The 2000-2004 Chevrolet

Corvettes have a standard

5.7-liter engine.

THE METRIC SYSTEM

n a trip to Italy or Spain, you might have a difficult time asking for and un-

O derstanding directions if you do not speak the language of that country.

Purchasing clothing or gasoline may also be difficult in those countries be-
cause the measurement system is different than ours. Our neighbors in
Mexico and Canada, like almost all countries around the world, also use a different meas-
urement system than we use in the United States. Most countries of the world use the
5ysteme international d'unitcs, or abbreviated, the 51 system. In the United States, the Sf
system is most commonly referred to as the metric system.
The system of measurement most commonly used in the United States is called the
U.S. customary system, but metric units are used in many ways in the United States. You
can purchase metric tools at your local hardware store. Some clothing is measured in metric
units, as are car tires. Drinks are sold in liter bottles, and vitamins and medicines are labeled
in milligrams.
As you study this chapter, you will see the many advantages of the metric system. You
eventually may even support the movement to change from the U.S. customary system to
the metric system.
8.1 BASIC TERMS AND CONVERSIONS
WITHIN THE METRIC SYSTEM
Most countries of the world use the Systeme international d'unites or SI system. The
SI system is generally referred to as the metric system in the United States. The met-
ric system was named for the Greek word metron, meaning "measure." The standard
units in the metric system have gone through many changes since the system was first
developed in France during the French Revolution. For example, one unit of measure,
the meter, was first defined as one ten-millionth of the distance between the North
Pole and the equator. Later, the meter was defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the
orange-red line of krypton 86. Since 1893, the meter has been defined as the distance
traveled by light in a vacuum in 299.7~2.458 of a second.
Two systems of weights and measures exist side by side in the United States to-
day, the U.S. customary system and the metric system. The metric system is used pre-
dominantly in the automotive, construction, farm equipment, computer, and bottling
industries and in health-related professions. Furthermore, almost every industry that
ships internationally uses at least some metric measures.
In this chapter, we will discuss metric measurements of length, area, volume,
mass, and temperature. Using the metric system has many advantages. Some of them
are summarized here.

I. The metric system is the worldwide accepted standard measurement system. All
industrial nations that trade internationally, except the United States, use the met-
ric system as the official system of measurement.
2. There is only one basic unit of measurement for each physical quantity. In the
U.S. customary system, many units are often used to represent the same physical
quantity. For example, when discussing length, we use inches, feet, yards, miles,
and so on. Converting from one of these units to the other is often a tedious task
(consider changing 12 miles to inches). In the metric system, we can make many
conversions by simply moving the decimal point.
3. The SI system is based on the number 10, and there is less need for fractions, be-
cause most quantities can be expressed as decimals.

DID YOU KNOW

LortiYvS~
nSeptember 1999, the United States lost tl1eMars Climate Orbiter as it approached Mars.
I The loss of the $125 million spacecraft was due to scientists confusing U.S. customary
units and metric units. Two spacecraft teams, one at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
in Pasadena, California, and the other at a Lockheed Martin facility in Colorado, where the
spacecraft was built, were unknowingly exchanging some vital information in different meas-
urement units.
The spacecraft team in Colorado used U.S. customary units of pounds of force to describe
small forces needed to adjust the spacecraft's orbit. The data were shipped via computer,
without units, to the IPL, where the navigation team was expecting to receive the information
in newtons, a metric measure of force. The mix-up in units led to the IPL scientists giving the
spacecraft's computer wrong information, which threw the spacecraft off course. That, in
turn, led to the spacecraft entering the Martian atmosphere, where it burned up. NASA has
taken steps to prevent this error from ever happening again.
Because the official definitions of many metric terms are quite technical, we present
them informally.
The meter (m) is commonly used to measure length in the metric system. One
meter is a little more than a yard (see the photo above). A door is about 2 meters high.
The kilogram (kg) is commonly used to measure mass. (The difference between
mass and weight is discussed in Section 8.3.) One kilogram is about 2.2 pounds. A
newborn baby may have a mass of about 3 kilograms. The gram (g), a unit of mass de-
rived from the kilogram, is used to measure small amounts. A nickel has a mass of
about 5 grams.
The liter (€) is commonly used to measure volume. One liter is a little more than
a quart. The gas tank of a compact car may hold 50 liters of gasoline.
Thus,
I m ~ I yd
I kg ~ 2.21b
I € ~ I qt

The term degree Celsius (0C) is used to measure temperature. The freezing point
of water is O°C, and the boiling point of water is 100°C. The temperature on a warm
day may be 30°C.
O°C = 32°F Water freezes

22°C = 71.6°F Comfortable room temperature

37°C = 98.6°F Body temperature

100°C = 212°F Water boils

The metric system is based on the number 10 and therefore is a decimal system. Prefixes
are used to denote a multiple or part of a base unit. Table 8. I on page 434 summarizes the
more commonly used prefIXes and their meanings. In the table, where we mention "base
units" we mean metric units without prefixes, such as meter, gram, or liter. From Table
8. I on page 434, we can determine that a dekameter represents 10 meters, and a
centimeter represents I~O of a meter. Also, I kiloliter = 1000 liters, I kilogram =
1000 grams, and I milliliter = ldoo liter.
In the metric system, as used outside the United States, groups of three digits in
large numbers are separated by a space, not a comma. For example, the number for
thirty thousand is 30 000, and the number for nine mjJJion is 9 000 000. Groups of
three digits to the right of the decimal point are also separated by spaces. Commas are
not used in the SI system because many countries use the comma as we use the deci-
mal point. For example, 16 millionths is written 0,000016 in many countries of the
world. We will use the decimal point in this book and write 0.000 016. In this section,
we will separate groups of three digits using spaces as done outside the United States.
Note, however, that the space between groups of three digits is usually omitted if there
 Symbol

kilo k 1000 X base unit

hecto h 100 X base unit
deka da 10 X base unit
base unit
deci To of base unit
centi I~O of base unit

The computer's hard drive can store ,doo of base unit

80 gigabytes (80 GB) of information.
are only four digits to the left or right of the decimal point. Thus, we will write three
thousand as 3000 and five ten-thousandths as 0.0005.
For scientific work, which involves very large and very small quantities, the fol-
lowing prefixes are also used: mega (M) is one million times the base unit, giga (G) is
one billion times the base unit, tera (T) is one trillion times the base unit, micro
(IL, the Greek letter mu) is one millionth of the base unit, nana (n) is one billionth of
the base unit, and pica (p) is one trillionth of the base unit.
In this book, the abbreviations or symbols for units of measure are not pluralized,
but full names are. For example, 5 milliliters is symbolized as 5 me, not 5 meso Some
countries that use the metric system do not use an "s" in their abbreviations, whereas
others do.

Conversions within the Metric System

We will use Table 8.2 to help demonstrate how to change from one metric unit to an-
other metric unit (meters to kilometers and so on).
The meters in Table 8.2 can be replaced by grams, liters, or any other base unit of
the metric system. Regardless of which unit we choose, the procedure is the same. For
purposes of explanation, we have used the meter.

TABLE 8.2 Changing Metric Units

Measure of length kilometer hectometer dekameter meter decimeter centimeter millimeter

Symbol km hm dam m dm cm mm
Number of meters 1000 m 100 m 10m 1m 0.1 m 0.01 m 0.001 m

Table 8.2 shows that 1 hectometer equals 100 meters and 1 millimeter is 0.001
(or Idoo) meter. The millimeter is the smallest unit in the table. A centimeter is 10
times as large as a millimeter, a decimeter is 10 times as large as a centimeter, a meter
is 10 times as large as a decimeter, and so on. Because each unit is 10 times as large as
the unit on its right, converting from one unit to another is simply a matter of multi-
plying or dividing by powers of 10.

Changing Units within the Metric System

Our neighbors in Canada (and also 1. To change from a smaller unit to a larger unit (for example, from meters to kilo-
Mexico) use the metric system. As meters), move the decimal point in the original quantity one place to the left for
you will learn shortly, the distance to each larger unit of measurement until you obtain the desired unit of measurement.
the Botanical Gardens is about 0.6 2. To change from a larger unit to a smaller unit (for example from kilometers to me-
mile and the distance to Niagara-on- ters), move the decimal point in the original quantity one place to the right for each
the-Lake is about 9 miles from the smaller unit of measurement until you obtain the desired unit of measurement.
sign.
DID YOU KNOW
Additiol1.lJ.t Metric, Pre/au,)
l e.-tJ
T here are many publications about the metric system Multiples and Submultiples Prefixes Symbols
available free from the U.S. government. You may I 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = I024 ~ yotta Y
contact the National Institute of Standards and Technology I 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1021 zetta Z
(under the U.S. Department of Customs), through their 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018 exa E
Web site at www.nist.gov/, or you may write to their office 1000000000000000 = 1015 peta P
1 000 000 000 000 = 10 12 tera T
(Gaithersburg, MD 20899). Two worthwhile publications
1000000000 = 109 giga G
are Metric Style Guide for the News Media and A Brief
1 000 000 = 106 mega M
History of Measurement Systems. The following interest- 1000 = 103 kilo , k
ing chart was selected and modified from the latter. 100 = 102 hecto h
*Some countries use D for deka. 10 = 101 deka da*
1=10° ~
0.1 = 10-1 deci d
0.0] = 10-2 centi c
0.001 = 10-3 milli m
0.000001 = 10-6 micro ~
0.000 000 00 I = 10-9 nano n
0.000000000001 = 10-12 pica p
0.000000000000001 = 10-15 femto f
0.000000000000000001 = 10-18 atto a
0.000000000000000000001 = 10-21 zepto z
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 00 I = 10-24 yocto y
1L;~ ~k-

Changing Units

a) Convert 462.3 m to km.

b) Convert 14 g to cg.
c) Convert 0.76 e to me.
d) Convert 240 dae to ke.
SOLUTION:
a) Table 8.2 shows that dekameters, hectometers, and kilometers are all larger units
of measurements than meters. Kilometers appear three places to the left of me-
ters in the table. Therefore, to change a measure from meters to kilometers, we
must move the decimal point in the given number three places to the left, or

462.3 m = 0.4623 km
\J

Note that since we are changing from a smaller unit of measurement (meter) to a
larger unit of measurement (kilometer), the answer will be a smaller number of
units.
b) Grams are a larger unit of measurement than centigrams. To convert grams to
centigrams, we move the decimal point two places to the right, or

14 g = 1400 cg
u
 Note that since we are changing from a larger unit of measurement (gram) to a

II smaller unit of measurement (centigram), the answer will be a larger number of

units.
c) 0.76 € = 760 m€
d) 240 da€ = 2.40 k€

EXAMPLE 2 Two More Conversions

I a) Convert 305 mm to hectometers.

b) Convert 6.34 dam to decimeters.

I SOLUTION:
a) Table 8.2 shows that hectometers are five places to the left of millimeters.
Therefore, to make the conversion, we must move the decimal point in the given
number five places to the left, or

305 mm = 0.003 05 hm
~
b) Table 8.2 shows that decimeters are two places to the right of dekameters.
Therefore, to make the conversion, we must move the decimal point in the given

l
number two places to the right, or

6.34 dam = 634 dm •.

\..J

PRECAUCION I The sign in the photo, from Cancun, Mexico, shows that there is a truck crossing
CRUCEdeC 110NF.S 200 meters ahead. Notice that the sign uses "MTS" for meters.
200 MTS. a) Determine the distance in kilometers.
, b) Determine the distance in centimeters.

I SOLUTION:
a) We must move the decimal point three places to the left to change from meters
to kilometers. Therefore,

We must move the decimal point two places to the right to change from meters
to centimeters. Therefore,

Arrange in order from the smallest to largest length: 3.4 m, 3421 mm, and
I 104 cm.
 I SOLUTION:
To be compared, these lengths should all be in the same units of measure. Let's con-
vert all the measures to millimeters, the smallest units of the lengths being compared.
3.4 m = 3400 mm 3421 mm 104 cm = 1040 mm

I Since the lengths, in millimeters, from smallest to largest are 1040, 3400, 3421, the
lengths arranged in order from smallest to largest are 104 cm, 3.4 ill, and 3421 mm.

Practice the Skills

1. What is the name commonly used for the Systeme interna- In Exercises 11-16, fill in the blank.
tional d'unites in the United States?
11. One kilogram is a little more than __ pounds.
2. What is the name of the system of measurement primarily
12. One meter is a little longer than a __ .
used in the United States today?
13. One nickel has a mass of about __ grams.
3. List three advantages of the metric system.
14. The temperature on a warm day may be __ ac.
4. What metric unit is commonly used to measure 15. A comfortable room temperature may be __ ac.
a) length?
16. A door may be __ meters high.
b) mass?
c) volume?
d) temperature? In Exercises 17-22, match the prefix with the one letter, a-f,
S. a) Explain how to convert from one metric unit of length that gives the meaning of the prefix.
to a different metric unit of length. Then use this proce- I
dure in parts (b) and (c). a) 100 of base unit
b) Convert. 714.6 cm to kilometers. I
c) Convert 30.8 hm·to decimeters. b) 1000 of base unit
6. What is the name of the prefix that is 19. Hecto c) 100 times base unit
a) a million times the basic unit?
20. Deka d) 1000 times base unit
b) one millionth of the base unit?
21. Deci e) 10 times base unit
7. Without referring to any table, name as many of the metric
I
system prefixes as you can and give their meanings. If you 22. Centi f) lO of base unit
don't already know all the prefixes in Table 8.1, memorize
them now. 23. Complete the following.
8. a) How many times greater is I hectometer than I cen- a) 1 dekaliter =10 liters
timeter? b) I centiliter = Ivv liter
b) Convert I hm to centimeters. c) I milli liter = V/{)OO liter
c) Convert I cm to hectometers. d) I deciliter = Wliter
e) I kiloliter = JUoOliters
9. a) How many times greater is I dam than I dm? f) I hectoliter =lJO liters
b) Convert I dam to decimeters. 24. Complete the following.
c) Convert I dm to dekameters.
a) I hectogram = __ grams
10. a) What is the freezing temperature of water in the metric b) 1 milligram = __ gram
system? c) I kilogram = __ grams
b) What is the boiling point of water in the metric system? d) I centigram = __ gram
c) What is normal human body temperature in the metric e) I dekagram = __ grams
system? f) I decigram = __ gram
In Exercises 25-30, without referring to any of the tables or In Exercises 51-56, arrange the quantities in order from
your notes, give the symbol and the equivalent in grams for smallest to largest.
the unit.
51. 5.1 dam, 0.47 km, 590 cm
25. Milligram 26. Centigram 27. Decigram
52.514 hm, 62 km, 680 m
28. Dekagram 29. Hectogram 30. Kilogram
53. 2.2 kg, 2400 g, 24 300 dg

Aerial Tram Load In Exercises 31 and 32, use the photo,

54. 4.3 e, 420 ce, 0.045 kt'

which shows the maximum load for an aerial tram in Switzer- 55. 2.6 km, 203 000 mm, 52.6 hm
land. (Notice that in some countries, an "s" is used on the 56. 0.032 kt', 460 de, 48 000 ce
metric abbreviations.)

Problem Solving
57. Who Ran Faster Jim ran 100 m, and Bob ran 100 yd in
the same length of time. Who ran faster? Explain.
58. Walking Would you be walking faster if you walked
1 dam in 10 min or I hm in 10 min? Explain.
59. Water Removal One pump removes 1 dae of water in
1 min, and another pump removes I de of water in 1 min.
Which pump removes water faster? Explain.
60. Balance If 5 kg are placed on one side of a balance and a
15 Ib weight is placed on the other side, which way would
the balance tip? Explain.
31. What is the maximum load in grams?
61. Framing a Masterpiece The painting by Picasso, includ-
32. What is the maximum load in milligrams?
ing the frame, measures 74 cm by 99 cm.

In Exercises 33-42, fill in the missing values.

33.2 m = cm
34. 35.7 hg = __ g
35. 0.095 he = e
36.7 dam = m
37. 242.6 cm = hm
38. 1.34 me = e
39. 4036 mg = __ hg
40. 14.27 kt' = e
41. 1.34 hm = cm
42. 0.000 062 kg = __ mg

In Exercises 43-50, convert the given unit to the unit

indicated.
43. 92.5 kg to grams
a) How many centimeters of framing were needed to
44. 7.3 m to millimeters frame the painting?
45. 895 e to milliliters b) How many millimeters of framing were needed to
46. 24 dm to kilometers frame the painting?
47. 240 cg to hectograms 62. Calcium Tablets Dr. Driscoll recommends that Sean take
two 250 mg chewable calcium tablets each day.
48. 6049 mm to meters
a) How many milligrams of calcium will Sean take in a
49. 40 302 me to dekaliters week?
50. 0.034 me to liters b) How many grams of calcium will Sean take in a week?
63. A Home Run A baseball diamond is a square whose sides Challenge Exercises/Group Activities
are about 27 m in length.
In Exercises 71-74, fill in the blank to make a true statement.
a) How many meters does a batter run if he hits a home
run?
71. 1 gigameter = __ megameters
b) How many kilometers?
c) How many millimeters? 72. I nanogram = __ micrograms
64. Gas Consumption Dale Ewen drove 1200 km and used 73. 1 teraliter = __ picoliters
187 e of gasoline. What was his average rate of gas use 74. 1 megagram = __ nanograms
for the trip
a) in kilometers per liter? Calcium The recommended daily amount of calcium for an
b) in meters per liter? American adult is 0.8 g. In Exercises 75-78, how much of
65. Track and Field The high school has a 400 m oval track. If the food indicated must an adult eat to satisfy the entire
Patty Burgess runs around the track eight times, how many daily allowance using only thatfood?
kilometers has she traveled?
75. Eggs: 1 egg contains 27 mg calcium.
66. Aerating an Aquarium The filter pump on an aquarium
circulates 360 me of water every minute. If the aquarium 76. Milk: 1 cup contains 288 mg calcium.
holds 30 e of water, how long will it take to circulate all 77. Broccoli: 1 cup (cooked) contains 195 mg calcium.
the water? 78. Raisin bran: 49 g contains 1.6 mg calcium.
67. Liters of Soda A bottle of soda contains 360 me.
a) How many milliliters are contained in a six-bottle Large and Small Numbers One advantage of the metric sys-
carton? tem is that by using the proper prefix, you can write large
b) How many liters does the amount in part (a) equal? and small numbers without large groups of zeroes. In Exer-
c) At $2.45 for the carton of soda, what is its cost per cises 79-84, write an equivalent measurement with an
liter? amount greater than one that does not contain any zeroes.
68. Fill 'er Up In Europe, gas may cost the equivalent of about For example, you can write 3000 m without zeroes as 3 km
$1.03 (American) per liter. What will be the cost of filling and 0.0003 hm as 3 cm.
the gas tank of a car that has a capacity of 37.7 e?
69. Turkey Dinner After a turkey is cooked it weighs 6.9 kg. 79.5000 cm 80. 2000 mm 81. 0.000 06 hg
a) What is its weight in grams? 82.3000 dm 83. 0.02 ke 84. 500 cm
b) If Marie Sinclair cuts off one-third of the turkey and
places it in the freezer, how many decigrams of turkey Recreational Mathematics
has she placed in the freezer? In Exercises 85-94, unscramble the word to make a metric
unit of measurement.

85. magr 86. migradec 87. rteli

88. raktileed 89. terem 90. leritililm
91. reketolim 92. timenceret 93. greseed sulesic
94. togmeharc

95. Write a report on the development of the metric system in

Europe. Indicate which individual people had the most
70. Road Signs A road sign indicated that you are 750 km influence in its development.
from the city of Kingston, Canada. A while later, while 96. Write a report on why you believe many Americans op-
riding on the same road, a different road sign indicated that pose switching to the metric system. Give your opinion
you are 325 hm from Kingston. How many kilometers about whether the United States will eventually switch to
have you traveled? the metric system and, if so, when it might do so.
8.2 LENGTH, AREA, AND VOLUME
This section and the next section are designed to help you think metric, that is, to be-
come acquainted with day-to-day usage of metric units. In this section, we consider
length, area, and volume.

Length
The basic unit of length is the meter. In all English-speaking countries except the
DID YOU KNOW United States, meter is spelled "metre." Until 1960, the meter was officially defined
by the length of a platinum bar kept in a vault in France. The modern definition of the
1 Yard = 3 Feet meter is based on the speed of light, a constant that has been defined with great preci-
36I~= ... sion. Other commonly used units of length are the kilometer, centimeter, and millime-
ter. The meter, which is a little longer than I yard, is used to measure things that we
nthe U.S. Customary system, 27
I different units of length are used.
How many of them can you name?
normally measure in yards and feet. A man whose height is about 2 meters is a tall
man. A tractor trailer unit (an 18-wheeler) is about 18 meters long.
The kilometer is used to measure what we normally measure in miles. For exam-
Don't forget rod, mil, paris line, toise, ple, the distance from New York to Seattle is about 5120 kilometers. One kilometer is
cubit, and light-year. The different
about 0.6 mile, and I mile is about 1.6 kilometers.
units can be found in the CRC Hand-
Centimeters and millimeters are used to measure what we normally measure in
book of Chemistry and Physics or at
the website www.hbcpnetbase.com. inches. The centimeter is a little less than ~ inch (see Fig. 8.l), and the millimeter is a
little less than :io inch. A millimeter is about the thickness of a dime. A book may
measure 20 cm by 25 cm with a thickness of about 3 cm. Millimeters are often used in
scientific work and other areas in which small quantities must be measured. The
length of a small insect may be measured in millimeters.

11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111,11111, 11111111111111111111' 11111111111111111 Centimeters

o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (smaller
markings
are
millimeters)

I Inches
4

Determine which metric unit of length you would use to express the following.
a) The length of a guitar
b) The length of your shoe
c) The height of the Sears Tower in Chicago
d) The length of an ant
e) The diameter of a half-dollar
f) The distance between Lexington, Kentucky, and Houston, Texas.
g) The diameter of a round wastepaper basket.
h) The diameter of a pencil
i) Your waist size
j) Your height
 SOLUTION:
I a) Meters or centimeters b) Centimeters
c) Meters d) Millimeters
e) Centimeters or millimeters f) Kilometers
I g) Centimeters h) Millimeters
i) Centimeters j) Meters or centimeters
In some parts of this solution, more than one possible answer is listed. Measure-
I ments can often be made by using more than one unit. For example, if someone asks
your height, you might answer 5 ~ feet or 66 inches. Both answers are correct.

The area enclosed in a square with I-centimeter sides (Fig. 8.2) is I cm X I cm =

1 cm2. A square whose sides are 2 cm (Fig. 8.3) has an area of 2 cm X 2 cm =
22 cm2 = 4 cm2.

Areas are always expressed in square units, such as square centimeters, square
kilometers, or square meters. When finding areas, be careful that all the numbers be-
ing multiplied are expressed in the same units.
In the metric system, the square centimeter replaces the square inch. The square
meter replaces the square foot and square yard. In the future, you might purchase car-
pet or other floor covering by the square meter instead of by the square foot.
For measuring large land areas, the metric system uses a square unit 100 meters
on each side (a square hectometer). This unit is called a hectare (pronounced "hec-
tair" and symbolized ha). A hectare is about 2.5 acres. One square mile of land con-
tains about 260 hectares. Very large units of area are measured in square kilometers.
One square kilometer is about To square mile.

I Determine which metric unit of area you would use to measure the area of the
following.
a) The Grand Canyon National Park
I b) The top of a kitchen table
c) The floor of the classroom
d) A person's property with an average-sized lot
I e) The cover of this book
f) A football field
g) An ice-skating rink
The Grand Canyon National Park,
Arizona, see Example 2a) h) A dime
i) A lens in eyeglasses
j) A dollar bill
 SOLUTION:
a) Square kilometers or hectares b) Square meters
c) Square meters d) Square meters or hectares
e) Square centimeters f) Hectares or square meters
g) Square meters h) Square millimeters or square centimeters
1 m2 or i) Square centimeters j) Square centimeters
10000 em2
~ 100em ---?I

I
100 em
I
100 em
EXAMPLE 3 Same Area, Different Units
r A square meter is how many times as large as a square centimeter?
1 1 I SOLUTION: Since I m equals 100 cm, we can replace I m with 100 cm (see
Fig. 8.4). The area of 1 m2 = 1 m X 1 m = 100 cm X 100 cm = 10000 cm2.
Thus, the area of one square meter is 10 000 times the area of one square centime-
~ J 00 em ---?I
ter. This technique can be used to convert from any square unit to a different
Figure 8.4 square unit. .••.

Find the area of a rectangular table top if its length is 1.5 m and its width is 1.1 m

I (see Fig. 8.5).

SOLUTION: To find the area, we use the formula

I I
J.J m
or
Area = length
A = l X w
X width

1
A = 1.5 m X 1.1 m
= 1.65 m2

EXAMPLE 5 A Quarter
A quarter has a diameter of about 2.4 cm (Fig. 8.6). Find the surface area of one
side of a quarter.

SOLUTION: The formula for the area of a circle is A = 17r2, where 17 is approxim-

ately 3.14. The radius, r, is one-half the diameter. Since the diameter is about
2.4 cm, the radius is about 1.2 cm. Substituting values for 17 and r, we get the
following.

A = 17r2

~ 3.14(1.2 cm)2
~ 4.52 cm2

Thus, the area is approximately 4.52 square centimeters. Recall from earlier chap-
ters that the symbol ~ means "is approximately equal to."
 TIMELY TIP Many calculators contain a ~ key. If your calculator contains a
~ key, you should use that key to input the value of 7T. If you do so, you will
get a more accurate answer than if you used 3.14 for pi.

I(~JO ::::
900 ::::: When a figure has only two dimensions-length and width-we can find its area.
800 ::::
700 ::::
When a figure has three dimensions-length, width, and height-we can find its vol-
600:::: ume. The volume of an item can be considered the space occupied by the item.
500 ::::
400 :::: In the metric system, volume may be expressed in terms of liters or cubic meters,
300 ::::::
100 ::::: depending on what is being measured. In all English-speaking countries except the
_ 100-
~ United States, liter is spelled "litre."
The volume of liquids is expressed in liters. A liter is a little larger than a quart.
Liters are used in place of pints, quarts, and gallons. A liter can be divided into 1000
equal parts, each of which is called a milliliter. Figure 8.7 illustrates a type of liter
container (a 1000 me graduated cylinder) that is often used in chemistry. Milliliters
are used to express the volume of very small amounts of liquid. Drug dosages are of-
ten expressed in milliliters. An 8 oz cup will hold about 240 of liquid.me
The kiloliter, 1000 liters, is used to represent the volume of large amounts of liq-
uid. Tank trucks carrying gasoline to service stations hold about 10.5 k€ of gasoline.
Cubic meters are used to express the volume of large amounts of solid material.
The volume of a dump truck's load of topsoil is measured in cubic meters. The vol-
ume of natural gas used to heat a house may soon be measured in cubic meters instead
of cubic feet.
The liquid in a liter container will fit exactly in a cubic decimeter (Fig. 8.8).
e
Note that I = 1000 me and that 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3. Because 1 = 1 dm3, ] e me
3
must equal] cm . Other useful facts are illustrated in Table 8.3. Thus, within the met-
ric system, conversions are much simpler than in the U.S. customary system. For ex-
ample, how would you change cubic feet of water into gallons of water?

,000 :::::
900:::::
XOG :::::
700 :::::
600 ::::
500 ::::
-tOO :::::
}(JO ::::
200 ::::: IOcm I dm
_ 100-
~ J dm JOcm ""
\0 c, ..
\ d\fl

J me
Ie
lkf
 EXAMPLE 6 Choosing an Appropriate Unit of Volume

r Determine which metric unit of volume you would use to measure the volume of
the following.
a) The oil that flows through the Alaskan pipeline in a day
b) A carton of milk
c) A truckload of topsoil
d) A drug dosage
e) Sand in a paper cup
f) A dime
g) Water in a drinking glass
h) Water in a water bed
i) Space available in a refrigerator
j) Concrete used to lay the foundation for a basement

I SOLUTION:
a) Kiloliters b) Liters
c) Cubic meters d) Milliliters
e) Cubic centimeters f) Cubic milliliters
g) Milliliters h) Liters or kiloliters
Li) Cubic meters j) Cubic meters .&

.-EXAMPLE 7 Swimming Pool Volume

I A swimming pool is 18 m long and 9 m wide, and it has a uniform depth of 3 ill
(Fig. 8.9). Find (a) the volume of the pool in cubic meters and (b) the volume of

I( 18m
I water in the pool in kiloliters.

SOLUTION:
Figure 8.9
I a) To find the volume in cubic meters, we use the formula

v = 18 m X 9m X 3m
= 486 m3

EXAMPLE 8 Choose an Appropriate Unit

I Select the most appropriate answer. The volume of a shoe box is approximately
a) 1500 mm3. b) 6500 e. c) 6500 cm3.

I SOLUTION: A shoe box is not a liquid, so its volume is not expressed in liters.
Thus, (b) is not the answer. The volume of the rectangular solid in Fig. 8.10 is ap-
I proximately 1500 mm3, so (a) is not an appropriate answer. A shoe box may meas-
ure about 33 cm X 18 cm X 11 cm, or 6534 cm3. Therefore, 6500 cm3 or (c) is the
most appropriate answer.
 When the volume of a liquid is measured, the abbreviation cc is often used in-
stead of cm3 to represent cubic centimeters. For example, a nurse may give a patient
an injection of 3 cc or 3 me
of the drug ampicillin.

I A nurse must give a patient 3 cc of the drug gentamicin mixed in 100 cc of a nor-
mal saline solution.
a) How many milliliters of the drug will the nurse administer?
I b) What is the total volume of the drug and saline solution in milliliters?

SOLUTION:
I a) Because I cc is equal in volume to 1 me, the nurse will administer 3 me of the
drug.
I b) The total volume is 3 + 100 or 103 cc, which is equal to 103 me. .•.
-EXAMPLE 10 A Hot-Water Heater
I A hot-water heater, in the shape of a right circular cylinder, has a radius of 50 cm
and a height of 148 cm. What is the capacity, in liters, of the hot-water heater?

I SOLUTION: The hot-water heater is illustrated in Fig. 8.11. The formula for the vol-
ume of a right circular cylinder is V = 7Tr2h, where 7T is approximately 3.14. If we
express all the measurements in meters, the volume will be given in cubic meters.
I Thus, 50 cm = 0.5 m, and 148 cm = 1.48 m.
DID YOU KNOW
V = 7Tr2h
::::0 3.14(0.5)2(1.48)
::::0 3.14(0.25)(1.48) ::::0 1.1618 m3
B oth milliliters and cubic cen-
timeters are commonly used in
medicine. In the United States, cubic We want the volume in liters, so we must change the answer from cubic meters to
centimeters are commonly denoted liters.
cc rather than the cm3 used in the
metric system. A patient's intake and
output of fluids and intravenous in-
jections are commonly measured in
cubic centimeters. Drug dosage is
measured in milliliters.
The following question is from a
nursing exam. Can you determine
the correct answer?
a) How many times larger is a cubic meter than a cubic centimeter?
In caring for a patient after delivery, I

you are to give 12 units of Pitocin I b) How many times larger is a cubic dekameter than a cubic meter?
(in 1000 cc of intravenous fluid).
SOLUTION:
The ampule is labeled 10 units per
0.5 me. How much of the solution I
a) The procedure used to determine the answer is similar to that used in Example 3
would you draw and give? in this section. First we draw a cubic meter, which is a cube I m long by I m
a) 0.6 cc wide by I m high. In Fig. 8.12 on page 446, we represent each meter as 100 cen-
b) l.2cc timeters. The volume of the cube is its length times its width times its height, or
c) 6.0 cc
d) 9.6 cc V=IXwXh
= 100 cm X 100 cm X 100 cm = 1 000000 cm3
 Since 1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3, a cubic meter is one million times larger than a
cubic centimeter.

1m 10m
(DDem I dam

V=lXwXh
= 10 m X 10 m X 10 m = 1000 m3

Since 1 dam3
cubic meter.

Concept/Writing Exercises 22. Which metric measurement is used to measure very large
areas of land?
In Exercises 1-12, an object has been measured and the
measurement has been written with the unit indicated. Indi- 23. Is the hectare a measure of length, area, or volume?

cate what was measured: length, area, or volume. 24. A hectare has an area of about how many acres: 2.5, 25, or
250?
1. m3 2. mm 3. ha 4. m
5. cc 6. € 7. cm3 8. k€
9. m2 10. d€ 11. cm 12. cm2

13. Estimate your height in (a) centimeters and (b) meters. In Exercises 25-36, indicate the metric unit ofmeasure-
14. Estimate, in centimeters, the length of this book. ment that you would use to express the following.
15. Estimate, in square centimeters, the surface area of this book.
25. The length of a calculator
16. Estimate, in meters, the length of the classroom in which
26. The distance between cities
your mathematics course is held.
27. The length of a paper clip
17. Estimate, in centimeters, the length of your arm.
18. Estimate, in square centimeters, the surface area of a dollar 28. The width of a Frisbee
bill. 29. The length of a newborn infant
19. One liter of liquid has the equivalent volume of which of 30. The diameter of a pencil
the following: a cubic centimeter, a cubic decimeter, or a 31. The diameter of a jump rope
cubic meter?
32. The width of an Olympic-size swimming pool
20. One cubic meter has the equivalent volume of which of the
33. The length of a photograph
following liquid measures: a liter, a milliliter, or a kiloliter?
34. The length of a butterfly
21. One milliliter of liquid has the equivalent volume of which
of the following: a cubic centimeter, a cubic decimeter, or 35. The distance to the moon
a cubic meter? 36. The height of an adult male
In Exercises 37-44, choose the best answer. 49. The height of a milk carton
37. The distance between home plate and first base is about 50. The thickness of 10 sheets of paper.
how long?
a) 27 km b) 27 cm c) 27 m In Exercises 51-56, replace the customary measure (shown
in parentheses) with the appropriate metric measure.
51. Give him a __ (inch), and he will take a __ (mile).
52. There was a crooked man and he walked a crooked
(mile).
53. One hundred __ (yard) dash.
54. I wouldn't touch a skunk with a 10-__ (foot) pole.
55. I found a __ (inch) worm.
56. This is a __ (mile)stone in my life.

In Exercises 57-66, indicate the metric unit ofmeasure-

38. A U.S. postage stamp is about how wide and how long? ment you would use to express the area of the following.
a) 2 cm X 3 cm b) 2 mm X 3 mm
c) 2 hm X 3 hm 57. A computer monitor screen
39. The distance between freeway exits could be how long? 58. The city of San Francisco
a)5mm b)5m c)5km 59. The floor of your classroom
40. A grown woman is about how tall? 60. The face of a dime
a) 160 cm b) 160 mm c) 160 dm 61. A building lot for a house
41. The width of a piece of adhesive tape is about how wide? 62. A baseball field
a) 2 cm b) 2 mm c) 2 dm
63. A postage stamp
42. The diameter of a coffee cup is about which of the fol-
64. A ceiling tile
lowing?
a) 8 mm b) 8 cm c) 8 dm 65. Death Valley National Park
43. The length of the New River Gorge Bridge near Fayette-
ville, West Virginia is about how long?
a) 1000 dam b) 1000 m c) 1000 cm

In Exercises 67-74, choose the best answer.

67. The area of a U.S. flag is about
a) 2.2 cm2 b) 2.2 m2.
44. The Sears Tower in Chicago is about how tall?
a) 375 cm b) 375 km c) 375 m

In Exercises 45-50, (a) estimate the item in metric units

and (b) measure it with a metric ruler. Record your result.
45. The width of a card from a deck of cards
46. The width of a classroom door
47. The length of a car
48. The diameter of a can of soda
68. A U.S. postage stamp has an area of about In Exercises 91-98, choose the best answer to indicate the
a) 5 cm2. b) 5 mm2. c) 5 dm2. volume of the following.
69. The area of a city lot is about 91. A shoe box
a) 800 m2. b) 800 hm2. c) 800 cm2. a) 7780 mm3 b) 7780 dm3 c) 7780 cm3
70. The area of a city lot is about 92. A quarter
a) k m2. b) k ha. c) k km2. a) 0.5 cm3 b) 0.5 mm3 c) 0.5 dm3
71. The area of a ceiling tile is about 93. Water in a 24-ft-diameter above-ground circular swimming
a) 360 m2. b) 360 km2. c) 360 cm2. pool
72. The area of the face of a dime is about a) 55 e b) 55 me c) 55 k€
a) 2.5 cm2. b) 2.5 m2. c) 2.5 mm2. 94. Soda in a can of soda
73. The area of the screen of a table top TV is about a) 355 e b) 355 me c) 355 m3
a) 1200 dm2. b) 1200 mm2. c) 1200 cm2. 95. A can of vegetables
74. The area of the Grand Canyon National Park is about a) 550 cm3 b) 550 mm3 c) 550 dm3
a) 4900 m2 b) 4900 cm2 c) 4900 km2 96. Juice that can be squeezed out of an orange
a) 120 k€ b) 120 me c) 120 e
In Exercises 75-80, (a) estimate the area of the item in met-
ric units and (b) measure it in metric units and compute its 97. Air in a balloon with a diameter of 4 meters
a) 30 m3 b) 30 cm3 c) 30 km3
area.
98. Air in a basketball
75. A typical photograph a) 14000 m3 b) 14000 cm3 c) 14000 mm3
76. The cover of this book
77. A $5 bill In Exercises 99-102, (a) estimate the volume in metric
78. The top of your teacher's desk units and (b) compute the actual volume of the item.
79. The bottom of a 12 oz soda can 99. Air in a cardboard box that is 61 cm long, 61 cm wide,
80. The face of a penny and 41 cm tall (Use V = lwh.)
100. Water in a water bed that is 2 m long, 1.5 m wide, and 25
In Exercises 81-90, determine the metric unit that would cm deep
best be used to measure the volume of the following. 101. Oil in a barrel that has a height of 1 m and a diameter of
81. Water flowing over Niagara Falls per minute 0.5 m (Use V = 7Tr2h.)
102. Water in a cylindrical tank that is 40 cm in diameter and
2 m rugh

103. Area Use a metric ruler to measure the length and width
of the sides of the rectangle. Then compute the area of
the rectangle. Give your answers in metric units.

Niagara Falls
82. Water in a hot-water heater
83. Liquid in an eye dropper 104. Area Use a metric ruler to find the radius of the circle.
Then compute the area of the circle. Give your answers in
84. Air in a basketball
metric units.
85. Oil needed to change the oil in your car
86. A bag of topsoil
87. A truckload of ready-mix concrete
88. Asphalt needed to pave a driveway
89. Soda in a bottle of soda
90. Air in a hot air balloon
105. A Mat for a Picture A framed picture is shown. Find the 112. How Much Soup? A can of Campbell's Home Cookin'

I
matted area. chicken vegetable soup has a diameter of 8.0 cm and a
I( 82 em )1 height of 12.5 cm. Determine the volume of soup in the
can (assume that the can is filled with soup).
f--so,m--4
113. How many times larger is a square dekameter than a

T 42 em 62 em
square meter?
114. How many times larger is a square kilometer than a

106. A Walkway A rectangular

1 1
building 50 m by 70 m is sur-
square dekameter?
115. How many times larger is a cubic meter than a cubic
decimeter?
116. How many times larger is a cubic centimeter than a cubic
millimeter?
rounded by a walk 1.5 m wide.
a) Find the area of the region covered by the building In Exercises //7-124, replace the question mark with the
and the walk.
appropriate value.
b) Find the area of the walk.
107. Farmland Mrs. Manecki has purchased a farm that is in 117. 1 m2 = ? mm2 118. 1 hm2 = ? cm2

the shape of a rectangle. The dimensions of the piece of 119. 1 km2 = ? hm2 120. 1 cm2 = ? m2
land are 1.4 kIn by 3.75 kIn. 121. 1 mm3 = ? cm3 122. 1 dm3 ? mm3
a) How many square kilometers of land did she purchase?
123. 1 m3 = ? cm3 124. 1 hm3 = ? km3
b) If 1 km2 equals 100 ha, determine the amount of land
she purchased in hectares.
In Exercises 125-128, fill in the blank.
108. Area of a Garden Mr. Baumgarten's garden is 22.5 m by
18.3 m. 125. 435 cm3 = me 126. 435 cm3 = e
a) How large is his garden in square meters? 127. 76 ke = m3 128. 4.2 e = cm3
b) If 1 m2 equals 0.0001 ha, determine the area of his
garden in hectares. Glacier In Exercises 129 and 130, assume that a part of a
109. Volume of Water a) What is the volume of water in a glacier that contains 60 cubic meters of ice calves (or
swimming pool that is 18 m long and 10 m wide and has breaks) off and falls into the ocean.
an average depth of 2.5 m? Give your answer in cubic
meters.
b) How many kiloliters of water will the pool hold?

A Glacier in Alaska
129. When the ice that has fallen into the ocean melts, deter-
mine the approximate amount of water, in deciliters, ob-
110. Cost of Paint The first coat of paint for the outside of a tained from the ice.
e
building requires 1 of paint for each 10 m2. The second
130. When the ice melts, determine the approximate amount
e
coat requires 1 for every 15 m2. If the paint costs $4.75
of water, in cubic centimeters, obtained from the ice.
per liter, what will be the cost of two coats of paint for
the four outside walls of a building 20 m long, 12 m
wide, and 6 m high? Challenge Problems/Group Activities
111. Fish Tank Volume A rectangular fish tank is 70 cm long, 131. Starting with a straight piece of wood of sufficient size,
40 cm wide, and 20 cm high. construct a meter stick. Indicate decimeters, centimeters,
a) How many cubic centimeters of water will the tank and millimeters on the meter stick. Use the centimeter
hold? measure in Fig. 8.1 as a guide.
b) How many milliliters of water will the tank hold? 132. Construct a metric tape measure from a piece of tape or
c) How many liters of water will the tank hold? rope and then determine your waist measurement.
In Exercises J 33 and J 34, fill in the bLank to make a true 138. Crocodiles The following drawing shows a complete
statement. 1.5-meter-Iong fossil skull of an estimated II O-million-
year-old crocodile called Sarcosuchus imperator, which
was found in the 1960s in Niger. Superimposed on the
135. Conversions In Example 3, we illustrated how to change drawing is another drawing of a 50-centimeter-long skull
an area in a metric unit to an area measured with a differ- of a modern-day adult Orinoco crocodile.
ent metric unit. a) How much longer, in centimeters, is the skull of the
a) Using Example 3 as a guide, change I square mile to Sarcosuchus imperaror than the skull of the Orinoco
square inches. crocodile?
b) Is converting from one unit of area to a different unit b) How many times longer is the skull of the Sarcosuchus
of area generally easier in the metric system or the imperator than the skull of the Orinoco crocodile?
U.S. customary system? Explain. c) Does this photo of the two skulls give a true perspec-
tive of the relative sizes of the two skulls? Explain.
136. Conversions In Example II, we illustrated how to
change a volume in one metric unit to a volume measured
with a different metric unit.
a) Using Example 11 as a guide, change 6 yd3 (a volume
I yard by 2 yards by 3 yards) into cubic inches.
b) Is converting from one unit of volume to a different
unit of volume generally easier in the metric system or
the U.S. customary system? Explain.

Recreational Mathematics
137. Find the Words In the box below, the following
words are spelled out: METER, MILLIMETER,
CENTIMETER, LITER, HECTARE, SQUARE METER,
MILLILITER. You can find these words by moving from
square to square, vertically, horizontally, or diagonally (ei-
ther up and down or forward or backward). You may leave
a square and then return to that square to use that letter 139. Water Usage a) How much water do we use daily? On
again. You can use the same squares to make the different the average, people in the United States use more water
words. There is no space left in the box between the words than people anywhere else in the world. Take a guess at
square meter. How many of the words can you find? the number of liters of water used per day per person in
the United States.
C E H M I b) Now take a guess at the number of liters used per day
per person in the United Kingdom.
T U Q s L Compare your answers to those given in the answer
section.
A R E J L

T I M E T 140. The Meter The definition of the meter has changed sev-
eral times throughout history. Write a one- to two-page
N E C E R report on the history of the meter, from when it was first
named to the present.

In this section, we discuss the metric measurements of mass and temperature. As with
Section 8.2, the focus of this section is on thinking metric.

Weight and mass are not the same. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an
object. It is determined by the molecular structure of the object, and it will not change
 from place to place. Weight is a measure of the gravitational pull on an object. For ex-
DID YOU KNOW ample, the gravitational pull of Earth is about six times as great as the gravitational
pull of the moon. Thus, a person on the moon weighs about ~ as much as on Earth,
even though the person's mass remains the same. In space, where there is no gravity, a
person has no weight.
Even on Earth, the gravitational pull varies from point to point. The closer you
are to Earth's center, the greater the gravitational pull. Thus, a person weighs very
slightly less on a mountain than in a nearby valley. Because the mass of an object does
not vary with location, scientists generally use mass rather than weight.
Although weight and mass are not the same, on Earth they are proportional to
each other (the greater the weight, the greater the mass). Therefore, for our purposes,
we can treat weight and mass as the same.
The kilogram is the basic unit of mass in the metric system. It is a little more than
2 lb. The official kilogram is a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept by the Interna-
tional Bureau of Weights and Measures, located in Sevres, near Paris. (See the Did
ince 1889, a single platinum-
S iridium bar has been sealed in an
airtight jar in the International Bu-
You Know in the margin.)
Items that we normally measure in pounds are usually measured in kilograms
in other parts of the world. For example, an average-sized man has a mass of about
reau of Weights and Measures in
75 kg.
Sevres, France.
The gram (a unit that is 0.001 kg) is relatively small and is used in place of the
Nicknamed "Le Grand K," this bar
ounce. A nickel has a mass of about 5 g, a cube of sugar has a mass of about 2 g, and
constitutes the one and only true
a large paper clip has a mass of about I g.
kilogram. Of all the standard inter-
The milligram is used extensively in the medical and scientific fields as well as in
national units of measure, the kilo-
gram remains the only one whose the pharmaceutical industry. Nearly all bottles of tablets are now labeled in either mil-
definition relies on a physical arti- ligrams or grams.
fact. All the other units have their The metric tonne (t) is used to express the mass of heavy items. One metric tonne
definitions rooted in constants of na- equals 1000 kg. It is a little larger than our customary ton of 2000 lb. The mass of a
ture, such as the speed of light or large truck may be expressed in metric tonnes.
atomic vibrations.
As part of an international effort, re-
searchers at the U.S. National Insti-
tute of Standards and Technology in
Washington, D.C., want to redefine Determine which metric unit you would use to express the mass of the following.
the kilogram in a way that will make
a) An orca (or killer whale) b) A newborn child
the standard absolute, unchanging,
and accessible to anyone, anywhere. c) A teaspoon of sugar d) A box of cereal
One problem is that the current stan- e) A quarter f) A fly
dard tends to drift a bit. The kilo- g) A frog h) A refrigerator
gram has varied by as much as 0.05
part per million in the last 100 years. SOLUTION:
The cause of that variance remains
a) Metric tonnes b) Kilograms
unknown.
c) Grams d) Grams
e) Grams f) Milligrams
g) Grams h) Kilograms

One kilogram of water has a volume of exactly I liter. In fact, a liter is defined to
be the volume of I kilogram of water at a specified temperature and pressure. Thus,
mass and volume are easily interchangeable in the metric system. Converting from
weight to volume is not nearly as convenient in the U.S. customary system. For exam-
ple, how would you change pounds of water to cubic feet or gallons of water in our
customary system?
 Figure 8.14

Since 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3, Ie = 1000 me, and 1kg = 1000g, we have the follow-
ing relationship.

1000 cm3 1000 me 1000 g

or, 1 cm3 1 me 1g
Figure 8.14 illustrates the relationship between volume of water in cubic decime-
ters, in liters, and mass in kilograms. Table 8.4 expands on this relationship between
the volume and mass of water.

Volume in Volume
Cubic Units in Liters
1 cm3 1 me Ig
1 dm3 1 e 1 kg
1 m3 1k€ 1 t (1000 kg)

TIMELY TIP In Chapter 9, we provide formulas and discuss procedures for find-
ing the area and volume of many geometric figures. The procedures and formulas
for finding area and volume are the same regardless of whether the units are metric
units or customary units. When finding areas and volumes, each side of the figure
must be given in (or converted to) the same unit.

•...EXAMPLE 2 A Fish Tank's Capacity

A fish tank is 1 m long, 50 cm high, and 250 mm wide (Fig. 8.15).
 a) Determine the number of liters of water the tank holds.
b) What is the mass of the water in kilograms?

SOLUTION:
a) We must convert all the measurements to the same units. Let's convert them all
to meters: 50 em is 0.5 m, and 250 rom is 0.25 m.

V=lXwXh
= 1 X 0.25 X 0.5
= 0.125 m3

teven Thobum, 36, a British gro-

S cer, has been charged in the
northern England town of Sunder-
land with violating British law. His
To convince yourself of the advantages of the metric system, do a similar problem
crime: He used a nonmetric scale to
involving the customary system of measurement, such as Challenge Problems/Group
sell bananas to undercover officers.
This year-old law was instituted to Activities Exercise 73 at the end of this section.
bring Britain in harmony with Euro-
pean Union standards. If convicted,
Thoburn could have faced a fine of
£7300 (about $11,500) and a six-
Temperature
month jail sentence. The Celsius scale is used to measure temperatures in the metric system. Figure 8.16
Thoburn pleaded not guilty and did on page 454 shows a thermometer with the Fahrenheit scale on the left and the Cel-
not dispute the facts. His defense ar- sius scale on the right.
gued that the laws that required met- The Celsius scale was named for the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius
rification of scales were invalid. A (1701-1744), who first devised it in 1742. On the Celsius scale, water freezes at O°C
district judge disagreed and in April and boils at lOO°C. In the past, the Celsius thermometer was called a "centigrade ther-
2002 handed Thoburn a six-month
mometer." Recall that centi means lbo, and there are 100 degrees between the freezing
conditional discharge (suspended
point of water and the boiling point of water. Thus, 1°C is ,bo of this interval. Table
sentence). The trial has already cost
Thoburn in excess of £35,000 (about 8.5 gives some common temperatures in both degrees Celsius (0C) and degrees
$55,000), but he has indicated that Fahrenheit (OF).
he will appeal the ruling. For further
information, see
www.metricmartyrs.com.
Celsius Fahrenheit
Temperature Temperature

-18°C A very cold day OaF

ooe Freezing point of water 32°F
10°C A warm winter day 50°F
20°C A mild spring day 68°F
30°C A warm summer day 86°F
37°C Body temperature 98.6°F
lOOoe Boiling point of water 212°F
177°C Oven temperature for baking 350°F

At a temperature of -40° the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures are the same.
That is, -40°C = -40°F. See Exercise 72.
 EXAMPLE 3 Think Metric Temperatures
OF °C
Choose the best answer. (Refer to the dual-scale thermometer in Fig. 8.16.)

~~~it§
210~~100
a) Buffalo, New York, on New Year's Day might have a temperature of
90 I i) -15°C. ii) 15°C. iii) 40°C.
180 3 80 b) Washington, D.C., on July 4 might have a temperature of
170=l~
i) 15°C. ii) 30°C. iii) 40°C.
160l"'L70
150 ~
140 f-60
I c) The oven temperature for baking a cake might be

130~§
1.20~§ 50 SOLUTION:
I 10
100 1-
~
40 I a) A temperature of 15°C is possible if it is a very mild winter, but 40°C is much
too hot. The best answer for a normal winter is -15°C.
90 - 30
80
b) The best estimate is 30°C. A temperature of 15°C is too chilly, and 40°C is too
70
60
50
I hot for July 4.
c) A cake bakes at temperatures well above boiling, so the only reasonable answer
40 is 175°C.
30
20
10 Comparing the temperature in Table 8.5, we see that the Celsius scale has 100°
o from the boiling point of water to the freezing point of water and the Fahrenheit scale
-to has 180° from the boiling point of water to the freezing point of water. Therefore, one
Celsius degree represents a greater change in temperature than one Fahrenheit degree
does. In fact, one Celsius degree is the same as :~, or ~ Fahrenheit degrees. When
converting from one system to the other system, use the following formulas.

From Celsius to Fahrenheit From Fahrenheit to Celsius

9 5
F = ~C + 32 C = -(F - 32)
5 9

rEXAMPLE 4 Convert to °C
A typical setting for home thermostats is 72°F. What is the equivalent temperature
on the Celsius thermometer?
I SOLUTION: We use the formula C = ~(F - 32) to convert from OFto 0c. Substi-
tuting F = 72 gives

5
C = -(72 - 32)
9

= %(40)

~ 22.2

I Thus, the equivalent temperature of 72°F is about 22.2°C.

EXAMPLE 5 Convert to OF
Iu the temperature outdoors is 28°C, will you need to wear a sweater if going out-
doors?
 SOLUTION: We use the formula F = ~C + 32 to convert from °C to oF. Substitut-
ing C = 28 yields

9
F = -(28) + 32
5
= 50.4 + 32
= 82.4

DID YOU KNOW

T he United States is the only westernized country not currently using

the metric system as its primary system of measurement. The only
countries in the world besides the United States not using or committed to
using the metric system are Yemen, Brunei, and a few small islands; see
Fig. 8.17.
The European Union (EU) adopted a directive that requires all exporters to
EU nations to indicate the dimensions of their products in metric units. Cur-
rently, U.S. manufacturers who export goods are doing so. Little by little,
the United States is becoming more metric. For example, soft drinks come
in liter bottles and prescription drug dosages are given in metric units.
Maybe in the not too distant future gasoline will be measured in liters, not
gallons, as it is in Canada and Mexico.

1. What is the basic unit of mass in the metric system? In Exercises 9- J 8, indicate the metric unit of measurement
2. The mass of a nickel is about how many grams?
that would best express the mass of the following.

3. One kilogram is a little more than how many pounds? 9. A quarter 10. A man
4. What unit of mass is used to express the mass of very 11. A pair of eyeglasses 12. A box of cereal
heavy items?
13. A new pencil 14. An SUV
5. Give an estimate of the temperature, in degrees Celsius, in
15. A refrigerator 16. A mosquito
Florida in August.
17. A roll of paper towels 18. A calculator
6. Give an estimate of the temperature, in degrees Celsius, in
North Dakota in February.
7. Give an estimate, in degrees Celsius, of what you would
consider an ideal outdoor temperature.
8. a) Is a person's mass the same in space as on Earth? 19. The mass of a 5 lb bag of flour is about how much?
Explain. a) 2.26 g b) 2.26 kg c) 2.26 dag
b) Is a person's weight the same in space as on Earth? 20. The mass of a dime is about how much?
Explain. a)9.lmg b) 9.1 kg c)9.lg
21. The mass of a child's pail filled with sand is about how 35. What might be the temperature of an apple pie baking in
much? the oven?
a) 1.4 mg b) 1.4 kg c) 104 g a) 90°C b) 100°C c) 177°e
22. The mass of a box of cornflakes is about how much? 36. The temperature of the water in a car's radiator when the
a) 0045 t b) 0045 g c) 0045 kg car's engine is operating at its normal temperature might be
23. The mass of a full-grown elephant is about how much? a) 70°e. b) 300°e. c) 110°C.
a) 2800 g b) 2800 kg c) 2800 dag 37. What might be the temperature at which a home freezer is
24. The mass of a full-size car is about how much? set?
a) I 962000 hg b) 380 kg c) 1.6 t a) -20°C b) -7°C c) 2°C
38. The temperature of water in a hot tub might be
In Exercises 25-28, estimate the mass of the item. If a scale a) 30°e. b) 50°C. c) 40°e.
with metric measure is available, find the mass.

25. Your body 26. A telephone book

In Exercises 39-52, convert each temperature as indicated.
27. A gallon of water 28. A tomato Give your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree.

In Exercises 29-38, choose the best answer. Use Table 8.5 39. 30°C = -- OF 40. -5°C = -- of
and Fig. 8.16 to help select your answers. 41. 92°F = __ oe 42. -lOoP = -- °e

29. Freezing rain is most likely to occur at a temperature of 43. 180°F = -- °e 44. 98°F = __ oe
a) -25°C. b) 32°e. c) O°e. 45. 3re = -- of 46. -4°C = -- of
47. l3 p = __ oe
0
48. 75°F = __ oe
49. 45°C = -- of 50. 60°C = __ op
51. -20°F = __ oe 52. 425°F = -- °e

In Exercises 53-58, use the following graph, which shows

the daily low and high temperatures, in degrees Celsius,for
the week in a country that uses the metric system. The week
illustrated was unseasonably warm. Determine the follow-
ing temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit.

30. A cup of coffee might have a temperature of

a) IS°e. b) SO°e. c) 90°C. THE HEAT OF THE DAY

31. The thermostat for an air conditioner was set for 80°F.
Average January Temperature: t Daily Daily
Maximum 22.0° Minimum 12.0° Maximum Minimum
This setting is closest to 35
a) 2°e. b) 27°e. c) S7°e.
30
t,U:l° t
32. The temperature of the water in a certain lake is S°e. You 33.6°
could 25
a) ice fish.
b) dress warmly and walk along the lake. 20 t
23.50
22.0°
c) swim in the lake. 20.4°
15
16.7° 16.1° 17.8°
33. What might be the temperature at which a refrigerator is set? 10 15.6°
a) 30°C b) 5°C c) ooe
5
34. The weather forecast calls for a high of 32°C. You should
plan to wear O°C
a) a down-lined jacket.
b) a sweater. Sat. Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri.
c) a bathing suit.
53. The average January maximum temperature flashes the temperature in degrees Celsius. If it flashes
54. The maximum temperature for the week 78°F, then 20°C, is there a problem? Explain.

55. The maximum temperature on Friday 66. Fever or Chills? Maria's body temperature is 38.2°C.
Should she take an aspirin or put on a sweater? Explain.
56. The maximum temperature on Saturday
57. The range of temperatures on Monday
58. The range of temperatures on Tuesday
67.4.2 kg = __ t 68.9.52 t = __ kg
69.17.4 t = __ g 70. I 460 000 mg = __ t
Problem Solving
The photo shows the cost of Crest Grower Crumbles and
Challenge Problems/Group Activities
corn at a farm market in Fiji. Use the information provided
in the photo to answer Exercises 59 and 60. In the photo, 71. Gatorade Gatorade is poured into a plastic bottle that
kilo is an abbreviation for kilogram. e
holds 1.2 of liquid. The bottle is then placed in a freezer.
When the bottle is removed from the freezer, the plastic is
cut away, leaving just the frozen Gatorade.
a) What is the approximate mass of the frozen Gatorade in
grams?
b) What is the approximate volume of the frozen Gatorade
in cubic centimeters?
72. Show that -40°C = -40°F.

In Example 2, we showed how to find the volume and mass

of water in ajish tank. Exercise 73 demonstrates how much
more complicated solving a similar problem is in the U.S.
customary system.
59. Crest Grower CrumbLes Determine the cost, in dollars, of 73. Fish Tank A fish tank is I yd long by 1.5 ft high by 15 in.
6.2 kg of Crest Grower Crumbles. (Grower Crumbles is a
wide.
poultry feed.)
a) Determine the volume of water in the fish tank in cubic
60. Corn Determine the cost, in dollars, of 1.3 kg of corn. feet.
61. Salt and Soda A mixture of 45 g of salt and 29 g of baking b) Determine the weight of the water in pounds. One cu-
soda is poured into 370 me of water. What is the total bic foot of water weighs about 62.5 lb.
mass of the mixture in grams? c) If I gal of water weighs about 8.3 Ib, how many gallons
will the tank hold?
62. Jet FueL A jet can travel about I km on 17 kg of fuel. How
many metric tonnes of fuel will the jet use flying nonstop
between Baltimore and Los Angeles, a distance of about
4320 km? 74. BaLance the ScaLe Determine the quantity to replace the
63. A Storage Tank The dimensions of a storage tank are question mark to make the scale balance. The weight times
length 16 m, width 12 m, and height 12 m. If the tank is the distance on both sides of the fulcum (the triangle) must
filled with water, determine be the same to make the scale balance.
a) the volume of water in the tank in cubic meters.
b) the number of kiloliters of water the tank will hold.
c) the mass of the water in metric tonnes. ~ 2m ==t== 400 em ====:!J:iJ
64. A Water Heater A hot-water heater in the shape of a right
circular cylinder has a radius of 50 cm and a height of
150 cm. If the tank is filled with water, determine 75. Interesting Facts The 2003 Guinness Book of World
a) the volume of water in the tank in cubic meters. Records provides some interesting facts.
b) the number of liters of water the tank will hold. a) The lowest temperature ever recorded in the United
c) the mass of the water in kilograms. States was -62.11 °C on January 23, 1971, in Prospect
65. What's the ProbLem? A temperature display at a bank Creek, Alaska. What is this temperature in degrees
flashcs the tcmperature in degrees Fahrenheit and then Fahrenheit?
 b) International Falls, Minnesota, has the lowest annual Internet/Research Activity
mean temperature in the United States (including
Alaska). Its mean annual temperature is about 2.5°C. 76. Do industries in your area export goods? If so, are they
What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit? training employees to use and understand the metric sys-
c) The highest temperature produced in a laboratory was tem? Contact local industries that export goods and write a
about 918,000,000°F. What is this temperature in de- report on your findings.
grees Celsius?

8.4 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND CONVERSIONS

TO AND FROM THE METRIC SYSTEM
You may sometimes need to change units of measurement in the metric system to
equivalent units in the U.S. customary system. To do so, use dimensional analysis,
which is a procedure used to convert from one unit of measurement to a different unit
of measurement. To perform dimensional analysis, you must first understand what is
meant by a unit fraction. A unit fraction is any fraction in which the numerator and
denominator contain different units and the value of the fraction is 1. From Table 8.6,
we can obtain many unit fractions involving U.S. customary units.

1foot = 12 inches
I yard= 3 feet
I mile = 5280 feet
1 pound = 16 ounces
1 ton = 2000 pounds
1 cup (liquid) = 8 fluid ounces
1 pint = 2 cups
1 quart = 2 pints
I gallon = 4 quarts
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 day = 24 hours
1 year = 365 days

12 in. 1 ft 160z 1 Ib 60 min 1 hr

1 ft 12 in. 1 Ib 160z 1 hr 60 min
In each of these examples, the numerator equals the denominator, so the value of the
fraction is 1.
To convert an expression from one unit of measurement to a different unit, multi-
ply the given expression by the unit fraction (or fractions) that will result in the an-
swer having the units you are seeking. When two fractions are being multiplied and
the same unit appears in the numerator of one fraction and the denominator of the
other fraction, then that common unit may be divided out. For example, suppose we
want to convert 30 inches to feet. We consider the following:

Since inches are given, we will need to eliminate them. Thus, inches will need to ap-
pear in the denominator of the unit fraction. We need to convert to feet, so feet will
need to appear in the numerator of the unit fraction. If we multiply a quantity in
inches by a unit fraction containing feet/inches, the inches will divide out as follows,
leaving feet. In the following illustration we have omitted the numbers in the unit
fraction so we can concentrate on the units.

(irf.) (;J = ft

1ft) 30
30 in. = (30m.) ( 12m. = 12 ft = 2.5ft

In Examples 1 through 3, we will give examples that do not involve the metric
system. After that, we will use dimensional analysis to make conversions to and from
the metric system.

EXAMPLE 1 Using Dimensional Analysis

rA container contains 26 ounces of salt. Convert 26 ounces to pounds.

SOLUTION: One pound is 16 ounces. Therefore, we write

260z = (26 at) (lIb)

-- 26
= -lb = 1.625lb
16 at 16

LThus, 26 oz equals 1.625 lb.

rEXAMPLE 2 Euro Dollars

On January 1,2002, the euro became the common currency in use in 12 European
countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lux-
embourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain). On May 1,2003, $1 U.S. could be
exchanged for about 0.91 euros. What was the amount in U.S. dollars of 1260 euros?

SOLUTION:

1260 euros = 1260 eI:lf()s ( $1.00 ) $1260 ::::;$1384.62

0.9 1 eI:lf()s 0.91

LThus, 1260 euros had a value of about $1384.62.

 If more than one unit needs to be changed, more than one multiplication may be
DID YOU KNOW needed, as illustrated in Example 3.

EXAMPLE 3 Using Several Unit Fractions

Convert 60 miles per hour to feet per second.

I SOLUTION: Let's consider the units given and where we want to end up. We are
given ~ and wish to end with s~c. Thus, we need to change miles into feet and hours
into seconds. Because two units need to be changed, we will need to multiply the
given quantity by two unit fractions, one for each conversion. First we show how to
convert the units of measurement from miles per hour to feet per second:

(=)(~)c:)
John Quincy Adams, 6th president of the Now we multiply the given quantity by the appropriate unit fractions to obtain the
United States

W e all realize how important

the abilities to read and to
I answer:

60mi _ (60_mi)(_52_8_0_ft)(_I_Ht_) __ (6_0_)(_52_8_0)_~f_t

write are. Yet do we realize how im- hr hf 1 m1 3600 sec ( 1) (3600) sec
portant an understanding of meas-
urements is to our society and our ft
= 88-
daily lives? As John Quincy Adams sec
wrote in his report to the U.S. Con-
gress in 1821:
"Weights and measures may be
I Note that (60_m_i) (_l_hr_)
hr 3600 sec
(_5_28_0_._ft)
1 ml
will give the same answer.

ranked among the necessities of life

to every individual of human soci-
ety. They enter into the economical
arrangements and daily concerns of
every family. They are necessary to
Conversions to and from the Metric System
every occupation of human industry; Now we will apply dimensional analysis to the metric system.
to the distribution and security of Table 8.7 on page 461 is used in making conversions to and from the metric sys-
every species of property; to every tem. The values given in Table 8.7 are often approximations. A more exact table of
transaction of trade and commerce; conversion factors may be found in many science books at your college's library or on
to the labors of the husbandman; to
the Internet. However, we can use this table to obtain many unit fractions.
the ingenuity of the artificer; to the
Table 8.7 shows that 1 in. = 2.54 cm. From this equality, we can write the two
studies of the philosopher; to the re-
searches of the antiquarian; to the
unit fractions
navigation of the mariner, and the
marches of the soldier; to all the ex- 1 in. 2.54 cm
changes of peace, and all the opera- 2.54 cm 1 in.
tions of war. The knowledge of I
them, as in established use, is among
the first elements of education, and
is often learned by those who learn
nothing else, not even to read and
1 yd
--,
0.9m
--,
1 gal 3.8
--,
e lIb
---,
0.45 kg

write. This knowledge is riveted in 0.9m 1 yd 3.8 e' 1 gal 0.45 kg lIb
the memory by the habitual applica-
tion of it to the employments of men To change from a metric unit to a customary unit or vice versa, multiply the given
throughout life." quantity by the unit fraction whose product will result in the units you are seeking.
 Length
I inch (in.) = 2.54 centimeters (cm)
I foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm)
I yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m)
1 mile (mi) = ] .6 kilometers (km)

Area
1 square inch (in.2) = 6.5 square centimeters (cm2)
I square foot (ft2) = 0.09 square meter (1112)
I square yard (yd2) = 0.8 square meter (1112)
I square mile (mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers (km2)
1 acre = 0.4 hectare (ha)

Volume
I teaspoon (tsp) 5 milliliters (me)
I tablespoon (tbsp) 15 milliliters (me)
I fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (me)
I cup (c) 0.24 liter ( e)
I pint (pt) 0.47 liter (e)
I quart (qt) 0.95 liter (e)
I gallon (gal) 3.8 liters (e)
I cubic foot (ft3) 0.03 cubic meter (m3)
I cubic yard (yd3) 0.76 cubic meter (m3)

Weight (Mass)
1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (g)
I pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg)
I ton (T) 0.9 tonne (t)

For example, to convert 5 in. to centimeters, multiply 5 in. by a unit fraction with cen-
timeters in the numerator and inches in the denominator.

5 in. = (5 iri.)(2.~~m)

= 5(2.54) cm

= 12.7 cm

a) A recipe for chicken soup requires 4~ cups of water. How many liters does this
amount equal?
b) A man measures 1.86 m (see photo). What is his height in feet?

I SOLUTION:
a) In Table 8.7, under the heading of volume, we see that 1 cup = 0.24 e. Thus,
the unit fractions involving cups and liters are

I cup 0.24 e
0.24 e I cup
 0.24
4.5 cups = 4.5 GtIpS ( 1 GtIJ5
€) = (4.5)(0.24) € = 1.08 €

b) In Table 8.7, under the heading of length, we see that there is no conversion
given from meters to feet. There are a number of ways this example could be
worked. One method is to convert meters to yards and then convert yards to feet.
The procedure is shown below.

1.86 m = (1.86 ill) ( 1 yd )( 3 ft )

0.9 ill 1 yd
1_.8_6
= _( )_(3_)ft
0.9
~ 6.2 ft

The photo shows an area of 31.46 hectares for sale. Find the area in acres.

SOLUTION: From Table 8.7, we determine that I acre = 0.4 ha. Thus,

31.46
31.46 ha = (31.46 M) (1-- acre) = --acres = 78.65 acres
0.4 M 0.4

Land for sale in Fiji, measured in

hectares.
EXAMPLE 6 Weight (Mass) Conversion

The photo shows that tangelos cost $2.45 per kilogram. Determine the cost per
pound for the tangelos.

SOLUTION: First, we will determine the number of pounds that is equivalent to

I kilogram. From Table 8.7, we obtain the unit fraction

0.45 kg
I Ib

$2.45 = ($2.45)(0.45 kg)

1 kg I kg lIb
= $2.45(0.45) per pound
~ $1.10 per pound
rEXAMPLE 7 Administering a Medicine
A nurse must administer 4 cc of codeine elixir to a patient.
I
a) How many milliliters of the drug will be administered?
b) How many ounces is this dosage equivalent to?

SOLUTION:
a) Since 1 cc = 1 me, the nurse will administer 4 me of the drug.
b) Since 1 fl oz = 30 me,

lflOZ) 4
4 me = (4 mt) ( 30 mt = 30 fl oz ~ 0.13 fl oz

Suppose we want to convert 150 millimeters to inches. Table 8.7 does not have a
conversion factor from millimeters to inches, but it does have one for inches to cen-
timeters. Because 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters and 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters, we
can reason that 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters. Therefore, unit fractions we may use are
as follows.

1 in. 25.4 mm
25.4 mm 1 in.

1 in. ) 150.
150 mm = (150 mm) ( -25-.4-mm- = --In.
25.4

If we wish, we can use dimensional analysis using two unit fractions to make the con-
version. The procedure follows:

150 .
150 mm = (150 mm)(-I~-::-)(-2.-~;-:n-) (10)(2.54) In.
~ 5.91 in.

The photo shows that a road in Cancun, Mexico, has a speed limit of 50 kilometers
per hour (kph). Determine the speed limit in miles per hour.

SOLUTION: In kilometers per hour and miles per hour, the time unit, hour, is the
same. Therefore, we just need to convert 50 kilometers to miles. From Table 8.7,
we find unit fractions

1 mi 1.6 km
or
1.6 km 1 mi

50 km = (50 kr1l)(~) = ~ mi = 31.25 mi

1.6 kr1l 1.6
 EXAMPLE 9 Understanding the Label
The label on a bottle of Vicks Formula 440 Cough Syrup indicates that the active
ingredient is dextromethorphan hydrobromide and that 5 me
(I teaspoon) contains
10 mg of this ingredient. If the recommended dosage for adults is 3 teaspoons,
determine the following.
a) How many milliliters of cough medicine should be taken?
b) How many milligrams of the active ingredient should be taken?
c) If the bottle contains 8 fluid ounces of medicine, how many milligrams of the
active ingredient are in the bottle?

SOLUTION:
a) Since each teaspoon contains 5 me
and 3 teaspoons should be taken, 15 me of
the cough medicine should be taken.

3 tsp =
5
(3 tsp) ( I tsp
me)
b) Since each teaspoon contains 10 mg of the active ingredient, 30 mg of the active
ingredient should be taken.

to m ) g
3 tsp = (3 tsp) ( [;J5 = 30 mg

c) Table 8.7 shows that each fluid ounce contains 30 Since each 5 me. me contains
10 mg of the active ingredient, we can work the problem as follows.

8 fl oz =
30
(8 fk)z) ( --
mt)(
(fk)z
10 mg)
--
5mt
=
8(30)( to)
----mo
5 b
= 480 mo
b

Therefore, there are 480 mg (or 0.48 g) of the active ingredient in the bottle of
cough syrup.

Drug dosage is often administered according to a patient's weight. For example,

30 mg of the drug vancomicin is to be given for each kilogram of a person's weight.
If Martha Greene, who weighs 136 Ib, is to be given the drug, what dosage should
she be given?

I SOLUTION: First we need to convert Martha's weight into kilograms. From

Table 8.7, we see that I Ib = 0.45 kg. We obtain our unit fraction from this infor-
mation. Next, we need to determine the number of milligrams of the drug for
Martha's weight in kilograms. To do so, write the given ratio of 30 mg of the drug
for each kilogram as 3~ ~,~g. Note that this ratio is not a unit fraction since the numer-
ator and denominator are not equivalent. The answer may be found as follows.

1361b = (136 J.I5)(0.~5J.15kg)C~ ;g) = (136)(0.45)(30) mg = 1836 mg

 MATHEMATIC.~.I ....
~

W e all realize how important measurements are to daily life. The Systeme international d'unites (SI), the modern version of the met-
ric system, provides a logical and interconnected framework for all measurements in science, industry, and commerce. The SI is
built upon a foundation of seven base units, as explained below. All other SI units are derived from these units. The base units for time,
electric current, amount of substance, and luminous intensity are the same in both the metric system and the U.S. customary system.
Length: Meter The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 299.7~2.458 second. Thus, the
speed of light in a vacuum is 299 792 458 meters per second.
Time: Second The second is the duration of 9, 192,631 ,770 cycles of the radiation associated with a specific transition of the
cesium 133 atom.
Electric Current: Ampere The ampere is the current that, if maintained in each of two infinitely long parallel wires separated by 1 m
in free space, would produce a force between the two wires (due to their magnetic fields) of 2 X 10-7 newton for each meter of length.
The electrical terms volt, watt, and ohm are derived using amperes.
Luminous Intensity: Candela The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radi-
ation of frequency 540 X 1012 hertz (Hz) and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 6~3 watt per steradian.
Temperature: Kelvin A kelvin is the fraction 27~.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of
the triple point of water. The temperature 0 K is commonly referred to as "absolute zero." In
the widely used Celsius temperature, O°C corresponds to 273.15 K. Thus, water freezes at
273.l5 K.
Mass: Kilogram The kilogram is a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept by the Interna-
tional Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sevres, France. A duplicate in the custody of the
U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology serves as the mass standard for the United
States. The kilogram is the only base unit
still defined by an artifact.
Temperature Measurement Systems
Amount of Substance: Mole The mole
is the amount of substance of a system that
contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon
OF
212.0
°C
100.0 Water boils
K
f 2045.00
Platinum
12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be freezes
atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specific groups of such particles.
The SI unit of concentration (of amount of substance) is the mole per cubic meter
(mol/m3).
Some of these definitions provided here are quite complex, but they form the basis Absolute
for all measurements in the metric system. For more complete definitions of unknown zero
0.00
terms and for additional information, contact the U.S. Department of Commerce, Na- OF °C K
tional Institute of Standards and Technology (www.nist.gov). (Fahrenheit) (Celsius) (Kelvin)

5. When converting from centimeters to feet, which unit

fraction would you use? Explain.
1. What is dimensional analysis?
I ft 30 cm
2. What is a unit fraction? 30 cm 1 ft
3. Give a unit fraction that relates seconds and minutes. Ex- 6. When converting from kilograms to pounds, which unit
plain how you determined the unit fraction. fraction would you use? Explain.

4. Give a unit fraction that relates feet and yards. Explain ] Ib 0.45 kg
how you determined the unit fraction. 0.45 kg 1 Ib
 7. When converting from gallons to liters, which unit frac- 33. Hole I, black tees, in yards
tion would you use? Explain. 34. Hole 2, blue tees, in yards
I gal 3.8 t' 35. Hole 3, white tees, in feet
3.8 t' I gal 36. Hole 4, red tees, in feet

8. When converting from square yards to square meters,

which unit fraction would you use? Explain. Problem Solving
37. Speed Limit The speed limit for the sharp curve shown in
the photo is 85 kph. Determine the speed in miles per hour.

Practice the Skills

In Exercises 9-24, convert the quantity to the indicated
units.
9. 52 in. to centimeters 10. 9 Ib to kilograms
11. 4.2 ft to meters 12. 427 g to ounces
13. 15 yd2 to square meters 14. 160 kg to pounds 38. How Far? Carol Ann Harle's new car traveled 105 mi on
15. 39 mi to kilometers 16. 765 mm to inches 5 gal of gasoline. How many kilometers can Carol Ann's
car travel with the same amount of gasoline?
17. 675 ha to acres 18. 192 oz to grams
39. Buying Carpet Victoria Montoya is buying outdoor carpet
19. 15.6 t' to pints 20. 4 T to tonnes
for her lanai, which is 6 yd by 9 yd. The carpeting is sold
21. 45.6 mt' to fluid ounces 22. 1.6 km2 to square miles in square meters. How many square meters of carpeting
23. 120 lb to kilograms 24. 6.2 acres to hectares will she need?
40. Cincinnati to Columbus The distance from Cincinnati,
In Exercises 25-32, replace the measurement(s) indicated Ohio, to Columbus, Ohio, is about 110 mi. What is the dis-
in blue with an equivalent metric measurers). For example, tance in kilometers?
afoot could be replaced with 30 cm.
41. Cornflakes A box of cornflakes purchased in Canada indi-
25. More bounce to the ounce. cates that it contains 400 grams of cornflakes. How many
26. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ounces of cornflakes are contained in the box?

27. He demanded his pound of flesh. 42. The QEW Part of the Queen Elizabeth Way in Canada has a
speed limit of 80 kph. What is the speed in miles per hour?
28. Five foot two and eyes of blue.
43. Milliliters in a Glass A glass holds 8 fl oz. How many mil-
29. Give him an inch and he'll take a mile.
liliters will it hold?
30. A miss is as good as a mile.
44. Swimming Pool A swimming pool holds 12,500 gal of
31. First down and 10 yards to go. water. What is this volume in kiloliters?
32. The longest yard. 45. Building a Basement A basement is to be 50 ft long, 30 ft
wide, and 8 ft high. How much dirt will have to be removed
In Exercises 33-36, use the part of the scorecard, which when this basement is built? Answer in cubic meters.
shows the distance in meters for the first four holes of the 46. Area of Yosemite National Park Yosemite National Park
Millbrook Resort Golf Course in Queenstown, New has an area of 1189 mi2. What is its area in square kilo-
Zealand. Determine the distances indicated. meters?

p... V>
47. Cost of Rice If rice costs $1.10 per kilogram, determine
OJ
V>
<C the cost of a pound of rice.
~
OJ
u ~
Ul
Ul 0 t:
::>
....J
z c:>:: :I:
<C
co :I: c;: ~
505 505 3 5 466 414
2 185 175 15 3 137 91
3 366 357 II 4 344 287
4 396 376 7 4 376 303
48. Weight of a Car A German-made car has a weight of 1.3 t. 59. Ampicillin The recommended dosage of the drug ampi-
a) How many tons does this weight equal? cillin for pediatric patients is 200 mg per kilogram of a pa-
b) How many pounds? tient's weight. If Janine Baker weighs 76 lb, how much
49. Capacity of a Tank Truck A tank truck holds 34.5 kt' of ampicillin should she receive?
gasoline. How many gallons does it hold? 60. Medicine for a Dog For each kilogram of weight of a dog,
5 mg of the drug bretylium is to be given. If Blaster, an
50. Cost per Gram A 0.25 oz bottle of Chanel perfume costs
Irish setter, weighs 82 Ib, how much of the drug should be
$80. What is the cost per gram?
given?
51. A Weight in Stones Some scales in Europe measure a
61. Active Ingredients The label on the bottle of Triaminic
person's weight both in kilograms and in stones. From the
expectorant indicates that each teaspoon (5 me) contains
photo, we see that a weight of 70 kg is equal to about
12.5 mg of the active ingredient phenylpropanolamine hy-
II stones.
drochloride.
a) Determine the amount of the active ingredient in the
recommended adult dosage of 2 teaspoons.
b) Determine the quantity of the active ingredient in a
12 oz bottle.
62. Stomach Ache Remedy The label on the bottle of Maxi-
mum Strength Pepto-Bismol indicates that each tablespoon
contains 236 mg of the active ingredient bismuth subsali-
cyate.
a) Determine the amount of the active ingredient in the
recommended dosage of 2 tablespoons.
b) If the bottle contains 8 fl oz, determine the quantity of
the active ingredient in the bottle.
a) Using a unit fraction, determine the weight, in kilo- 63. Disney Magic The Disney Magic Cruise Ship is 964 feet
grams, of a person who weighs 8 stones. long, has a weight of 85,000 tons, and can travel 28 mph.
b) Determine the person's weight in pounds.
52. A Precious Stone One gram is the same as five carats.
David Erich's new ring contains a precious stone that is ~
carat. Find the weight of the stone in grams.
53. Death Valley Elevation The lowest elevation in the United
States is -282 ft at Badwater in Death Valley, California.
Determine this elevation in
a) centimeters.
b) meters.
54. Car's Engine A specific car's engine has a capacity of
5.7 e of oil. How many quarts of oil does the engine have? a) Determine the length of the ship in meters.
55. Square Meters to Square Feet One meter is about 3.3 ft. b) Determine the weight in tonnes.
Use this information to determine c) Determine the speed in kilometers per hour.
a) the equivalent of one square meter in square feet. 64. Making Cookies Change all the measurements in the
b) the equivalent of one cubic meter in cubic feet. cookie recipe to metric units. Do not forget pan size, tem-
56. Square Feet to Square Centimeters One foot is about 30 perature, and size of cookies.
cm. Use this information to determine Magic Cookie Bar
a) the equivalent of one square foot in square centimeters.
~c graham cracker crumbs
b) the equivalent of one cubic foot in cubic centimeters.
12 oz nuts
57. Dosage for a Child The recommended dosage of the drug 8 oz chocolate pieces
codeine for pediatric patients is I mg per kilogram of a I *c flaked coconut
child's weight. What dosage of codeine should be given to I ~c condensed milk
April Adam, who weighs 561b? Coat the bottom of a 9 in. X 13 in. pan with melted mar-
58. Dosage for a Man For each kilogram of a person's weight, garine. Add rest of ingredients one by one: crumbs, nuts,
1.5 mg of the antibiotic drug gentamicin is to be adminis- chocolate, and coconut. Pour condensed milk over all.
tered. If Ron Gigliotti weighs 170 lb, how much of the Bake at 350°F for 25 minutes. Allow to cool 15 minutes
drug should he receive? before cutting. Makes about two dozen 1~in. by 3 in. bars.
65. The Space Shuttle Write each of the metric units, labeled weight of guests who wil1 be in attendance. If he expects
(a) through (n), in U.S. customary units. 15 people whose average weight is 130 Ib, how many
The first human flight, December 17,1903, was (a) 37 m. pounds of beef should he purchase?
Just 66 years later, Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon 68. An Auto Engine The displacement of automobile engines
after journeying (b) 370 140 km. On April 12, 1981, a new is measured in liters. A 2003 Ford Explorer has a 4.0 e en-
era in space flight began when the space shuttle embarked gine.
on its maiden voyage. a) Determine the displacement of the engine in cubic cen-
Here are some characteristics of and facts about the space timeters.
shuttle. The two solid rocket boosters are jettisoned at (c) b) Determine the displacement of the engine in cubic
44 km. During reentry, portions of the orbiter's exterior inches.
reach temperatures up to (d) 1260°C. The orbiter lands
at a speed of (e) 335 kph. It can deliver to orbit up to (f)
29484 kg of payload in its huge (g) 4.5 m X 18 m cargo
Recreational Mathematics
bay. Propellants can be supplied to the engines at a In Exercises 69-74, answer the question, What metric unit
rate of about (h) 171 396 Dmin of hydrogen and am I?
(i) 63 588 Dmin of oxygen. The external tank is
(j) 46.89 m long and (k) 8.4 m in diameter. When ful1y 69. I am a length greater than a yard, but less than a kitchen
loaded, the tank contains (l) 632 772 kg of liquid oxygen tabletop.
and (m) 106142 kg of cold liquid hydrogen at about 70. I am a weight greater than a calculator, but less than a
(n) -25J°C. wooden chair.
71. I am an area greater than an acre, but less than a square
kilometer.
72. I am a liquid volume greater than a quart, but less than a
gal1on.
73. I am a weight greater than a ton, but less than a ful1-grown
elephant.
74. I am a length greater than an inch, but less than a yard.

75. 2000 pounds of Chinese soup?

76. 1 millionth of a mouthwash?
77. 1000 aches?
66. Nursing Question The following question was selected 78. 448 grahams of cake?
from a nursing exam. Can you answer it? 79. 1 million phones?
In caring for a patient after delivery, you are to give 0.2 mg 80. 1 million bicycles?
Ergotrate Maleate. The ampule is labeled 3~O grain/me.
81. 2000 mockingbirds?
How much would you draw and give? (60 mg = 1 grain)
a) 15 cc b) 1.0 cc c) 0.5 cc d) 0.01 cc 82. 10 cards?
67. How Much Beef Paul Gosse is planning a picnic and plans 83. 10 rations?
on purchasing 0.18 kg of ground beeffor each 100 Ib of 84. 1 millionth of a fish?
~~~

CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY
IMPORTANT FACTS
Metric Units Volume in Volume Mass of
Prefix Symbol Meaning Cubic Units in Liters Water
kilo k 1000 X base unit ] cm3 I me ]g
hecto h 100 X base unit 1 dm3 Ie 1 kg
deka da lOX base unit 1 m3 1 ke 1 t (1000 kg)
base unit
deci d To of base unit
centi c l~O of base unit
milli ill ,doo of base unit

20. The volume of a glass of milk

21. The length of an ant
22. The mass of a car
1. Centi 2. Kilo 3. Milli
23. The distance from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Irvine,
4. Hecto 5. Deka 6. Deci
Texas
In Exercises 7-12, change the given quantity to that indicated. 24. The height a dolphin can jump

7. 20 cg to grams
8. 3.2 e to centiliters
9. 0.0004 cm to millimeters
10. 1 000 000 mg to kilograms
11. 4.62 kf to liters
12. 192.6 dag to decigrams

In Exercises 13 and 14, arrange the quantities from small-

est to largest.
13. 2.67 kf, 3000 me, 14630 ce In Exercises 25 and 26, (a) first estimate the following in
14. 0.047 km, 4700 m, 47 000 cm metric units and then (b) measure with a metric ruler.
Record your results.
25. Your height
In Exercises 15-24, indicate the metric unit of measure- 26. The length of a new pencil
ment that would best express the following.
In Exercises 27-32, select the best answer.
15. The length of a telephone
27. The length of the distance between Los Angeles and San
16. The mass of a cellular telephone
Francisco is about
17. The temperature of the sun's surface a) 8000 m. b) 2000 km. c) 650 km.
18. The diameter of a quarter 28. The mass of a full-grown border collie is about
19. The area of a room of a house a) 600 g. b) 20 kg. c) 100 kg.
29. The volume of a gallon of orange juice is about 44. A square kilometer is a square with length and width both
a) 0.1 ke. b) 0.5 €. c) 4 €. 1 km. How many times larger is a square kilometer than a
30. The area of a large vegetable garden in a person's yard square dekameter?
may be
a) 200 m2. b) 0.5 ha. c) 0.02 km2.
31. The temperature on a hot summer day in Georgia may be In Exercises 45-58, change the given quantity to the indi-
a) 34°C. b) 55°C. c) 25°C. cated quantity. When appropriate, round answers to the
32. The height of a giant sequoia tree is about nearest hundredth.
a) 300 m. b) 3000 cm. c) 0.3 m.
45. 20 cm = In. 46. 105 kg = __ Ib
33. Convert 2500 kg to tonnes.
47.83 yd = __ m 48. 100 m = __ yd
34. Convert 6.3 t to grams.
49. 45 mph = __ kph 50. 40€ =_qt
35. If the temperature outside is 18°C, what is the Fahrenheit
temperature?
51.15 gal = __ € 52. 40 m3 = __ yd3

36. If the room temperature is 68°F, what is the Celsius tem- 53. 83 cm2 = in.2 54.4 qt = __ €
perature? 55. 15 yd3 = __ m3 56.62 mi = km
37. If your outdoor thermometer shows a temperature of 57.27 cm = ft 58. 3 ± in. = __ mm
-6°F, what is the Celsius temperature?
59. Building a Chimney Anne Kelly bought 700 bricks to
38. If Lynn Colgin's body temperature is 39°C, what is her
build a chimney. Each brick has a mass of 1.5 kg.
Fahrenheit temperature?
a) What is the total mass of the bricks in kilograms?
39. Measure, in centimeters, each of the line segments, then b) What is the total weight of the bricks in pounds?
compute the area of the figure.
60. Carpeting a Room Patricia Burgess is buying new carpet
for her family room. The room is 15 ft wide and 24 ft long.
The carpeting is sold only in square meters. How many
square meters of carpeting will she need? Round your an-
swer to the nearest square meter.
61. MiLk Tank A cylindrical milk tank can store 50,000 gal of
40. Measure, in centimeters, the radius of the circle, then com-
milk.
pute the area of the circle.
a) Determine the volume in kiloliters.
b) Estimate the weight of the milk in kilograms. Assume
that milk has the same weight as water.

41. a) A Swimming PooL's VoLume What is the volume of wa-

ter in a full rectangular swimming pool that is 10m
long and 4 m wide and has an average depth of 2 m?
Answer in cubic meters.
b) What is the mass of the water in kilograms?
42. Area A rectangular lot measures 22 m by 30 m. 62. The Speed Limit The speed limit on a certain road is
Determine 35 mph. What is the speed limit in
a) the area in square meters. a) kilometers per hour?
b) the area in square kilometers. b) meters per hour?

43. Volume of a Fish Tank A small fish tank measures 80 cm 63. A Water Tank A rectangular tank used to test leaks in tires
long, 40 cm wide, and 30 cm high. is 90 cm by 70 cm by 40 cm deep.
a) What is its volume in cubic centimeters? a) Determine the number of liters of water the tank holds.
b) What is its volume in cubic meters? b) What is the mass of the water in kilograms?
c) How many milliliters of water will the tank hold? 64. Oranges If the cost of oranges is $3.50 per kilogram,
d) How many kiloliters of water will the tank hold? determine the cost of 1 lb of oranges.
 ~_~ f. fJ
CHAPTER 8 TEST
1. Change 204 cf to daf. 11. How many times greater is a cubic meter than a cubic
millimeter?
2. Change 123 \em to mm.
12. Convert 452 in. to centimeters.
3. How many times greater is a kilometer than a
dekameter? 13. How far, in yards, is the Marriott from the sign?
4. Jogging A high school track is an oval that measures
400 m around. If Dave Camp jogs around the track six
times, how many kilometers has he gone?
OSHA
Jrt MARRIOTT
A 160M. t
5. The length of this page is about
a) 10 cm.
b) 25 cm.
e) 60 cm.
6. The surface area of the top of a kitchen table is about
a) 2 m2. Cancun, Mexico
b) 200 cm2. 14. Change -10°F to degrees Celsius.
e) 2000 cm2. 15. Change 20°C to degrees Fahrenheit.
7. The amount of gasoline that an automobile's gas tank 16. Giraffe A giraffe may be 12 ft tall. How many cen-
can hold is about timeters is this?
a) 200 f.
17. At the Aquarium A fish tank at an aquarium is 20 m
b) 20 e. long by 20 m wide by 8 m deep.
e) 75 e. a) Determine the volume of the tank in cubic meters.
8. The mass of a cellular telephone is about b) Determine the number of liters of water the tank
a) 0.1 t. holds.
b) 2 kg. e) Determine the weight of the water in kilograms.
e) 150 g.
18. Cost of Paint The first coat of paint for the outside
9. The outside temperature on a snowy day is about e
walls of a building requires 1 of paint for each
a) 18°C. 10m2 of wall surface. The second coat requires 1 e
b) -2°C. for every 15 m2. If the paint costs $3.50 per liter,
e) -40°C. what will be the cost of two coats of paint for the four
10. How many times greater is a square meter than a outside walls of a building 20 m long, 15 m wide, and
square centimeter? 6 m high?
GROUP PROJECTS
sister's neck to the floor is 5 ft 2 in., calculate the
length of the kimono that Dale should purchase.
Throughout this chapter, we have shown the importance of b) If the conversion rate at the time is I U.S. dollar =
the metric system in the medical professions. The following 118.25 yen and the kimono cost 8695.5 yen, deter-
two questions involve applications of the metric system to mine the cost of the kimono in U.S. dollars.
medicine. c) On a trip to Mexico City, Mexico, Dale finds a
1. a) Twenty milligrams of the drug lincomycin is to be small replica of a Mayan castle that he wants to
given for each kilogram of a person's weight. The purchase for his wife, Sue. He is going directly
drug is to be mixed with 250 cc of a normal saline from Mexico to Rome, so he wants to mail the cas-
solution, and the mixture is to be administered intra- tle back to the United States. The mailing rate from
venously over a I hr period. Clyde Dexter, who Mexico to the United States is 10 pesos per hundred
weighs 196 Ib, is to be given the drug. Determine grams. Determine the mailing cost, in U.S. dollars,
the dosage of the drug he will be given. if the castle weighs 6 lb and the exchange rate is
b) At what rate per minute should the 250 cc solution I peso = 0.095 U.S. dollar.
be administered? d) This question has three parts. While traveling to
2. a) At a pharmacy, a parent asks a pharmacist why her New Zealand, Dale finds that unleaded plus gaso-
child needs such a small dosage of a certain medi- line cost $0.929 per liter in New Zealand dollars.
cine. The pharmacist explains that a general for-
mula may be used to estimate a child's dosage of
certain medicines. The formula is

child's Weight)
( in kilograms
Child's dose = 67.5 kg X adult dose

What is the amount of medicine you would give

a 60 lb child if the adult dosage of the medicine is
70 mg?
b) At what weight, in pounds, would the child receive
an adult dose?

Traveling to Other Countries

3. Dale Pollinger is a buyer at General Motors and travels
frequently on business to foreign countries. He always
plans ahead and does his holiday shopping overseas
where he can purchase items not easily found in the
United States. How much will it cost him, in New Zealand dollars,
a) On a trip to Tokyo, he decides to buy a kimono for to fill the 53 e gas tank of his rented car? If the ex-
his sister, Kathy. To determine the length of a ki- change rate is $1 New Zealand = $0.584 U.S.,
mono, one measures, in centimeters, the distance what will it cost in U.S. dollars to fill the tank?
from the bottom of a person's neck to 5 cm above What is the cost, in U.S. dollars, of a gallon of
the floor. If the distance from the bottom of Dale's gasoline at this gas station?