241/1

History and Political Education

Paper 1
2024
July/August

2024

UGANDA CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION

HISTORY AND POLITICAL EDUCATION

PAPER 1

SCORING GUIDE
Item 1
Task.
a)Advise John on the methods he can use to find out the truth about the
past of East African communities and the benefits and Challenges
associated with each method.(06 scores)
Likely responses
Introduction (01)

Body(04)
Oral tradition
Carbon 14
Written records
Archaeology
Anthropology
Linguistics
Internet/ICT
DNA
ORAL TRADITION

This is a source of History where the historical information is passed on

from one generation to another by the word of mouth, for example the
story of the first Muganda.

Information in this source of history is passed on through legends,

poems, riddles, proverbs, stories and hymns/songs among others.

This information is provided by elders and other knowledgeable people.

In Africa, people did not have the art of writing; therefore, they relied on
their memory.

ADVANTAGES OF ORAL TRADITIONS

It provides information that cannot be provided by any other sources of

history because it is a basis for all other sources.

It gives room for asking questions for further understanding.

It caters for both the illiterate and literate people.

It promotes speaking and listening skills of communication.

DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL TRADITION SOURCE.

The oral source is affected by language barrier.

It does not benefit the deaf since they cannot hear what is being said.

The information may be totally lost in case of death of resourceful

persons.

Sometimes the information may lose its originality because of

exaggerations.

WRITTEN RECORDS/SOURCES.

This is a source of history where the historical information is obtained

from written materials/records.

The written records include books, government documents like circulars,

newspapers, diaries, baptism tickets and magazines.
Written records are normally found in libraries, achieves and museums
among others.

ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN SOURCES

It helps people to learn/know the history of other places of the world

without going there.

Written records can be easily kept for future reference by different

generations.

Written records can be translated into various languages to enable

people from varying communities learn or know the history of other
people.

DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN RECORDS

It is expensive since it involves buying writing materials like pens, books and
many others.

Some written materials consist of the ideas of writers which may be

biased.

The written source only favours the literate who can read and write.

Written records can be easily destroyed by rats, water, fire and termites
among others.

LINGUISTIC.
The study of languages, grammar, sound formation, structures and the
relationship between various languages to obtain historical
information.

It deals with studying people´s different languages to determine their

historical background and origin through appreciating similarities in
languages, origin of words and others.

It is done by a specialist known as a linguist.

ADVANTAGES OF LINGUISTIC

Through linguistic, historian researchers can be able to trace people’s

origins, their migration and settlement patterns.

Information can easily be understood by illiterates unlike written source.

One can be able to classify African communities, for the example the
Bantu and the Luo.

One can be able to tell the difference between people with the same
language who were of the same family and how they lost contact
overtime.

DISADVANTAGES OF LINGUISTICS

It requires basic skills of listening and speaking.

It is very expensive to employ an expert.

It involves further or thorough study of languages concerned which is

tiresome.
Languages are not static but change overtime due to many prevailing
circumstances thus leading to false information sometimes.

ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropology is the study of existing social organisms, people’s cultures,

migrations, beliefs and forms of governments to find historical information
and relationship between one society and another.

It is the study of the existing social organisations, cultural values and how they
are interrelated in order to explain the past.

It is the study of existing institutions to determine people´s history for example

how people dress, build, culture etc.

Anthropologists are people who can study and identify the relationship
between life styles of societies and even explain their evolution.

Anthropologists that worked in East Africa included:

John Beatle who studied the society of Bunyoro.

Allan Jacobs who studied the Masai society.
Aidan South Hall studied Alur Society.
MERITS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

It helps us to know different tribes and the relationship that exist

between them.

It helps us to know where people migrated from.

It helps us to know the relationship between leadership of different

organisms.
It provides jobs to Anthropologists.

Anthropological findings for study purposes.

DEMERITS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.

It is very expensive financially.

It is tiresome for example in terms of movements.

It leads to false information.

It takes long time to study people’s culture for example, not less than five
years.

CARBON 14 DATING.

This is the process through which the amount of carbon dioxide in an

object like a skeleton or piece of wood is measured to give historical
information.

HOW IT WORKS / HOW CARBON IS USED TO OBTAIN

HISTORICAL INFORMATION.

Carbon 14 is found in carbon dioxide in the air / atmosphere. It is

absorbed in plants and animals during their lifetime.

When the organisms die, the absorption of carbon dioxide stops and the
carbon already absorbed starts to move out of the organism at a fixed rate.

Using laboratory equipments, the scientists examine the fossils and

calculate the period when the organism died.
The more the carbon in an object, the young it is and the lesser the
carbon in an object, the old it is.

In the above sample, one can tell when the animals died or when a piece of
wood or tree died/was cut.

ADVANTAGES OF CARBON 14

It is more accurate than other sources of information since it involves

practical examination of materials.

It provides employment opportunities to people like chemists and

physicians among others.

It enables history researchers to prove their theoretical findings.

DISADVANTAGES OF CARBON 14.

Sometimes, the calculation may not be accurate thus giving wrong

historical information.

It is expensive since it involves the use of experts like physicians and

chemists.

ARCHAEOLOGY.

This is the scientific study of old material remains of the early man for
example, skeleton of human beings and animals, tools, settlements and others
in order to get information about the past.

The material remains / objects left behind by man are called Artifacts which
include tools like spears, arrows, pottery and coins among others.
They also include skeletons of human beings and animals for example, the
bones.
Archaeology sometimes involves digging the ground and studying the
discovered remains / materials so as to get the historical information they
need.
Some remains are studied and dated using carbon dating which measure the
amount of carbon found in the dead organisms usually less than fifty thousand
years.
In this method above, the more carbon found in the remain, the younger it is
and the less carbon found in the remain, the older it is.
Historians who deal with archaeology are called archaeologists.
One of the archaeological site in East Africa is called Olduvai George
where Dr. Luis Leakey discovered the oldest human skull.
Archaeological findings are in most cases kept in museums to benefit many
generations.
ADVANTAGES/IMPORTANCE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeology provides information which may not easily be found in other

sources.

Creates job for people like archaeologists and scientists.

It helps historians to know where and how man lived.

It helps historians to get historical information about the pre-literate

society; for example, about the activities of early man like hunting and
fishing among others.
It helps to confirm and support oral and written sources especially where the
documentation was not clear.

DISADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGY.

It is expensive since it involves the employment of specialists and use of

machine.

Fosils/artifacts can be easily destroyed.

It is time consuming and very tiresome.

It is difficult to get some details like languages and beliefs of the past
people.

INTERNET / ELECTRONIC SOURCE

Internet is an international computer network connecting other networks and

computers from other various institutions.

This is where historical facts are recorded on televisions, radios, films,

microfilms and computerized data bases.

These audio-visual media complement written history.

This is where words, pictures and motion of events show sources of

history.

ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET.

It captures information as it happens every second, minute, hour, day and

year.
 They make the past become alive today.

They offer easy and quick access to information since the historians can
obtain information of any time without requiring to move to another place.

DISADVANTAGES.

Electronic gadgets are expensive therefore some people who cannot

afford to buy them may not be able to access the information.

It does not favour the illiterates since they may not be in position to
research for the historical information from the various website.

They require electricity which may not be found in some places.

Any relevant conclusion(01mark)

ELEMENT OF BASIS OF SUCCESS CRITERIA SCORES

CONSTRUCT ASSESSMENT
Description

1. Understanding Provide relevant A learner is able to identify (01 score)

the pre-colonial introduction related a problem in the scenario
history of East to the Scenario Gives a relevant
Africa. introduction (01)
No response (00)
2. Explain ways how A learner should be able to; (04
such a method is Explain above 5 correct scores)
used and at least responses (04 scores)
two advantages Explain 3-4 correct
and two responses (03 scores)
disadvantages Explain 1-2 correct
responses (02 score)
No response/irrelevant (00
score)
 A learner gives a Any relevant conclusion(01)
3. relevant No response(00) 01
conclusion related
to the scenario
4 Total scores 06

Item 2
You have been employed by Mr. Aduga in his organisation write down the
message you would give to the youth to achieve Mr. Aduga’s objectives.
Likely responses

Introduction(01)

Body(04 scores)
Methods used to spread colonialism
They used a number of methods or Techniques to achieve their goal of
colonizing Uganda.

In most cases, the method used always depended on each society’s attitude.

In most cases, more than one method was used.

Singing of treaties; The treaties were later used to claim effective occupation
e.g. 1900 Buganda agreement, 1901 Ankole agreement and 1902 Toro
agreement.
Use of force; in areas that were hostile to the British, direct military
confrontation was used e.g. in Bunyoro and Acholi Land.

Use of collaborators; These were opportunists who were used by the British to
spread colonial rule to other areas e.g. Semei Kakungulu was used by the
British to extend colonial rule to the Eastern parts of Uganda e.g. Busoga,
Bukedi, Budaka, Bugisu and Budama.

Divide and rule; This was used in areas where two or more unfriendly societies
were encouraged to remain hostile to each other e.g. the British supported
Buganda against Bunyoro.
Intimidation and threats; These were used to scare off would be resistors e.g.
Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda and Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro were exiled
at the Seychelles island on the Indian Ocean.

Use of Missionaries: - These softened the hearts of Africans with wonderful

preaching and they managed to convinced African chiefs to sign treaties e.g. in
Buganda.
Use of traders (chartered companies); they used IBEACO and it did a lot of
ground work for the British e.g. it defeated rebellious societies, encouraged war
between protestants and catholic in Buganda. All this created disunity among
Africans which made colonialism easy.

Use of explorers; these established good working relations with African chiefs
and also provided the geographical information which was later used by the
colonialists.

Construction of military forts; These were set up in areas which had hostile
communities e.g. Fort Patiko in Acholi land, Fort Portal in Western Uganda,
and Fort Lugard in Old Kampala.
Construction of infrastructure; These were for consolidations of colonial rule
and for effective occupation of their areas of influence e.g. Uganda Railway.

Gun - Boat diplomacy; through this, the British would simply parade their
weapons to scare off African resistors e.g. in areas like Busoga.
Use of treachery or carrot stick diplomacy; In some cases, the British
pretended to be friendly to the Africans only to turn around later e.g. they
befriended Kabaka Mwanga but later sent him to exile.

Response to colonial rule by East African Leaders

The imposition of colonial rule in East .Africa did not go unchallenged.
The Africans responded to the loss of their independence in two ways;
Through Collaboration and

Resistance.

COLLABORATION

This is where the African societies or individuals co-operated with the colonial
powers in the establishment of colonial rule.
Societies that collaborated included Buganda, Toro and Ankole.

Individuals included Semei Kakungulu (Buganda), Laibon Lenana (Maasai),

Nabongo Mumia (Wanga), and Nuwa Mbaguta (Ankole).

REASONS FOR COLLABORATION

Some societies collaborated with the Europeans in order to get military support
against their enemies e.g. Toro and Buganda collaborated with the British to get
weapons to fight Kabalega of Bunyoro.
Some individuals collaborated because they wanted to get employment from the
Europeans e.g. Semei Kakungulu, Sir Apollo Kaggwa e.t.c.
Some societies collaborated because they had been hit by natural calamities and
therefore could not stage any resistance against the Whiteman e.g. the Chagga
and Maasai had been hit and weakened by famine, small pox and rinder pest.

Others looked at collaboration in line with civilization, modernity and

Christianity. Therefore they wanted their areas to be developed by the
Europeans e.g. Kabaka Muteesa 1 of Buganda.

Some Africans were blind folded by gifts and simple presents from Europeans
e.g. bibles, clothes and rosaries which forced them to collaborate.

Some Africans collaborated due to the fear of the military strength of the
colonial powers i.e. the Europeans had the maxim gun yet Africans were at a
disadvantage with spears, arrows and stones.

RESISTANCE TO COLONIAL RULE

This is basically where African societies or individuals refused to co-operate

with the whites in the imposition of colonial rule.
Individual resistors included Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda, Omukama Kabalega
of Bunyoro, and Laibon Sendeyo of the Maasai e.t.c.

Large scale resistances included Maji- Maji rebellion in southern Tanganyika,

Abushiri revolt along the coast in Tanganyika, Nandi resistance in Kenya, Mau-
Mau in Kenya, and Lamogi revolt in northern Uganda.

REASONS FOR RESISTANCE

African societies wanted to preserve their independence e.g. Bunyoro, Nandi,

Hehe.

The imposition of colonial rule had interrupted territorial expansion of some

societies e.g. Kabalega of Bunyoro crushed with the British because they
wanted to check on his ambition of expanding his Kingdom to Toro, Bunyoro,
and Ankole e.t.c

Colonial economic policies such as forced labor, compulsory growing of cash

crops e.g. Maji Maji rebellion was as a result of forced cotton growing by the
Germans.

Some societies resisted because colonial rule interfered with their economic
interests e.g. Arabs and Swahili traders resisted the abolition of Slave trade
leading to the Abushiri rebellion.

Presence of able leaders also led to rebellion e.g. Kabalega of Bunyoro, Chief
Mkwawa of the Hehe, Prophet Kinjikitile who led Maji Maji, Mau Mau led by
General China.

Land alienation also led to resistances i.e. Europeans forcefully grabbed African
land to introduce the growing of cash crops e.g. Mau Mau in Kenya was as a
result of the Kikuyu losing their fertile Kenyan highlands.

Heavy taxation also led the rebellions with in East Africa e.g. the British
introduced hut and gun tax which left Africans in poverty.

The method used to acquire lands also determined the mode of reaction e.g. the
British used force in Bunyoro and Lango hence leading to rebellions.

ETC
REASONS SUPER POWERS ARE SCRAMBLING FOR EAST AFRICA TODAY
 Political dominance

Globalization
To exploit natural resources

Economic opportunities

ETC

ELEMENT OF BASIS OF SUCCESS CRITERIA SCORES

CONSTRUCT ASSESSMENT
Description
(01 score)
UNDERSTANDING Provide a A learner is able to identify a
THE COLONIAL relevant and problem in the scenario
HISTORY OF focused Gives a relevant introduction
AFRICA introduction (01)
No response (00)

2. Explains clearly A learner should be able to; (04

the methods used Explain 5 and above correct scores)
to spread responses (04 scores)
colonialism/or Explain 3-4 correct responses
how African (03 scores)
leaders Explain 1-2 correct responses
responded to (02 score)
colonialism/or
No response/irrelevant
why super
(00 score)
powers today are
scrambling for
East Africa
3. Conclusion A learner gives any relevant (01
conclusion. (01) scores)
No response/irrelevant
explanation (00 scores)
Total Score 06
Item 3:
Task:
As a patriotic citizen explain to the minister in the scenario the benefits of
the values expressed by callers.
Likely responses
Introduction(01 score)
A constitution is a set of principles and laws of a country which spells out the
powers and functions of the various organs of government.
It also spells out the rights and duties of the citizens and their relationship with
government organs.
It is also a set of laws governing a particular country i.e it’s the supreme law of
any country.
Accept any relevant introduction

Body(04 scores)
A Constitution is the foundation for orderly government.
A Constitution provides a fertile ground for an efficient government.
The constitution also lays down the national goals which form the basis on
which the nation rests
It provides a mechanism of change of government in an orderly manner.
The constitution also provides answers to contentious questions or issues eg a
political conflict between kingdoms
It also promotes national unity.
The constitution also legitimizes the regime in power.
The constitution also protects national symbols of the country.
The constitution also provides a country with a vision.
 It also clearly stipulates the separation of power within the country.
The constitution also acts as a reference in courts of laws.
The constitution also protects and promotes fundamental human rights in the
country.
The constitution also provides procedures for settling disputes as well as
conflict resolution in the country.
Etc
Any relevant conclusion(01)
ELEMENT OF BASIS OF SUCCESS CRITERIA SCORES
CONSTRUCT ASSESSMENT
Description

Understanding A learner gives a A learner is able to identify a (01 score)

post-colonial relevant problem in the scenario
history and introduction about Gives a relevant introduction
political affairs of constitution. (01)
East Africa No response (00)

2. Explains clearly A learner should be able to; (04

the benefits of a Explain above 5 correct scores)
constitution as responses (04 scores)
expressed by the Explain 3-4 correct responses
callers (03 scores)
Explain 1-2 correct responses
(02 score)

No response/irrelevant (00
score)
3. Total scores (06scores)
Item 4:
Task:
Explain to Amata the role of each organisation listed in the Scenario in
perusing peace and development and how it can be made more effective.
Likely responses
Introduction(01)
Body(04marks)
The East African Community
The idea forming an organization to unite the 3 East African states dates as far
back as the British declaration of the East African federation comprising of
Uganda, Kenya and the mandate territory of Tanganyika however, this idea was
suffocated.
After independence the 3 leaders in 1963 agreed to form a more acceptable
joint unit to enhance economic development.
A commission of inquiry was put up headed by Kjeld Phillip (professor), a United
Nations official from Denmark.
In June 1966 a treaty was signed and in December 1967 in Arusha, the E.A.C
came into effect.
Note: It was a mutual agreement between Obote of Uganda, Nyerere of
Tanzania and Kenyatta of Kenya.
Roles East African community
To protect the home industries by imposing high tariffs on imports of
manufactured products from developed nations.
To unite the 3 East African states under one acceptable body.
To attain equal distribution of industries among the 3 East African states 5 to
T.Z, 2 to Uganda and 1 to Kenya.
To allow easy mobility of goods and services in all the 3 East African states.
To have a common currency to harmonize services like air, harbour and railway
lines.
To ensure balanced development by regulating industrial and commercial
relations.
To avoid neo-colonialism by establishing self-sustaining economy of East
Africa.
To act as one strong voice on the international fora and to do away with being
caught up in cold war politics
HOW THE EAC CAN BE MADE EFFECTIVE
By encouraging free trade
By using common currency
By using the same passports
By achieving a political federation
By fighting cross boarder crime
By resisting imperialism/neo-colonialism
THE AFRICAN UNION
The Au was founded out of the desire to rebrand the OAU in finding solutions
to its serious problems that plagued its operations
 Its establishment followed the signing of the constitutive actin July 2000 in
Lome Togo by 53 African heads of states and launched in Durban south Africa
On July 9 2002

Roles of African Union

To promote unity and solidarity of all African states
To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and the independence of all
African states.
To eradicate all forms of colonialism and neo-colonialism on the African
continent.
To co-ordinate and intensify the political, diplomatic, economic and social
Co-operation between African states so as to avail all Africans better standards
of living
To promote international co-operation in respect to the requirements of the UN
charter.
To promote the respect of human rights all over the continent in respect of the
UN universal declaration of human rights.
To spear head economic development all over the continent in a check against
Neo-colonialism.
HOW THE AU CAN BE MADE EFFECTIVE
By encouraging free trade
By using common currency
By using the same passports
By achieving a political federation
By fighting cross boarder crime
By resisting imperialism/neo-colonialism
ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES(ECOWAS)
Ecowas was signed in 1976 Lome conference (the capital of Togo) however it
should be noted that the idea was perceived in the Lagos meeting of 28th may
1975 in Nigeria. The delegates who attended this meeting had the following
aims and objectives;

Roles of ECOWAS
To co-ordinate industrial development among West African states.
To promote economic co-operation.
To put in place a Customs Union for over 15 years so as to reduce import
duties.
To promote self-reliance in West Africa.
To promote trade.
In 1993 July Ecowas was revitalized and more objectives were incorporated and
these included;
To achieve common market and a single currency.
To establish the West African parliament.
To establish an economic and social council.
To put in place an Ecowas court of justice.
To prevent and settle regional conflicts.

HOW THE EAC CAN BE MADE EFFECTIVE

By encouraging free trade
By using common currency
By using the same passports
By achieving a political federation
By fighting cross boarder crime
By resisting imperialism/neo-colonialism
Any relevant conclusion(01 score)
ELEMENT OF BASIS OF SUCCESS CRITERIA SCORES
CONSTRUCT ASSESSMENT
Description

Understanding A learner provides a A learner is able to identify a (01

post-colonial relevant problem in the scenario score)
history and introduction in the Gives a relevant introduction
political affairs of scenario connects it (01)
to; No response (00)
Africa EAC,AU,ECOWAS

2. With very clear A learner should be able to; (04

reasons, explain Explain above 5 correct scores)
the roles of the responses i.e (EAC,AU,ECOWAS AND
organizations 2WAYS HOW THEY CAN BE MADE EFFECTIVE
mentioned in the (04 scores)
Scenario Explain 3-4 correct responses
(03 scores)
Explain 1-2 correct responses
(02 score)
No response/irrelevant (00
score)
3. Conclusion A learner gives any relevant (01
conclusion. (01) scores)
No response/irrelevant
explanation (00 scores)
4. Total scores 06
(scores)

EEEEE