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22 views9 pages

MUCLecture_2022_41733584

Uploaded by

msa023488
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physics of Medical Devices

seventh lecture

Endoscopy system

Dr. Nasma Adnan

Fourth Stage
Department of medical physics
Al-Mustaqbal University-College
2021- 2022

1
Principle (fiber optics)
Fiber-optic endoscopes use bundles of thin glass fibers to transmit
light to and from the organ being viewed.
These fibers use the principle of total internal reflection to transmit
almost 100 % of the light entering one end to the other end.

Basic components of an endoscope


An endoscope consists of:
 A rigid or flexible tube.
 A light delivery system to illuminate the organ or object under
inspection. The light source is normally outside the body and the
light is typically directed via an optical fiber system.

2
 A lens system transmitting the image from the objective lens to the
viewer, typically a relay lens system in the case of rigid endoscopes
or bundle of fiber optics in the case of a fiberscope. An eyepiece lens.
Modern instruments may be video scopes with no eyepiece. a camera
transmits image to a screen for image capture. An additional channel
to allow entry of medical instruments or manipulators

3
Types of endoscopy

4
5
Endoscopic process
The endoscope also has a channel through which surgeons can manipulate tiny
instruments, such as forceps surgical scissors and suction devices.
A variety of instruments can be fitted to the endoscope for different purposes.
A surgeon introduces the endoscope into the body either through a body opening
such as the mouth or the anus, or through a small incision in the skin.

Functions
View internal body parts using lighting system, camera/video and use of medical
instruments to remove unwanted cancers.
Enters through opening in body. Lasts 15 to 60 minutes.

Latest techniques in endoscopy


1. Capsule endoscopy: capsule with tiny camera swallowed that transmits
the images as it passes through

6
2. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): endoscopy
and x-ray are combined to treat pancreatic and bile disease.

7
3. Chromo-endoscopy: dyes are installed before endoscopy to identify
any lesions

4. Endoscopic ultrasound: high frequency sound waves are used to


identify the digestive system and lung diseases

8
5. Narrow band imaging: filtered light is used for better visualization of
internal organs.

Risks
The main risks are infection, over-sedation, perforation, or a tear of the
stomach or esophagus lining and bleeding. Although perforation
generally requires surgery, certain cases may be treated with antibiotics
and intravenous fluids.
Occasionally, the site of the sedative injection may become inflamed
and tender for a short time. This is usually not serious and warm
compresses for a few days are usually helpful.

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