9 12 16 32
16
29
3 106 151
And meets plane at , ,
29 29 29
2 2 2
3 106 151
So distance = 1 2 3
29 29 29
3.029... 3.03
4 a Planes are clearly parallel by looking at the normal vectors.
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
b Consider the point (2,0,2) on x yz 4
Normal through that point is
2 1
r= 0 1
2 1
So meets the second plane where
1
4 2 2 4 2 6
3
3
distance =
3
5 Consider vector joining (1,3,-1) to a point on the second line.
1 3 2 4 2
3 5 2
1 2 4 3 4
This is normal to the line when
4 2 2
2 . 1 0
3 4 4
8 4 2 12 16 0
2
21
So distance
2 2 2
4 2 8
= 4 2 3
21 21 21
5.367... 5.37
6 Lines are:
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
2 1 4 1
r = 3 2 , r = 1 1
7 4 1 1
If lines intersect then
2
2 1
4 6
1 5
First two equations = ,
3 3
But these do not satisfy the third equation so, since the lines are clearly not parallel,
they must be skew.
Vector joining 2 points is given by
2
2 1
4 6
If perpendicular to both lines then
2 1
2 1 . 2 0 21 7 24 0
4 6 4
2 1
2 1 . 1 0 7 3 5 0
4 6 1
37 9
,
14 2
So distance
2 2 2
37 9 37 9 37 9
= 2 2 1 4 6
14 2 14 2 14 2
0.2672... 0.267
7 a (0,0,-2) and (1,1,-1) lie on line of intersection
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
0 1
So r = 0 1
2 1
3
b cos
6 14
So taking acute angle =70.89... 70.9 .
8 Lines clearly intersect when 1, 0
2
Angle is given by cos
2 11
64.76 64.8 .
9 Angle between line and normal is given by
17
cos 122.00...
7 21
So =58.00 taking acute angle
So angle between line and plane 32.0 .
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
9.8 Application of vectors
1 A particle moves with constant speed in such a way that, at time t seconds, its position in
metres is given by
7 4t
r 2 3t .
5 t
a Find its position at 𝑡 = 2.
b Find the speed of the particle.
c When will it cross the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5?
2 Two speedboats are sailing in such a way that their positions are given by
200 4.2t 146 13.8t
r1 , r2
100 4.8t 61 5.7t
Show that they do not collide.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a
15
r 4
3
= 42 3 12
2
b Speed
5.099... 5.10ms1
c 7 4t 2 3t 5 t 5
4 2t 5
t 0.5s
2 200 4.2t1 146 13.8t2 4.2t1 13.8t2 54
100 4.8t1 61 5.7t2 4.8t1 5.7t2 39
t1 20, t2 10
So, since times are different, they do not collide.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
10.1 Forms of a complex number
1 Given the following module and argument, draw the corresponding complex number on a
Cartesian plane.
a z 1 , arg(z)
2
3
b z 2 , arg(z)
4
11
c z 2 , arg(z)
6
2 Convert the following complex numbers to polar form.
a z 6i
b z 6 3 6i
c z 3 4i
3 Convert the following complex numbers to Cartesian form.
i
a z 4e 3
b z 4cis240
c z 8cis
4
d z 5cis 30
4 Given z 1 3i , find z * and z * in polar form.
5 If u 2 4i and v 4 mi , find m when v 4 u .
2 7
6 Simplify cis cis .
5 10
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a This is a circle centered at the origin with radius of 1 and ray drawn from the origin at an
angle of .
2
b This is a circle centered at the origin with radius of 2 and ray drawn from the origin at an
3
angle of .
4
c This is a circle centered at the origin with radius of 2 and ray drawn from the origin at an
11
angle of .
6
6
2
2 a Modulus 0 6i 6
6
Argument arctan arctan undefined
0
2
6i 6cis
2
6 3
2
6 108 36 144 12
2
b Modulus 6 3 6i
6 1 5
Argument arctan arctan
6 3 3 6
5
6 3 6i 12cis
6
3 4 9 16 25 5
2 2
c Modulus 3 4i
4
Argument arctan 0.927
3
3 4i 5cis0.927
i
5 5 1 3 5 5 3
3 a z 4e 3
4cis 5cos 5isin 5 5i i
3 3 3 2
2 2 2
4 4 1 3
b z 4cis240 4cos 4isin 4 4i 2 2 3i
3 3 2 2
2 2
c z 8cis 8cos 8isin 8 8i 4 2 4 2i
4 4 4
2 2
11 11 3 1 5 3 5
d z 5cis 30 5cos 5isin 5 5i i
6 6 2 2 2 2
4 z* 1 3i
2
1
2
1 3i 3 13 4 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
3
arg 1 3i arctan
1
arctan 3 43
4
z * 2cis
3
z* 1 3i
3
2
1
2
1 3i 13 4 2
arg 1 3i = arctan 3 3
z * 2cis
3
5 If u 2 4i and v 4 mi , find m when v 4 u .
u 4 16 2 5
v 16 m2
16 m2 4 2 5 8 5
8 5
2 2
16 m2
16 m2 64 5 320
m2 304
m 304
2 7 2 7 15 3 3 3
6 cis cis cis cis cis cos isin i
5 10 5 10 10 2 2 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
10.2 Operations with complex
numbers in polar form
3 4i 2 3i 2 2i
2
1 Simplify .
5
2 If z1 2cis and z2 3cis find z1z2 .
4 6
7
3 Given z1 5cis and z2 2cis , find
6 4
a z1z2 in polar form
b z1z2 in Euler’s form
z1
c
z2
z2
d
z1
u
4 If u 1 3i and v 2 i , find in polar form.
v
u*
5 For question 4, find in polar form.
v
6 Simplify the following in Cartesian form.
3 i 2 i
2
i
a
i3
b
2i
4 3i 2 2i
c
2 2i
2
3
7 Given z z 3 i , find z .
3 1
8 Consider z1 cis 225 and z2 i.
2 2
z1
a Find in both polar form and Cartesian form.
z2
b Hence, find the exact value for sin225 .
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
u
9 Let u,v be two non-zero complex numbers. If uv * u*v =0, show that has no real part.
v
10 Find the sum of 1 i i 2 i 3 i100 i101 .
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
3 4i 2 3i 2 2i
2
1
3 4i 2 3i 2 2i 2 2i
6 9i 8i 12 4 4i 4i 4
18 i 8i
18 7i
5
2 z1z2 6cis
4 6
3 10
z1z2 6cis
12 12
13
z1z2 6cis
12
7 2 21 23
3 a z1z2 10cis 10cis 10cis
6 4 12 12 12
23
i
b z1z2 10e 12
5cis
c
z1
6 5 cis 7 5 cis 2 21 5 cis 19 5 cis 5
7
z2 2 6 4 2 12 12 2 12 2 12
2cis
4
7
2cis
d
z2
4 2 cis 7 2 cis 21 2 2 cis 19
z1 5 4 6 5 12 12 5 12
5cis
6
4 u 12 32 10
arg u arctan 3 1.24905
u 10cis 1.24905
v 22 1 5
2
1
arg v arctan 5.81954
2
v 5cis 5.81954
u 10
cis 1.24905 5.81954
v 5
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
u
2cis 4.57049
v
u
2cis 1.71
v
5 u* 1 3i
u* 12 3 10
2
arg u* arctan 3 5.03414
u* 10cis 5.03414
u* 10
cis 5.03414 5.81954
v 5
u*
2cis 0.7854
v
u*
2cis 5.50
v
3 i 2 i
2
6 a i
3 i 4 2i 2i 1 i
3 i 3 4i i
9 12i 3i 4 i
13 9i i
13 10i
i3 i i 1 i 2 1 1 2i 1 2
b i
2 i 2 i 2 i 2 i 2 i 2 i 2 i 5 5 5
4 3i 2 2i 4 3 2i 7 2i 7 2i 7 2i i 2 7i 1 7
c i
2 2i
3
2
2 2i
2
4 4i 4i 4 8i 8i i 8 4 8
7 Let z a bi
a bi a bi 3 i
a2 b2 a bi 3 i
Equating imaginary parts:
bi i
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
b 1
Equating real parts:
a2 b2 a 3
a2 1 a 3
2
a2 1 3 a
2
3 a
2
a2 1
a2 1 9 6a a2
1 9 6a
8 6a
4
a
3
4
z i
3
o 2 2
8 a z1 e225 cis225o cos225o isin225o i
2 2
3 1
z2 i
2 2
2 2
3 1 3 1
z2 1
2 2 4 4
1
1
arg z2 arctan 2 arctan 330
o
3 3
2
3 1 o
z2 i cis330o e330
2 2
o
z1 e225
330o e105 e225 cos225 isin225
z2 e
2 2 3 1
z1 i i
2 2 2 2
z2 3 1 3 1
i i
2 2 2 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
6 2 6 2
z1 i i
4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2i
z2 3 1 4 4
4 4
6 2
b sin225
4
9 Let u a bi and v c di .
Therefore u* a bi and v * c di .
uv * u*v =0
a bi c di a bi c di =0
ac adi bci bd ac dai bci bd =0
2ac 2bd 0
ac bd 0
u a bi
v c di
u a bi c di
v c di c di
u ac adi bci bd
v c2 d2
u ac bd bci adi
2 2 i
v c d2 c d2
u ac bd
Re 2
v c d2
u
But since ac bd 0 , Re 0.
v
i2 i 3
10 It is a geometric sequence since r 2 i
i i
1 i 1 1 2 1 i 2 1 i
102
S102 1 i
1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
10.3 Powers and roots of complex
numbers in polar form
6
1 Use De Moivre’s theorem to calculate 3i .
5
2 Simplify 2i 2 .
3 Find the two square roots of u 5 12i.
z2 1
4 Show that if z cis , then itan.
z2 1
5 i
3
5 Given that z1 1 i and z2 3e 6
, find z12 z2* .
6 Solve z 3 64i .
7 Solve z 4 4 4i .
8 Given then z cos isin , show that:
1
a Im z n n 0, z 1
z
z 1
2cos n , n
b Re
z 1
9 Determine the solution of the equation z 2i 216i giving your answer in Cartesian form.
3
7 3 4
10 If z 3 3i and u cis , find z u in Euler’s form.
6
11 Find all values of n such that z 2 2i is a real number.
n
a
and z 1 i , find the smallest positive integers a and b so that u z .
b
12 Given u 1 3i
13 a If v 1 cos2x isin2x , find the modulus and argument of v in terms of x .
b Hence, find the cube roots of v in Cartesian form.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 Let u 3 i
u 3 1 2
1
arg u arctan
3 6
u 2cis
6
u6 26 cos6 isin6
6 6
u6 64cos 64isin
u6 64 1 64i 0
u6 64
6
3i 64
2 Let u 2 i 2
u 22 2
2 7
arg u arctan arctan 1
2 4
7
u 2cis
4
7 7
u5 25 cos5 isin5
4 4
35 35
u5 32 cos isin
4 4
3 3
u5 32 cos isin
4 4
2 2
u5 32 i
2 2
u5 16 2 16 2i
3 u 5 12i
u 25 144 13
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
12
arg u arctan 1.97
5
u 13cis 1.97
1
u 13cis 1.97
2
u 13cis 0.985
u 13 cos 0.985 13isin 0.0985
u 2 3i
2
To find n roots, they will be apart, so for 2 roots, they will be apart.
n
Therefore the second root 13cis 0.985 or 2 3i .
The two square roots are 2 3i and 2 3i .
4 z cis cos isin
z2 cis2 cos2 isin2
z 2 1 cos2 isin2 1
z 2 1 cos2 isin2 1
z 2 1 isin2 1 cos2
z 2 1 isin2 1 cos2
z2 1
i 2sin cos 2 sin2
z 2 1 i 2sin cos (2 2 sin2 )
z2 1
i 2sin cos i 2 2 sin2
z 1 i 2sin cos 2(1 sin2 )
2
z2 1 2isin cos isin
z 2 1 i 2sin cos 2 cos2
z 2 1 2isin cos isin
z 2 1 2cos cos isin
z 2 1 isin
z 2 1 cos
z2 1
itan
z2 1
5 z1 1 i
z1 1 1 2
7
arg z1 arctan 1
4
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
7 7
z1 2cos i 2sin
4 4
14 14
z12 2cos 2isin
4 4
3 3
z12 2cos i2sin
2 2
z12 2i
5 5
z2 3cos 3isin
6 6
5 5
z2* 3cos 3isin
6 6
15 15
z
3
*
2 27cos i27sin
6 6
z
3
*
2 27cos i27sin
2
2
z
3
*
2 27i
3
z12 z2* 2i 27i 54
6 From GDC: x 4i, 2 3 2i,2 3 2i
7 z 4 4 4i
1
z 4 4i 4
Let u 4 4i .
5
u 16 16 32 22
4 5
arg u arctan arctan 1
4 4
5
5
u 22 cis
4
1
5 5 4
z 22 cis
4
1
5 4 5 5
z 22 cos isin
16 16
5
5 5
z 28 cos isin
16 16
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
2
To find n roots, they will be apart, so for 4 roots, they will be apart
n 2
5 5 5
5 5 5 8 5 8 13 13
z 28 cos isin 28 cos isin 2 8
cos isin
16 2 16 2 16 16 16 16 16 16
Likewise,
5 5 5 5
5 5 8 13 13 8 21 21 8 29 29
z 28 cos isin ,2 cos isin ,2 cos isin ,2 cos isin
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
8 a z cos isin
z n cos n isin n
1
z n cos n isin n
zn
1
zn cos n isin n cos n isin n
zn
1
zn
zn
cos n cos n i sin n sin n
1
Im z n n = sin n sin n sin n sin n 0
z
1
b Re z n n cos n cos n cos n cos n 2cos n
z
z 2i
3
9 216i
z 2i
3
216 cos isin
2
2
1
3
z 2i 216 cos isin
2 2
3 1
z 2i 6 cos isin 6 i 3 3 3i
6 6 2
2
z 3 3i
2 2
To find n roots, they will be apart, so for 3 roots, they will be apart.
n 3
Second root:
2 2
z 2i 6 cos isin
6 3 6 3
4 4
z 2i 6 cos isin
6 6 6 6
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
Additional exercise
5 5
z 2i 6 cos isin
6 6
3 1
z 2i 6 i 3 3 3i
2 2
Third root:
5 2 5 2
z 2i 6 cos isin
6 3 6 3
5 4 5 4
z 2i 6 cos isin
6 6 6 6
9 9
z 2i 6 cos isin
6 6
3 3
z 2i 6 cos isin
2 2
z 2i 6i
z 8i
z 3 3 3i,3 3 i, 8i
10 z 3 3i
z 32 3 9 9 3 2
2
7
arg z arctan 1
4
3
3 7
z 3 2cis
4
21
3
z3 3 2 cis
4
5
z 3 27 23 cis
4
5
i
z 3 27 23 e 4
7
u cis
6
28
u4 cis
6
2
u4 cis
3
2
i
u4 e 3
© Oxford University Press 2019 6
Additional exercise
i i
5 2
z 3u4 27 23 e 4 e 3
23
i
z 3u4 27 23 e 12
11 Let u 2 2i
u 22 22 4 4 2 2
arg u arctan 1
4
z 2 2i
n
n
n
n n
z 2 2 cos + 2 2 isin
4 4
n
For z to be a real number, sin 0 for n 0, 4, 8,
4
n
k , k
4
n 4k, k
a
12 u 1 3i
1 3i 1 3 2
arg 1 3i arctan 3 43
a
4
u 2cis
3
4a
u 2a cis
3
z 1 i
b
1 i 11 2
arg 1 i arctan 1
4
b
z 2cis
4
b b
z 2 cis
4
uz
4a b b
2a cis 2 cis
3 4
© Oxford University Press 2019 7
Additional exercise
Equating real parts:
b
2a 2
1
b
2a 22
1
a b
2
2a b
Equating imaginary parts:
4a b
2k , k
3 4
4a 2a
2k
3 4
16a 6a
2k
12 12
10a 24k
12 12
10a 24k
12k
a
5
The smallest value of k such that a is an integer is 5.
a 12
b 24
13 a v 1 cos2x isin2x
1 cos2x sin2x
2 2
v
v 1 2cos2x cos22x sin22x
v 1 2cos2x 1
v 2 2cos2x
v 2(1 cos2x )
v 2(2sin2 x )
v 4sin2 x
v 2sinx
Let arg v
© Oxford University Press 2019 8
Additional exercise
sin2x
tan
1 cos2x
2sinxcosx
tan
2sin2 x
cosx
tan
sinx
tan cotx
arg v arctan tan x
2
arg v x
2
1
1 1 3
b v 1 cos2x isin2x
3 3 2sinx cos x isin x
2 2
1 1 1 x 2 2k x 2 2k
v 2
3 3
sinx 3 cos
3
isin
3
, where k 1,0,1 .
© Oxford University Press 2019 9
Additional exercise
11.1 Axiomatic probability systems
1 A bag contains 6 red balls and 4 white balls. Two balls are picked out at random. Find the
probability that:
a both were white
b one was red and the other was white.
2 The events A and B are such that P( A) 0.3, P( B) 0.6 and P( A B) 0.25. Find:
a P( A B )
b P( A B).
3 This Venn diagram shows the languages studied by 100 students in a year group in a school.
Find the probability that a student chosen at random:
a studies French
b studies French and German
c studies Spanish but no other language
d studies French given that they do not study German.
4 The events A and B are such that P( A) 0.4, P( B / A) 0.7 and P( B / A) 0.5 .
Find:
a P( B)
b P( A B) .
5 There are three districts in a city. 40% of citizens live in district A, 35% live in district B and
25% live in district C. The unemployment rates of citizens in districts A, B and C are
respectively 10%, 8% and 5%.
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
a Find the probability that a randomly selected citizen is unemployed.
b Given that a randomly selected citizen is unemployed, find the probability that they come
from district A.
6 A bag contains 6 blue counters and 4 red counters. I take two counters out at random. My
friend John then selects a counter at random. If he selects a blue counter, calculate the
probability that both counters I took were red.
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
4 3 2
1 a
10 9 15
4 6 8
b 2
10 9 15
2 a 0.65
b 0.35
3 a 0.58
b 0.23
c 0.17
F G 35
d
G 59
4 a P( B) P( B A) P( B A)
P( B / A) P( A) P( B / A) P( A)
0.7 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.58
b 0.28
5 a P(U ) P(U / A) P( A) P(U / B) P( B) P(U / C) P(C)
0.1 0.4 0.08 0.35 0.05 0.25
0.0805
P( A U )
b 0.4968...
P(U )
0.497
6 By Bayes’ Theorem
P( B / RR) P( RR)
P( RR / B)
P( B / RR) P( RR) P( B / BB ) P ( BB ) P ( B / RB ) P ( RB )
3 4 3
4 10 9
3 4 3 1 6 5 5 6 4
2
4 10 9 2 10 9 8 10 9
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
1
6
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
11.2 Probability distributions
1 The discrete random variable X has probability distribution given by
P( X x) kx(6 x), x 1, 2,3, 4,5 .
a Find the value of k.
b Find the mode.
2 Find E(X) for the following probability distribution
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(x=X) 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.15
3 Two counters are selected at random from a bag containing 5 red counters and 3 blue counters.
Find the expected number of red counters selected.
4 A discrete random variable has a PDF given by the following table:
x 1 2 3 4
P(X=x) 1 1 1 1
12 6 2 4
Find:
a E( X )
b E(2 X -1)
c E( X 2 )
d Var( X )
e the standard deviation of X.
5 Two fair dice are rolled and the absolute difference D between the two numbers is noted.
a Construct a probability distribution for D.
b Find E(D) and Var(D).
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
6 A random variable S has probability distribution given by
S ks 2 5 s s 2,3, 4.
a Find the value of k.
b Find the mode of S.
c Find E(S) and Var(S).
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a 5k 8k 9k 8k 5k 1
1
k
35
b Mode is 3.
2 0+0.1+0.6+1.2+0.6=2.5
3 Probability distribution is
r 0 1 2
P(R=r) 3 15 5
28 28 14
35 5
So E(R) =
28 4
1 1 3 35
4 a 1
12 3 2 12
35 29
b 2 1
12 6
1 2 9 37
c 4
12 3 2 4
2
37 35 107
d
4 12 144
107
e 0.8620... 0.862
144
5 a
d 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(D=d) 1 5 2 1 1 1
6 18 9 6 9 18
35 665
b E( D) , Var( D)
18 324
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
1
6 a 12k 18k 16k 1 k
46
b Mode =3
71 318
c E( S ) , Var( S )
23 529
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
11.3 Continuous random variables
1 A continuous random variable X has PDF f ( x) where
kx x 1 0 x 1
2
f ( x)
0 otherwise
a Find the value of the constant k.
b Find P 0.3 X 0.7 .
2 A continuous random variable X has PDF f ( x) where
ax 3 x 0 x 3
f ( x)
0 otherwise
a Find the value of a. b Find E( X )
c Find Var( X ) . d Find the mode of X.
3 A continuous random variable X has PDF given by
1
x sin x 0 x
f ( x)
0 otherwise
3
a Find the exact value of P x
4 4
2 4
b Show that E( X ) .
c Use the GDC to find the median and mode.
4 A continuous random variable X has PDF given by
ax3 +bx 0 x 2
f ( x)
0 otherwise
Given that the median is 1,
a Find a and b. b Find E( X ) and Var( X ) .
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
kx x 1 dx 1
2
1 a
0
k x3 2 x 2 x dx 1
0
1
1 2 1
k x 4 x3 x 2 1
4 3 2 0
k 12
0.7
b 3x 4 8 x3 6 x 2
0.3
0.568
3
3 1
2 a a x 2 x3 1
2 3 0
2
a
9
3
2
9 x (3 x)dx
2
b
0
3
2 1
x3 x 4
9 18 0
3
2
3
2 9
c Var( X ) x3 (3 x)dx
0
9 4
3
1 2 9
x4 x4
6 45 0 4
9
20
d 2 2 4
d x 3 x x
dx 9 3 9
3
=0 when x=
2
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
d2 y
and this is a maximum because 0
dx 2
3
so mode =
2
3
4
1
3 a x sin xdx
4
Use integration by parts
3
1
x cos x sin x 4
4
1 3 1 1
4 2 2 4 2 2
1
2
1
1
x
2
b sin xdx
0
Use integration by parts twice
1 2 1
x cos x 2 x cos xdx
0
1 1
x 2 cos x 2 x sin x 2 cos x
0
1
2 4
2 4
1
c m cos m sin m 0.5
median 1.905... 1.91
d
x sin x x cos x sin x
dx
Mode is when this = 0
By GDC
Mode = 2.028... 2.03
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
ax
bx dx 1
3
4 a
0
2
1 1
ax 4 bx 2 1
4 2 0
4a 2b 1
1
ax
bx dx 0.5
3
0
1
1 1
ax 4 bx 2 0.5
4 2 0
a 2b 2
1 7
a ,b
3 6
1 7
2
b E ( X ) x 4 x 2 dx
0
3 6
2
1 7
x5 x3
15 18 0
44
45
2
1 7 44
2
Var( X ) x 5 x 3 dx
0
3 6 45
2 2
1 7 4 44
x6 x
18 24 0 45
314
2025
© Oxford University Press 2019 4
Additional exercise
11.4 Binomial distribution
1 Give that X B(10,0.4) , find
a P( X 4)
b P( X 8)
c P(3 X 6)
2 Given that X B(7,0.3) , find:
a E( X )
b Var( X )
c The most likely value of X.
1
3 Given that X B(6, ) :
2
3
a Show that P( X 5) .
32
b Construct a probability distribution.
c Find E( X ) .
d Find Var( X ) .
e Find the mode.
2
4 The probability that it rains in April on any given day in a UK city is . In any given week in
3
April find the probability that it will rain on:
a exactly four days b less than three days c at least five days.
5 Use your GDC statistical functions to answer this question.
If I roll a fair die 100 times:
a What is the probability that I obtain 10 sixes?
b What is the probability that I obtain more than 20 sixes?
c What is the most likely number of sixes?
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
10 4 6
1 a 0.4 0.6 0.2508... 0.251
4
10 9
0.4 0.6 0.4 0.001677... 0.00168
10
b
9
10 3 7 10 4 6 10 5 5 10 6 4
c 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6
3 4 5 6
0.7779... 0.778
2 a 7 0.3 2.1
b 7 0.3 0.7 1.47
c By inspection P(1)=0.247…, P(2)=0.318…, P(3)=0.226… so most likely value is 2.
3 a
6 1
6
3
5 2 32
b
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X=x) 1 3 15 5 15 3 1
64 32 64 16 64 32 64
1
c 6 3
2
1 1 3
d 6
2 2 2
e Mode =3.
7 2 1
4 3
560
4 a
4 3 3 2187
7 6 2 5
1 2 1 2 1 11
b 7 21
3 3 3 3 3 243
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
Additional exercise
7 6 2 5
2 1 2 1 2 416
c 7 21
3 3 3 3 3 729
1
5 Using the fact that X B 100, and GDC
6
a 0.002140... 0.00214
b 0.1518... 0.152
c By inspection, P(15) 0.1002..., P(16) 0.1065...
and P(16) 0.1052...
so most likely value is 16.
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
Additional exercise
11.5 The normal distribution
1 Given X N (3,52 ) , find:
a P(1.6 X 2.6)
b P( X 4)
c P( X 3.2)
2 Bags of sugar have weights normally distributed with mean 1010g and standard deviation 4g. If
a bag is selected at random, what is the probability that it weighs less than 1kg?
3 Given X N (17,3.6) :
a Find P(14 X 18)
b Find x if P( X x) 0.07
4 If X N (10, 2 ) , find the value of 2 given that P( X 11) 0.372 .
5 If X N ( , 2 ) , find the values of and , given that P( X 3) 0.271 and
P( X 8) 0.954 .
6 Bags of cement are labelled as weighing 50kg. If the mean weight of the bags is 50.5kg, what
value of 2 will ensure that 95% of the bags weigh at least 50kg?
© Oxford University Press 2019 Additional exercise 1
Additional exercise
Answers
1 a 0.003100... 0.00310
b 0.4207... 0.421
c 0.5159... 0.516
2 0.006209... 0.00621
3 a 0.6439... 0.644
b 14.19... 14.2
4
1
0.3265...
2 9.377... 9.38
5
3
0.6097... 3 0.6097...
8
1.6849... 8 1.6849...
2.178... 2.18
4.328... 4.33
0.5
6 1.644... 2 0.09240 0.0924
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
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