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Unit i Two Mark Question Bank

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Unit i Two Mark Question Bank

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felixanderson500
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIT – I

SATELLITE ORBITS
TWO MARK QUESTION

1. Define right ascension of ascending node.


The definition of an orbit in space, the position of ascending node is specified. But as the
Earth spins, the longitude of ascending node changes and cannot be used for reference. Thus for
practical determination of an orbit, the longitude and time of crossing the ascending node is used.For
absolute measurement, a fixed reference point in space is required.
It could also be defined as “right ascension of the ascendin g node; right ascension is the
angular position measured eastward along the celestial equator from the vernal equinox vector to
the hour circle of the object”.

2. State Limits of Visibility


The east and west limits of geostationary are visible from any given Earth station. These
limits are set by the geographic coordinates of the Earth station and antenna elevation.
The lowest elevation is zero (in theory) but in practice, to avoid reception of excess noise
from Earth. Some finite minimum value of elevation is issued. The earth station can see a satellite
over a geostationary arc bounded by +- (81.30) about the earth station’s longitude.

3. What is prograde orbit?


An orbit in which satellite moves in the same direction as the Earth’s rotation. Its inclination
is always between 00 to 900. Many satellites follow this path as Earth’s velocity makes it easier to
lunch these satellites.

4. Define Apogee and Perigee.


Apogee: A point for a satellite farthest from the Earth. It is denoted as ha.
Perigee: A point for a satellite closest from the Earth. It is denoted as hp.

5. State Kepler's law.


Kepler’s first law states that the path followed by a satellite around the primary will be an ellipse. An
ellipse hast Two focal points shown as F1 and F2 in Fig. 2.1. The center of mass of the two-body
system, termed the bary center, is always center of the foci.

The semi major axis of the ellipse is denoted by a, and the semi minor axis, by b. The eccentricity e
is given by

Kepler’s second law states that, for equal time intervals, a satellite will sweep out equal areas in its
orbital plane, focused at the barycenter. Referring to Fig. 2.2, assuming the satellite travels distances
S1 and S2 meters in 1 s, then the areas A1 and A2 will be equal. The average velocity in each case is S1
and S2 m/s, and because of the equal area law, it follows that the velocity at S2 is less than that at S1.
Kepler’s third law states that the square of the periodic time of orbit is proportional to the cube of the
mean distance between the two bodies. The mean distance is equal to the semi major axis a.
For the artificial satellites orbiting the earth, Kepler’s third law can be written in the form

a 3 =  / n2
6. State Newton's Law
Newton's first law:
An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion
continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force. This law is often called "the law of inertia".

Newton's second law:


Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being
accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object).

Newton's first law:


For every action there is an equal and opposite re -action. This means that for every force there is a
reaction force that is equal in size, but opposite in direction. That is to say that whenever an object
pushes another object it gets pushed back in the opposite direction equally hard.

7. Define line of apsides


Line joining perigee and apogee through centre of the Earth. It is the major axis of the orbit.
One-half of this line’ s length is the semi-major axis equivalents to satellite’s mean distance from the
Earth.

8. Define sub satellite point


The point on the earth vertically under the satellite is referred to as the subsatellite point. The
latitude and longitude of the subsatellite point and the height of the satellite above the subsatellite
point can be determined from knowledge of the radius vector r.

9. Define sub satellite path


This is the path traced out on the earth’s surface directly below the satellite. Define mean
anomaly. It gives an average bvalue of the angular position of the satellite with reference to the
perigee.

10. Define true anomaly.


It is the angle from perigee to the satellite position, measured at the earth’s center.

11. What is meant by azimuth angle?


It is defined as the angle produced by intersection of local horizontal plane and the plane
passing through the earth station, the satellite and center of earth.

12. Give the 3 different types of applications with respect to satellite systems.

1. The largest international system (Intelsat)


2. The domestic satellite system (Dom sat) in U.S.
3. U.S. National oceanographic and atmospheric administrations (NOAA)

13. Mention the 3 regions to allocate the frequency for satellite services.
 Region1: It covers Europe, Africa and Mangolia
 Region2: It covers North & South Ameriaca and Greenland.
 Region3: It covers Asia, Australia and South West Pacific.

14. Give the types of satellite services.


1. Fixed satellite service
2. Broadcasting satellite service
3. Mobile satellite service
4. Navigational satellite services
5. Meteorological satellite services

15. What is mean by Dom sat?

Domestic Satellites. These are used for voice, data and video transmissions within the
country.

16. Define polar-orbiting satellites.


Polar orbiting satellites orbit the earth in such a way as to cover the north and south polar
regions.

Give the advantage of geostationary orbit.


There is no necessity for tracking antennas to find the satellite positions.

17. Define look angles.


The azimuth and elevation angles of the ground station antenna are termed as look angles.
Write short notes on atmospheric Drag.
The atmospheric drag is significant for near earth satellite below or above 1000km. This drag
reduces the velocity at the perigee because of this the satellite does not reach the same apogee height
on successive revolution. So that the semi major axis and eccentricity are reduced.

18. Define Prograde orbit and Retrograde orbit.


Prograde orbit: An orbit in which the satellite moves in same direction as the earth rotation. It
is also known as the direct orbit.
Retrograde orbit: An orbit in which the satellite moves in counter to direction of earth
rotation.

PROBLEMS

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