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 A TEXTBOOK OF
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
 A TEXTBOOK OF

ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
For

B.TECH. 2nd YEAR, SEMESTER III/IV

Strictly according to the latest revised syllabi (NAS-301/NAS-401)

FOR UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY (U.P.T.U.), LUCKNOW

By
N.P. BALI Dr. MANISH GOYAL
Former Principal M.Sc. (Mathematics), Ph.D., CSIR-NET
S.B. College, Gurgaon Associate Professor
Haryana Department of Mathematics
Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities
G.L.A. University, Mathura
U.P.

UNIVERSITY SCIENCE PRESS

(An Imprint of Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd.)
An ISO 9001:2008 Company
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JALANDHAR ● KOLKATA ● LUCKNOW ● MUMBAI ● RANCHI ● NEW DELHI
BOSTON (USA) ● ACCRA (GHANA) ● NAIROBI (KENYA)
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

© by Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.

All rights reserved including those of translation into other languages. In accordance with the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012,
no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
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Printed and bound in India

Typeset at Excellent Graphics, Delhi
First Edition: 2003; Second Edition : 2005; Third Edition: 2006; Fourth Edition: 2010; Revised Fourth Edition : 2010
Fifth Edition : 2011; Sixth Edition: 2012; Reprint : 2013, 2014; Seventh Edition: 2015, Eighth Edition : 2016
ISBN 978-93-80386-53-9

Limits of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representation or warranties with respect to the
accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties. The advice, strategies, and activities
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Notwithstanding this disclaimer, all other names and marks mentioned in this work are the trade names, trademarks or service
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www.laxmipublications.com [email protected] Printed at:
 Dedicated
To
Lord Krishna
 CONTENTS
Preface ... (ix)

Syllabus ... (x)

Standard Results ... (xi)–(xv)

Units Pages
1. Function of Complex Variable ... 1
2. Integral Transforms ... 131
3. Statistical Techniques ... 214
4. Numerical Techniques–I ... 379
5. Numerical Techniques–II ... 470
Examination Papers ... 555–566
Appendix ... (i)–(iv)

(vii)
 PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION

eÕ;kos'; euks ;s eka fuR;;qDrk miklrsA

J¼;k ij;ksisrkLrs es ;qDrrek erk%AA
The Eighth edition of this textbook is an outcome of new syllabus of Engineering
Mathematics III (NAS-301/NAS-401) for the students of B. Tech. II year (Both III and IV
semester in all branches) proposed and implemented by the U.P. Technical University
(U.P.T.U.), Lucknow recently. The book has been renovated in the light of the latest syllabus.
It will work as the latest ready reckoner for the readers.
The subject matter has been made more lucid and easier to understand. A large number
of new solved examples and questions have been added. All the answers have been checked
and verified. All the questions of latest university papers have been added in the body of the
text. The suggestions from our colleagues and readers have been incorporated at the proper
places. An appreciably heavy demand of the book ensures its utility to the users.
Separate exercise (TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) have been given at the end of each
unit.
This book is written with a unique style only meant for the welfare of dear students. We
hope that this book will be a strength for them and it will serve their very purpose of attaining
excellent results.
We are highly obliged to Dr. Hari Kishan, Ex-Head, Department of Mathematics,
K.R. (P.G.) College, Mathura, also an eminent author, for his valuable help round the clock in
making this book PERFECT in all senses.
We are indebted to GOD for shower of blessing. The suggestions with a view to enhance
the utility of the book are always welcome.

—AUTHORS

(ix)
 SYLLABUS
U.P. TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW
MATHEMATICS-III

NAS-301/NAS-401 LTP
3 10
Unit I: Function of Complex variable 8
Analytic functions, C-R equations. Harmonic Functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem,
Cauchy’s integral formula. Derivatives of analytic functions, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series,
Singularities, Zeroes and Poles, Residue theorem, Evaluation of real integrals of the type

z0
2π
f (cos θ, sin θ) dθ and z
−∞
+∞
f ( x) dx .

Unit II: Integral Transforms 8

Fourier integral, Complex Fourier transform, Inverse Transforms, Convolution
Theorems, Fourier sine and cosine transform, Applications of Fourier transform to simple one
dimensional heat transfer equations, wave equations and Laplace equations, Z-transform and
its application to solve difference equations.

Unit III: Statistical Techniques 8

Moments, Moment generating functions, Skewness, Kurtosis, Curve fitting, Method of
least squares, Fitting of straight lines, Polynomials, Exponential curves, Correlation, Linear,
Non-linear and multiple regression analysis, Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions,
Tests of significations: Chi-square test, t-test.

Unit IV: Numerical Techniques–I 8

Zeroes of transcendental and polynomial equations using Bisection method, Regula-
falsi method and Newton-Raphson method, Rate of convergence of above methods.
Interpolation: Finite differences, Newton’s forward and backward interpolation,
Lagrange’s and Newton’s divided difference formula for unequal intervals.

Unit V: Numerical Techniques–II 8

Solution of system of linear equations, Matrix Decomposition methods, Jacobi method,
Gauss Seidal method.
Numerical differentiation, Numerical integration, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s one third
and three-eight rules.
Solution of ordinary differential equations (first order, second order and simultaneous)
by Euler’s, Picard’s and fourth-order Runge-Kutta methods.

(x)
 STANDARD RESULTS

d d
1. (xn) = nxn–1 2. (ax) = ax loge a
dx dx
d d 1
3. (ex) = ex 4. (loge x) =
dx dx x
d 1 d
5. (log10 x) = log10 e 6. (sin x) = cos x
dx x dx
d d
7. (cos x) = – sin x 8. (tan x) = sec2 x
dx dx
d d
9. (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x 10. (cot x) = – cosec2 x
dx dx

d d 1
11. (sec x) = sec x tan x 12. (sin–1 x) =
dx dx 1 − x2

d −1 d 1
13. (cos–1 x) = 14. (tan–1 x) =
dx 1− x 2
dx 1 + x2

d 1 d −1
15. (sec–1 x) = 16. (cot–1 x) =
dx x x2 − 1 dx 1 + x2

d 1 e x − e− x
17. (cosec–1 x) = – 18. sinh x =
dx x x2 − 1 2

e x + e− x e x − e− x
19. cosh x = 20. tanh x =
2 e x + e− x
21. cosh2 x – sinh2 x = 1, sech2 x + tanh2 x = 1, coth2 x = 1 + cosech2 x
22. cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x

23. sinh–1 x = log (x + x2 + 1 ), cosh–1 x = log ( x + x2 − 1 )

d d
24. (sinh x) = cosh x 25. (cosh x) = sinh x
dx dx
d d
26. (tanh x) = sech2 x 27. (coth x) = – cosech2 x
dx dx
d d
28. (sech x) = – sech x tanh x 29. (cosech x) = – cosech x coth x
dx dx
du dv
d dv du d FG u IJ = v dx − u dx
30. Product rule:
dx
(uv) = u
dx
+v
dx
31. Quotient rule:
dx H vK 2
v

dy dy dt
32. = . if y = f1(t) and x = f2(t)
dx dt dx
(xi)
 (xii)

π π π
33. sin–1 x + cos–1 x = , tan–1 x + cot–1 x = , sec–1 x + cosec–1 x =
2 2 2

FG a − b IJ = tan a – tan b, tan F a + b I = tan

34. tan–1
H 1 + ab K
–1
GH 1 − ab JK
–1 –1 –1 a + tan–1 b

F 2x I = sin F 2x I = 2 tan x
35. tan–1 GH 1 − x JK
2 GH 1 + x JK
–1
2
–1

3 tan x − tan3 x
36. sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x, cos 3x = 4 cos3 x – 3 cos x, tan 3x =
1 − 3 tan 2 x

2 tan x
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x, tan 2x = ,
1 − tan 2 x

1 − tan 2 x
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 x = cos2 x – sin2 x =
1 + tan 2 x

x3 x5 x7 x2 x4 x6
37. sin x = x – + – + ..., cos x = 1 – + – + ...
3! 5! 7! 2! 4! 6!
x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ...
2! 3!
(1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... ; | x | < 1 (1 + x)–1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + ...
(1 – x)–2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ... (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ...
C+D C−D C+D C−D
38. sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos , sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2

C+D C−D C+D D−C

cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos , cos C – cos D = 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
39. 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B), 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B), 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
40. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B, cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

d 1 d 1
41. (sinh–1 x) = , (cosh–1 x) =
dx 1+ x 2 dx 2
x −1

d 1 d 1
(tanh–1 x) = , where | x | < 1, (coth–1 x) = 2 , where | x | > 1
dx 1 − x2 dx x −1

d 1 d 1
(sech–1 x) = – , (cosech–1 x) = –
dx x 1− x 2 dx x x2 + 1

42. (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ, (cos θ + i sin θ)–n = cos nθ – i sin nθ
43. sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, sec2 θ – tan2 θ = 1, 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ
 (xiii)

44. θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°

sin θ 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 0 –1 0

cos θ 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0 1

tan θ 0 1/ 3 1 3 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
45. θ 90° – θ 90° + θ π–θ π+θ
sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ – sin θ
cos θ sin θ – sin θ – cos θ – cos θ
tan θ cot θ – cot θ – tan θ tan θ
a b c b2 + c2 − a2
46. sine formula: = = ; cosine formula: cos A =
sin A sin B sin C 2bc
a+b+c
47. Area of triangle Δ = s(s − a) (s − b) (s − c) , where s =
2

nC
n!
48. r =
r!n− r!

49. z x n dx =
x n+ 1
n+1
+ c; n ≠ – 1

z 1
x
dx = log x + c;
e z e x dx = ex + c; z a x dx =
ax
log e a
+c

z sin x dx = – cos x + c; z cos x dx = sin x + c

z tan x dx = log sec x + c; z cot x dx = log sin x + c

z sec x dx = log (sec x + tan x) + c = log tan FG π + x IJ + c

H 4 2K
z cosec x dx = log (cosec x – cot x) + c = log tan
x
2
+c

z sec x tan x dx = sec x + c; z cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + c

50. z a −x2
dx
2
= sin–1
FG x IJ + c;
H aK z − dx
a −x2 2
= cos–1
FG x IJ + c
H aK
z 2
a +x
dx
2
FG x IJ + c; − dx = 1 cot FG x IJ + c
=
H aK
1
a
tan–1
a +x a H aK z 2 2
–1

z dx
2
a −x
=
1
2a 2
F a + x IJ + c; dx = 1 log FG x − a IJ + c
log G
H a − xK x −a 2a H x + aK z 2 2

z dx
x x −a 2
1
= sec G J + c;
a 2
F xI
H a K
− dx
–1
1
= cosec G J + c
a z
F xI
H aK x x 2 − a2
–1
 (xiv)

51. z sech2 x dx = tanh x + c, z cosech2 x dx = – coth x + c

z sinh x dx = cosh x + c, z cosh x dx = sinh x + c

z sech x tanh x dx = – sech x + c, z cosech x coth x dx = – cosech x + c

52. z a2 − x2 dx =
1
2
x a2 − x2 +
1 2
2
x
a sin–1 + c
a

z a2 + x 2 dx =
1
2
x a2 + x2 +
1 2
2
a log (x + a2 + x2 ) + c

z x2 − a2 dx =
1
2
x x2 − a2 –
1 2
2
a log (x + x2 − a2 ) + c

z a +x2
dx
2
= sinh–1
FG x IJ + c;
H aK z 2
dx
x −a 2
= cosh–1
FG x IJ + c
H aK
53. z
a
b
f ( x) dx =
za
b
f ( y) dy ;
za
b
f ( x) dx = –
z a

b
f ( x) dx ;
z 0
a
f ( x) dx =
z 0
a
f (a − x) dx

z
−a
a
f ( x) dx = S
|T 0,
z
R|2 f (x) dx, if f (x) is even functionU|
a

V
if f ( x) is odd function |W
0

z
0
2a
f ( x) dx = S2
T| 0,
z
R| f (x) dx, if f (2a − x) = f (x) U|
a

V
if f (2 a − x) = − f ( x)W|
0

54. Leibnitz rule for differentiation under the integral sign

d
dx z ψ (α )

φ (α )
f ( x, α) dx =
z ψ (α )

φ (α )
∂
∂α
{ f ( x, α)} dx + f{ψ(α), α}
dψ (α)
dα
– f{φ(α), α}
dφ(α)
dα

→
→ → r xi + yj + zk
55. If r = xi + yj + zk then | r | = 2
x +y +z 2 2 and r = → =
|r| x 2 + y2 + z 2

–→ –→ –→
56. AB = position vector of B-position vector of A = OB – OA

→ → → → → →
57. a ⋅ b = | a | | b | cos θ ; work done = ∫c F ⋅ dr

→ → → →
58. a × b = | a | | b | sin θ n

→ → → →
59. Area of parallelogram = a × b , Moment of force = r × F
 (xv)

→→→
a1 a2 a3 → →
→ → → →
60. a ⋅ ( b × c ) = [ a b c ] = b1 b2 b3 = (a × b) . c
c1 c2 c3

→ → →
where a = Σ a1 i , b = Σ b1 i and c = Σ c1 i
→ → → → → →
If a ⋅ ( b × c ) = 0, then a , b , c are coplanar.

→ → → →
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → a⋅c a ⋅d
61. a × ( b × c ) = (a ⋅ c ) b – ( a ⋅ b ) c 62. ( a × b ) ⋅ ( c × d ) = → → → →
b⋅c b ⋅d

→ → → → →→→ → →→→ →
63. ( a × b ) × ( c × d ) = [ a b d ] c – [ a b c ] d
64. A (Adj. A) = | A | I 65. AA–1 = I = A–1 A
66. AI = A = IA 67. (ABC)′ = C′B′A′
68. (AB)C = A(BC); A(B + C) = AB + AC
69. A + B = B + A; A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
70. (AB)–1 = B–1A–1
71. Walli’s formula

R| n − 1 . n − 3 . n − 5 ...... 3 . 1 . π
z0
π/2
n
sin θ dθ =
z
0
π/2
cos n
θ dθ = S n n−2 n−4 4 2 2
|| n . n − 2 . n − 4 ...... 45 . 23
T
n−1 n−3 n−5
if n is even

if n is odd

72. z eax sin bx dx =

eax
a + b2
2 (a sin bx – b cos bx) + c

z eax cos bx dx =
eax
a + b2
2 (a cos bx + b sin bx) + c

73. Γ(1/ 2) = π , Γ(− 1/ 2) = – 2 π

x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
74. log (1 + x) = x – + – + – + ......
2 3 4 5 6

x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
log (1 – x) = – x – – – – – – ......
2 3 4 5 6

75. sin nπ = 0 ; cos nπ = (– 1)n, sin n +

FG 1IJ
π = (– 1)n ; cos n +
1 FG IJ
H 2 K 2 H K
π = 0, where n ∈ I

76. x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx).

 UNIT 1
Function of Complex Variable

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A complex number z is an ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers and is written as

z = x + iy, where i = − 1 .
The real numbers x and y are called the real and Y
imaginary parts of z. In the Argand’s diagram, the complex
P (x, y)
number z is represented by the point P(x, y). If (r, θ) are the
polar coordinates of P, then r = x 2 + y 2 is called the modulus
r
y y
of z and is denoted by | z |. Also θ = tan–1 is called the
x
argument of z and is denoted by arg. z. Every non-zero complex θ
number z can be expressed as O x M X
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) = reiθ
If z = x + iy, then the complex number x – iy is called the conjugate of the complex
number z and is denoted by z .
Clearly, | z | = | z |,| z |2 = z z ,
z+z z−z
Re(z) = , Im(z) = .
2 2i

1.2 DEFINITIONS

Let S be a non-empty set of complex numbers and δ be a positive real number.

1. Circle. |z – a| = r represents a circle C with centre at the point a and radius r.
2. Open disk. The set of points which satisfies the equation |z – z0| < δ defines an open disk
of radius δ with centre at z0 = (x0, y0). This set consists of all points which lie inside circle C.
3. Closed disk. The set of points which satisfies the equation |z – z0| ≤ δ defines a closed disk
of radius δ with centre at z0 = (x0, y0). This set consists of all points which lie inside and on the
boundary of circle C.
4. Annulus. The set of points which lie between two concentric circles C1 : |z – a| = r1 and
C2 : |z – a| = r2 defines an open annulus i.e., the set of points which satisfies the inequality r1
< |z – a| < r2.
The set of points which satisfies the inequality r1 ≤ |z – a| ≤ r2 defines a closed annulus.
It is to be noted that r1 ≤ |z – a| < r2 is neither open nor closed.

1
2 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

5. Neighbourhood. δ-Neighbourhood of a point z0 is the set of all points z for which

|z – z0| < δ where δ is a positive constant. If we exclude the point z0 from the open disk
|z – z0| < δ then it is called the deleted neighbourhood of the point z0 and is written as
0 < |z – z0| < δ.
6. Interior and exterior points. A point z is an interior point of S if all the points in some
δ-neighbourhood of z are in S and an exterior point of S if they are outside S.
7. Boundary point. A point z is a boundary point of S if every δ-neighbourhood of z contains
at least one point of S and at least one point not in S. For example, the points on the circle
|z – z0| = r are the boundary points for the disk |z – z0| ≤ r.
8. Open and closed sets. A set S is open if every point of S is an interior point while a set S
is closed if every boundary point of S belongs to S. e.g. S = {z : |z – z0| < r} is open set while
S = {z : |z – z0| ≤ r} is closed set.
9. Bounded set. An open set S is bounded if ∃ a positive real number M such that
| z | ≤ M for all z ∈ S otherwise unbounded.
For example: the set S = {z : |z – z0| < r} is a bounded set while the set S = {z : |z – z0| > r} is
an unbounded set.
10. Connected set. An open set S is connected if any two points z1 and z2 belonging to S can
be joined by a polygonal line which is totally contained in S.
11. Domain. An open connected set is called a domain denoted by D.
12. Region. A region is a domain together with all, some or none of its boundary points. Thus
a domain is always a region but a region may or may not be a domain.
13. Finite complex plane. The complex plane without the point z = ∞ is called the finite
complex plane.
14. Extended complex plane. The complex plane to which the point z = ∞ has been added is
called the extended complex plane.

1.3 FUNCTION OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE

If x and y are real variables, then z = x + iy is called a complex variable. If corresponding to

each value of a complex variable z(= x + iy) in a given region R, there correspond one or more
values of another complex variable w (= u + iv), then w is called a function of the complex
variable z and is denoted by
w = f(z) = u + iv
For example, if w = z2 where z = x + iy and w = f(z) = u + iv
then u + iv = (x + iy) = (x2 – y2) + i(2xy)
2

⇒ u = x2 – y2 and v = 2xy
Thus u and v, the real and imaginary parts of w, are functions of the real variables x and y.
∴ w = f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
If to each value of z, there corresponds one and only one value of w, then w is called a
single-valued function of z. If to each value of z, there correspond more than one values of w,
then w is called a multi-valued function of z. For example, w = z is a multi-valued function.
To represent w = f(z) graphically, we take two Argand diagrams: one to represent the
point z and the other to represent w. The former diagram is called the XOY-plane or the
z-plane and the latter UOV-plane or the w-plane.
FUNCTION OF COMPLEX VARIABLE 3

1.4 LIMIT OF f(z)

A function f(z) tends to the limit l as z tends to z0 along any Y

path, if to each positive arbitrary number ε, however small, Z
there corresponds a positive number δ, such that
| f(z) – l | < ε whenever 0 < | z– z0 | < δ
and we write Lt f(z) = l, where l is finite
z → z0
Z0
Note. In real variables, x → x0 implies that x approaches x0 along
the number line, either from left or from right. In complex
variables, z → z0 implies that z approaches z0 along any path,
straight or curved, since the two points representing z and z0 in a
O X
complex plane can be joined by an infinite number of curves.

1.5 CONTINUITY OF f(z)

A single-valued function f(z) is said to be continuous at a point z = z0 if f(z0) exists, lim f(z)
z → z0

exists and Lt f(z) = f(z0).

z → z0

A function f(z) is said to be continuous in a region R of the z-plane if it is continuous at

every point of the region. A function f(z) which is not continuous at z0 is said to be discontinuous
at z0.
If the function f(z) = u + iv is continuous at z0 = x0 + iy0 then the real functions u and v
are also continuous at the point (x0, y0). Therefore, we can discuss the continuity of a complex
valued function by studying the continuity of its real and imaginary parts. If f(z) and g(z) are
f ( z)
continuous at a point z0 then the functions f(z) ± g(z), f(z) g(z) and , where g(z0) ≠ 0 are also
g( z)
continuous at z0.
If f(z) is continuous in a closed region S then it is bounded in S i.e., |f(z)| ≤ M ∀ z ∈ S.

FG IJ
Also, the function f(z) is continuous at z = ∞ if the function f 1 is continuous at ξ = 0
ξ HK
1.6 DERIVATIVE OF f(z)

Let w = f(z) be a single-valued function of the variable z(= x + iy), then the derivative or
differential co-efficient of w = f(z) is defined as

dw f ( z + δz) − f ( z)
= f ′ ( z) = Lt
dz δz → 0 δz
provided the limit exists, independent of the manner in which δz → 0.

1.7 ANALYTIC FUNCTION [G.B.T.U. 2012, M.T.U. 2012, U.P.T.U. 2014]

A function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point z0 if it is one-valued and differentiable not only
at z0 but at every point of some neighbourhood of z0. For example: ex (cos y + i sin y). A function
f(z) is said to be analytic in a certain domain D if it is analytic at every point of D.
4 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

The terms ‘regular’, ‘holomorphic’ and ‘monogenic’ are also sometimes used as synony-
mous with the term analytic.

A function f(z) is said to be analytic at z = ∞ if the function f FG 1IJ is analytic at z = 0.

H zK
Here it should be noted that analyticity implies differentiability but not vice versa. For
example, the function f(z) = |z|2 is differentiable only at z = 0 and nowhere else therefore f(z)
is differentiable at z = 0 but not analytic anywhere.
A function f(z) may be differentiable in a domain except for a finite number of points.
These points are called singular points or singularities of f(z) in that domain.

1.8 ENTIRE FUNCTION

A function f(z) which is analytic at every point of the finite complex plane is called an entire
function. Since the derivative of a polynomial exists at every point, a polynomial of any degree
is an entire function. Rational functions with non-zero denominators are also entire functions.

1.9 NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR f(z) TO BE ANALYTIC

[M.T.U. 2012, U.P.T.U. (C.O.) 2008]

The necessary and sufficient conditions for the function

w = f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
to be analytic in a region R, are
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
(i) , , , are continuous functions of x and y in the region R.
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
(ii) = , =− .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
The conditions in (ii) are known as Cauchy-Riemann equations or briefly C-R
equations.
Proof. (a) Necessary Condition. Let w = f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) be analytic in a region R, then
dw
= f ′(z) exists uniquely at every point of that region.
dz
Let δx and δy be the increments in x and y respectively. Let δu, δv and δz be the corre-
sponding increments in u, v and z respectively. Then,
f ( z + δz) − f ( z) (u + δu) + i(v + δv) − (u + iv)
f ′(z) = Lt = Lt
δz → 0 δz δz → 0 δz
FG δu + i δvIJ
= Lt
δz → 0 H δz δz K ...(1)

Since the function w = f(z) is analytic in the region R, the limit (1) must exist independ-
ent of the manner in which δz → 0, i.e., along whichever path δx and δy → 0.
First, let δz → 0 along a line parallel to x-axis so that δy = 0 and δz = δx.
[since z = x + iy, z + δz = (x + δx) + i(y + δy) and δz = δx + iδy]
FG δu + i δv IJ = ∂u + i ∂v
∴ From (1), f ′(z) = Lt
δx → 0 H δx δx K ∂x ∂x ...(2)

Now, let δz → 0 along a line parallel to y-axis so that δx = 0 and δz = iδy.

FUNCTION OF COMPLEX VARIABLE 5

f ′(z) = Lt
FG δu + i δv IJ = 1 ∂u + ∂v
∴ From (1),
δy → 0 H i δy i δy K i ∂y ∂y
∂v ∂u 1
= −i ...(3) ∵ =−i
∂y ∂y i
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
From (2) and (3), we have +i = −i
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
Equating the real and imaginary parts, = and =− (U.P.T.U. 2015)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

Hence the necessary condition for f(z) to be analytic is that the C-R equations must be
satisfied.
(b) Sufficient Condition. Let f(z) = u + iv be a single-valued function possessing partial
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
derivatives , , , at each point of a region R and satisfying C-R equations.
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
i.e., = and =− .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
We shall show that f (z) is analytic, i.e., f ′(z) exists at every point of the region R.
By Taylor’s theorem for functions of two variables, we have, on omitting second and
higher degree terms of δx and δy.
f(z + δz) = u(x + δx, y + δy) + iv(x + δx, y + δy)
LM
= u( x, y) +
FG ∂u δx + ∂u δyIJ OP + i LMv(x, y) + FG ∂v δx + ∂v δyIJ OP
N H ∂x ∂y K Q N H ∂x ∂ y K Q
= [u(x, y) + iv(x, y)] + G
F ∂u + i ∂vIJ δx + FG ∂u + i ∂vIJ δy
H ∂x ∂x K H ∂y ∂y K
= f(z) + G
F ∂u + i ∂vIJ δx + FG ∂u + i ∂vIJ δy
H ∂x ∂x K H ∂y ∂y K
f(z + δz) – f(z) = G
F ∂u + i ∂vIJ δx + FG ∂u + i ∂vIJ δy
or
H ∂x ∂x K H ∂y ∂y K
=G
F ∂u + i ∂v IJ δx + FG − ∂v + i ∂u IJ δy | Using C-R equations
H ∂x ∂x K H ∂x ∂x K
F ∂u + i ∂v IJ δx + FG ∂u + i ∂vIJ iδy
= GH
∂x K H ∂x ∂x K |∵ –1=i 2
∂x

=G
F ∂u + i ∂v IJ (δx + iδy) = FG ∂u + i ∂v IJ δz | ∵ δx + iδy = δz
H ∂x ∂x K H ∂x ∂x K
f ( z + δz) − f ( z) ∂u ∂v
⇒ = +i
δz ∂x ∂x
f ( z + δz) − f ( z) ∂u ∂v
∴ f ′(z) = Lt = +i
δz → 0 δz ∂x ∂x
6 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂u ∂v
Thus f ′(z) exists, because , exist.
∂x ∂x
Hence f(z) is analytic.
Note 1. The real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are called conjugate functions. Thus, if
f(z) = u(x, y) + iv (x, y) is an analytic function, then u(x, y) and v(x, y) are conjugate functions. The relation
between two conjugate functions is given by C-R equations.
Note 2. When a function f(z) is known to be analytic, it can be differentiated in the ordinary way as if z
is a real variable.
Thus, f(z) = z2 ⇒ f ′(z) = 2z
f(z) = sin z ⇒ f ′(z) = cos z etc.

1.10 CAUCHY-RIEMANN EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDINATES (U.P.T.U. 2008)

Let (r, θ) be the polar coordinates of the point whose cartesian coordinates are (x, y), then
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ,
z = x + iy = r (cos θ + i sin θ) = reiθ
∴ u + iv = f(z) = f(reiθ) ...(1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. r, we have
∂u ∂v
+i = f ′ (reiθ) . eiθ ...(2)
∂r ∂r
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. θ, we have
∂u ∂v ∂u FG∂v IJ
∂θ
+i
∂θ
= f ′ (reiθ) . ireiθ = ir
∂r
+i
H∂r K | Using (2)

∂v ∂u
=–r + ir
∂r ∂r
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
=−r and =r
∂θ ∂r ∂θ ∂r

∂u 1 ∂v ∂v 1 ∂u
or = and =− , which is the polar form of C-R equations.
∂r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂θ

1.11 DERIVATIVE OF w, i.e., f ′(z) IN POLAR COORDINATES

w = f(z)
dw ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂w
∴ = f ′ ( z) = +i = (u + iv) =
dz ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
∂w ∂r ∂w ∂θ
= +
∂r ∂x ∂θ ∂x
∵ r 2 = x 2 + y2
= cos θ
∂w FG
∂u IJ
∂v sin θ ∴ ∂r/∂x = cos θ as x = r cos θ
∂r
−
H
∂θ
+i
∂θ K
r
and θ = tan −1
yFG IJ
∂w F ∂v ∂u I sin θ x H K
= cos θ − G− r + ir J
∂r H ∂r K r
∂θ − sin θ
∂r ∴ = as y = r sin θ
∂x r
FUNCTION OF COMPLEX VARIABLE 7

= cos θ
∂w
−i
∂uFG
+i
∂v IJ sin θ = cos θ
∂w
– i sin θ
∂w
∂r ∂r H ∂r K ∂r ∂r

dw ∂w
⇒ = (cos θ – i sin θ) ...(1)
dz ∂r

∂w
which is the result in terms of .
∂r
dw ∂w ∂r ∂w ∂θ
. .
FG ∂u + i ∂v IJ cos θ − ∂w . sin θ
Again,
dz
= +
∂r ∂x ∂θ ∂x
=
H ∂ r ∂r K ∂θ r
F 1 ∂v − i ∂u IJ cos θ − sin θ ∂w = – i FG ∂u + i ∂v IJ cos θ − sin θ ∂w
= G
H r ∂θ r ∂θ K r ∂θ r H ∂θ ∂θ K r ∂θ
i ∂w sin θ ∂w
=– cos θ −
r ∂θ r ∂θ
dw i ∂w
⇒ = − (cos θ – i sin θ)
dz r ∂θ

∂w
which is the result in terms of .
∂θ

1.12 HARMONIC FUNCTION [M.T.U. 2014, G.B.T.U. 2012, U.P.T.U. 2007, 2009]

A function of x, y which possesses continuous partial derivatives of the first and second orders
and satisfies Laplace’s equation is called a Harmonic function.

1.13 THEOREM

If f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function then u and v are both harmonic functions.

Proof. Let f(z) = u + iv be analytic in some region of the z-plane, then u and v satisfy C-R
equations.
∂u ∂v
∴ = ...(1)
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
and =− ...(2)
∂y ∂x
Differentiating eqn. (1) partially w.r.t. x and eqn. (2) w.r.t. y, we get
∂ 2u ∂ 2v
= ...(3)
∂x 2 ∂x∂y

∂ 2u ∂ 2v
and = − ...(4)
∂y 2 ∂y∂x
2 2
Assuming ∂ v = ∂ v and adding equations (3) and (4), we get
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
8 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ =0 ...(5)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Now, differentiating eqn. (1) partially w.r.t. y and eqn. (2) w.r.t. x, we get
∂ 2u ∂ 2 v
= ...(6)
∂y∂x ∂y 2
∂ 2u ∂2v
and =− 2 ...(7)
∂x∂y ∂x
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
Assuming = and subtracting eqn. (7) from eqn. (6), we get
∂y∂x ∂x∂y
∂2v ∂2v
+ =0 ...(8)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Equations (5) and (8) show that the real and imaginary parts u and v of an analytic
function satisfy the Laplace’s equation. Hence u and v are harmonic functions.
Note. Here u and v are called conjugate harmonic functions.

1.14 ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM [M.T.U. 2012, U.P.T.U. 2009]

Every analytic function f(z) = u + iv defines two families of curves u(x, y) = c1 and v(x, y) = c2,
which form an orthogonal system.
Consider the two families of curves
u(x, y) = c1 ...(1)
and v(x, y) = c2 ...(2)
Differentiating eqn. (1) w.r.t. x, we get
∂u Y
∂u ∂u dy dy ∂x
+ . = 0 or =− = m1 (say)
∂x ∂y dx dx ∂u
∂y v (x, y) = c2
∂v
dy
Similarly, from eqn. (2), we get = − x = m2 (say)
∂
dx ∂v
∂y
∂u ∂v
. u (x, y) = c1
∂x ∂x
∴ m 1 m2 = ...(3)
∂u ∂v O
. X
∂y ∂y
Since f(z) is analytic, u and v satisfy C-R equations
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
i.e., = and =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂v ∂v
.
∂y ∂x
∴ From (3), m1 m2 = =–1
∂v ∂v
− .
∂x ∂y
FUNCTION OF COMPLEX VARIABLE 9

Thus, the product of the slopes of the curves (1) and (2) is –1. Hence the curves intersect
at right angles, i.e., they form an orthogonal system.

1.15 THEOREM (U.P.T.U. 2008)

An analytic function with constant modulus is constant.

Proof. Let f(z) = u + iv be an analytic function with constant modulus. Then,
| f(z) | = | u + iv | = constant
⇒ u 2 + v2 = constant = c (say)
Squaring both sides, we get
u 2 + v2 = c 2 ...(1)
Differentiating eqn. (1) partially w.r.t. x, we get
∂u ∂v
2u + 2v =0
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
⇒ u +v =0 ...(2)
∂x ∂x
Again, differentiating eqn. (1) partially w.r.t. y, we get
∂u ∂v
2u + 2v =0
∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
⇒ u +v =0
∂y ∂y
∂v FG∂u IJ FG IJ ∂u ∂v
and
∂v ∂u
⇒
∂x
+v
H
u −
∂x
=0
K H K ...(3) ∵
∂y
=−
∂x
=
∂y ∂x
Squaring and adding eqns. (2) and (3), we get
R|F ∂u I + F ∂vI U|
2 2

(u2 + v 2) S|GH ∂x JK GH ∂x JK V| = 0
T W
FG ∂u IJ + FG ∂v IJ = 0
2 2
u2 + v 2 = c2 ≠ 0
⇒
H ∂x K H ∂x K |∵

∂u ∂v
⇒ | f ′(z) |2 = 0 ∵ f ′ ( z) = +i
∂x ∂x
⇒ | f ′(z) | = 0
⇒ f(z) is constant.

1.16 APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS TO FLOW PROBLEMS

Since the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function satisfy the Laplace’s equation in
two variables, these conjugate functions provide solutions to a number of field and flow problems.
For example, consider the two dimensional irrotational motion of an incompressible
fluid, in planes parallel to xy-plane.
→
Let V be the velocity of a fluid particle, then it can be expressed as
→
V = vx i + v y j ...(1)
10 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Since the motion is irrotational, there exists a scalar function φ(x, y), such that
→ ∂φ ∂φ
i+
V = ∇φ(x, y) = j ...(2)
∂x ∂y
∂φ ∂φ
From (1) and (2), we have vx = and vy = ...(3)
∂x ∂y
The scalar function φ(x, y), which gives the velocity components, is called the velocity
potential function or simply the velocity potential.
→
Also the fluid being incompressible, div V = 0

⇒
FG i ∂ + j ∂ IJ (v i + v j) = 0
H ∂x ∂y K x y

∂vx ∂vy
⇒ + =0 ...(4)
∂x ∂y
Substituting the values of vx and vy from (3) in (4), we get

FG IJ
∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ FG IJ ∂2φ ∂2φ
H K
∂x ∂x
+
∂y ∂y
= 0 or
H K +
∂x 2 ∂y 2
=0

Thus, the function φ is harmonic and can be treated as real part of an analytic function
w = f(z) = φ(x, y) + i ψ (x, y)
For interpretation of conjugate function ψ (x, y), the slope at any point of the curve
ψ (x, y) = c′ is given by
∂ψ ∂φ
dy ∂y
= − ∂x = | By C-R equations
dx ∂ψ ∂φ
∂y ∂x
vy
= | By (3)
vx
This shows that the resultant velocity vx 2 + vy 2 of the fluid particle is along the tangent
to the curve ψ (x, y) = c′ i.e., the fluid particles move along this curve. Such curves are known
as stream lines and ψ (x, y) is called the stream function. The curves represented by
φ (x, y) = c are called equipotential lines.
Since φ(x, y) and ψ(x, y) are conjugate functions of analytic function w = f(z), the
equipotential lines φ (x, y) = c and the stream lines ψ (x, y) = c′, intersect each other orthogonally.
dw ∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂φ
Now, = +i = −i | By C-R equations
dz ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y
= vx – ivy | By (3)
dw
∴ The magnitude of resultant velocity = = vx 2 + vy 2
dz
The function w = f(z) which fully represents the flow pattern is called the complex potential.
FUNCTION OF COMPLEX VARIABLE 11

In the study of electrostatics and gravitational fields, the curves φ(x, y) = c and ψ (x, y) = c′
are called equipotential lines and lines of force respectively. In heat flow problems, the
curves φ (x, y) = c and ψ (x, y) = c′ are known as isothermals and heat flow lines respectively.

1.17 DETERMINATION OF THE CONJUGATE FUNCTION

If f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function where both u(x, y) and v(x, y) are conjugate functions,
then we determine the other function v when one of these say u is given as follows:
∵ v = v (x, y)
∂v ∂v
∴ dv = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
⇒ dv = – dx + dy ...(1) | By C-R eqns.
∂y ∂x
∂u ∂u
M=– , N=
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂ 2u ∂N ∂ 2 u
∴ = − 2 and =
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂ x 2
∂M ∂N
Now, = gives
∂y ∂x
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
– =
∂y 2 ∂x 2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
or + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
which is true as u being a harmonic function satisfies Laplace’s equation.
∴ dv is exact.
∴ dv can be integrated to get v.
However, if we are to construct f(z) = u + iv when only u is given, we first of all find v by
above procedure and then write f(z) = u + iv.
∂v ∂v
Similarly, if we are to determine u and only v is given then we use du = dx − dy
∂y ∂x
and integrate it to find u. Consequently f(z) = u + iv can also be determined.

1.18 MILNE’S THOMSON METHOD

With the help of this method, we can directly construct f(z) in terms of z without first finding
out v when u is given or u when v is given.
z = x + iy
z = x – iy
1 1
⇒ x = (z + z ) and y = (z – z )
2 2i
∴ f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

=u
RS
z+ z z− z
,
UV+ iv
RS
z+ z z−z
,
UV ...(1)
T2 2i W T 2 2i W
Exploring the Variety of Random
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Title: Shuddering castle

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Original publication: New York, NY: Green Circle Books, 1936

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK

SHUDDERING CASTLE ***
 SHUDDERING CASTLE

By Wilbur Fawley

GREEN CIRCLE BOOKS

NEW YORK

COPYRIGHT, 1936
by LEE FURMAN, INC.

[Transcriber's Note: Extensive research did not uncover any

evidence that the U.S. copyright on this publication was
renewed.]

Printed in the United States of America

 SHUDDERING CASTLE
Shuddering Castle is not a mystery novel in the generally
accepted sense. It is a novel with a mystery; a highly imaginative
story, with revelations in the field of radio and short-wave
broadcasting. None of the strange events recorded oversteps the
boundaries of accepted natural laws.
In this novel of exciting action, radio communication is established
between Earth and Mars, with a world-girdling hook-up from Radio
Center, in New York City, and the reader will be amazed to find that
the Martians are human beings like ourselves, subject to the same
laws, the same temptations and passions which affect humanity. Into
this pulsating picture of tensed American life of the near future,
comes another revelation from the sky. This brings the reader to the
drama of a frightening but plausible visitor from the jungles of Mars
to this world, whose presence in the old spooky castle of an
eccentric millionaire-scientist on Long Island causes great fear to its
inmates when night falls.
But there is thrilling romance to warm your hearts, the infatuation of
a young newspaperman for the alluring debutante niece of the old
scientist; a humanly drawn boy and girl who are caught in the violent
web of mystery and sudden death. Shuddering Castle is a unique
study in the mysterious recesses of the universe.

SHUDDERING CASTLE
 I
As a staid and wealthy New York family, of distinguished but remote
English ancestry, we moved formally and rather arrogantly within our
small, exclusive circle, holding on grimly to the traditions and
elegancies of the past. During the winter season, we viewed the
outside world placidly, and with the respectful composure of middle-
age, from the dignified privacy of our red brick mansion in
Washington Square.
On May first, as regular as clockwork, year in and year out, and with
all the solemnity of a ritual, we put our elaborate upholstered
furniture in linen shrouds, veiled the somber, scowling family portraits
in their dull gold frames with fly-netting, boarded up the windows and
doors, and went to the country. Our summer home is called The
Castle, and it is situated at Sands Cliff, Long Island. As a family we
resembled nothing so much as this embattled stone fortress, of old-
world design, in which we spent more than half the year.
As long back as I can remember, we had successfully preserved the
family's seclusion from the living world. Wherever we happened to
be, in town or country, we had protected our privacy with shuttered
windows, and massive iron gates that were secured both day and
night with heavy chains. Numerous signs of "Private" and "No
Trespassing Allowed" dotted our grounds like grave markers.
And then, quite suddenly, our lives became incredibly transformed. A
series of weird events brought us out of our privacy and seclusion—
brought us plenty of excitement and trouble and even horror.
But that was not to be wondered at, with Henry, my elder brother,
suddenly developing a mania for research in scientific matters,
especially the science of heavenly bodies and the phenomena of
radio. He did not pretend to be a scholar, although he had cultivated
scholarly habits most of his life. Inexplicably, this mania had seized
him late in life; a sort of bursting out of the abnormal repression
which held us all in thrall, no doubt as the result of our long seclusion
from the outside world and following the drab and barren routine of
our lives with such punctilious rigidity.
Ample means had enabled him to completely outfit an observatory,
with a powerful telescope, at our summer residence. Here he would
spend hours gazing into the abyss of space. He saw things up there
the trained, professional astronomer never saw, or ever hoped to see
—colliding suns, formation of temporary stars, the rejuvenescence of
dying worlds, and gaseous explosions in the Milky Way.
One of his pet theories was that the planet Mars was inhabited by a
race of people like ourselves, and that their men of science had long
been trying to establish radio communication with the earth. The
static on our radio set which annoyed me intensely, would galvanize
Henry with delight and hope, and his eyes would glisten almost
frenziedly behind their horn-rimmed spectacles.
"Those are distinctly electro-magnetic waves," he would say, "that
come from some point far off in space, and they are not due to any
terrestrial disturbance like thunderstorms, local or distant."
There was no opening, no escape, from Henry once he got started
on the galactic radio waves as differing from the cosmic rays and
from the phenomenon of cosmic radiation.
"I'm telling you, Livingston," he once declared in an excited, high-
pitched voice, "that man has only begun his conquest of time and
space. There are no limitations to human achievement. The world is
on the threshold of things unheard of, undreamed of. I have no doubt
that we will soon be able to establish radio communication with
Mars, and with my leisure, money and the required taste for science,
I feel that I am admirably fitted to make it come true."
And from that day he was changed, secretive. He refused to tell me
what he had discovered. Again and again I begged him to explain
and always it was the same vague answer, the same shake of the
head, and tightened lips.
It all seemed fantastic and visionary then, Henry's theories about
Mars and interstellar communication, but when unusual things began
to happen and our peaceful and ordered living was suddenly and
violently disturbed, I realized, as never before, that visions often
come to reality in an unbelievable way.
At the time we were thrown into such turmoil, and the dread spotlight
of publicity centered upon us, our family consisted of Henry and
myself, both bachelors; Jane, our spinster sister, and Patricia Royce
Preston—Pat for short—a very fascinating young person, who had
come to live with us at the tender age of fourteen, after the shocking
death of her parents, our youngish sister, Virginia Royce Preston,
and her husband, Allston, who were killed in an air-liner crash near
Paris.
There is something strangely lovable about a young girl in the
process of growing up. The advent of Pat meant, of course, less
privacy and the trampling down of staid personal habits and family
customs which we held virtually sacred. The fact that we were old
and queer and our household drab and rather grotesque, in
comparison to the modernistic and rather barbaric splendor of our
more fashionable friends, scarcely troubled her. Nothing seemed to
matter but that this bright-eyed, brown-haired girl should concentrate
all her love and devotion on a trio of old fossils. A warm affection
grew between us and our pretty niece. As she blossomed into young
womanhood our lives became centered in her. She was now
eighteen.
Although we were born rich, and received a huge income from the
heritage of vast and various real estate holdings on Manhattan
Island, both Henry and myself, strangely enough, had never
splurged, and never married. I am sure the thought of matrimony
never entered Jane's mind. Our natural emotions seemed to be
stirred and exalted only by the importance of our family name and
our wealth. Romantically, we were strangely neutral, as though, in
the pursuit of riches, the family stock had been sort of washed out.
After our college days, Henry and I grew into old-fashioned, mellow
bachelorhood, aloof from the world and very self-sufficient, and glad
to have it so. Henry had just observed his sixty-fifth birthday when
our lives became so tempestuous and convulsed. I was two years
his junior. Jane had just turned sixty. As progeny, we seemed to have
come into this world in swift successiveness, as though the marriage
of our revered parents had fulfilled its promise in a bunch.
For an entire summer Henry lived virtually in seclusion in his
observatory without any tangible result. Sweeping the sky with his
telescope for anything that might happen. But nothing transpired. Yet
he persisted. Finally, he detected a tiny comet, apparently on its way
to the earth. At first it appeared no larger than a pin-prick of light,
with a small, meteoric tail.
The night he made the discovery, he got me out of bed to see it, but I
was in no mood or condition for sky gazing. In addition, looking into
the eye-piece of the telescope made me a little sick and dizzy. I
couldn't see a thing. Deciding that he was suffering from a delusion, I
went back to bed.
The odd thing was that Henry was right. He had actually witnessed
the phenomenon of impact of two small planets which produced the
comet. As he explained it afterwards to a group of eminent scientists,
this collision of two celestial bodies had produced a distinct flash of
light, out of which had grown a spiral swarm of very brilliant particles,
and he had watched them as they took on orbital motion.
The comet soon became the most impressive and magnificent sight I
have ever seen, stretching its scimitar-like form half across the
heavens. Its wonder and beauty dragged New Yorkers up in the
small hours, to gaze at it with fascinating awe. Many regarded it with
terror, others with superstitious dread. In churches throughout the
land, the people prayed: "Lord save us from the devil, and Royce's
comet!"
The comet was not only named after Henry but his discovery was
acclaimed by scientists the world over, and he was chosen a fellow
of the two leading scientific bodies of America and England. While
still rated as an amateur in science, nevertheless, many learned men
began to look upon him as the depository of authority and
authenticity in matters relating to the mysteries of the solar system.
Having disclosed something to the world in the order of creation,
Henry became imbued with an overpowering sense of his own
importance as a man of science; his ambitions soared to
unsurmountable heights. The discovery of the comet having been far
easier than he had dared dream, he now turned with profound
intentness to establish radio communication with Mars. He began
talking in a familiar and chatty way about the people on Mars, and to
hear him talk one would think that he was going there for a week-end
of golf.
In this project, he had enlisted the able assistance of Serge Olinski,
assistant research engineer of the National Radio Corporation,
whose unexceptional qualifications included an honor degree in
cosmic ray research, with distinction in astronomy. Their
experimental activities, in trying to pick up and decode the galactic
radio waves, which both believed constituted some kind of
interstellar signaling, were carried on behind locked doors, either at
Henry's observatory in the country, or in Olinski's laboratory in the
NRC Building, in the new Radio Center Annex.
Olinski was a queer shrinking soul, and any sort of publicity to Henry
was equally distasteful. They were two of a kind, in this respect.
Notwithstanding all the praise and attention given to Henry by the
press during the comet furore, he treated reporters with the utmost
contempt, and accused them of being dishonest rogues. One
reporter in particular he hated and feared. Just mention to him the
name of Robert McGinity of the New York Daily Recorder, and his
correctly chiselled and aristocratic features would crinkle up in rage
and horrible chuckles would issue from his thin lips like unnamable
profanities.
He had never forgotten his first encounter with McGinity on the
telephone, nor had he ever forgiven the reporter for what he called
an utterly disreputable transaction in news. But the business of
reporting is at least an honorable one, and reporters have to get their
stories, somehow.
This fellow, McGinity, published the first report of Henry's discovery
of the comet, and scored a beat by calling him up and giving the
impression that he was one of the assistant astronomers at Harvard
University. I had no suspicions then how the information had trickled
into the office of the Daily Recorder, but I believe now that our
solemn-visaged butler, Orkins, who afterwards turned out to be so
mercenary and treacherous, tipped off this morning paper, which
paid liberally for exclusive stories.
It was the night following Henry's detection of the comet when he
was aroused out of a sound sleep to answer an important telephone
call. If I hadn't been up and overheard the conversation, I wouldn't
have believed it possible for any man to be so easily deceived. But
gullibility is one of Henry's weaknesses. I switched into the
conversation from an extension on the second floor.
Henry seemed to have some recollection of the name of the Harvard
professor, as it came over the telephone, and at first was a little
taken aback and curious that the news of his discovery should have
become known. Despite this, he told all about his detection of the
new comet, and proudly, omitting no detail. It would have been
ungrateful on his part to have distrusted the man at the other end of
the wire, after he had gone to the trouble and expense of calling up,
obviously from Boston, and it seemed so unlikely that any one
outside astronomical circles would be interested in the discovery. Up
to that time, Henry had had no dealings with reporters. By exercising
extraordinary discretion, he had managed all his life to keep out of
the news, except for occasional real estate transactions, and had
always avoided any encounter with the press.
After he had answered heaps and heaps of questions, the voice at
the other end said: "Thanks, Mr. Royce. Thanks a lot. Darned good
of you to tell me all this."
An oppressive silence descended. By that time, Henry must have
guessed that he had been gulled. I got his voice but I missed the
play of expression on his face.
"Who is this speaking?" he asked again. "Who the devil are you?"
"Bob McGinity of the Daily Recorder," came the prompt reply.
Henry gave a nervous jump. "What?" he gasped angrily. It was
evident that he was utterly taken by surprise. "I—I find your action in
calling me up quite incomprehensible, Mr. McGinity. I imagined that
—that—"
"Pardon me," the reporter retorted with some dignity. "I never said I
was an assistant professor of astronomy at Harvard. I simply asked if
you knew of such a person, and you said you did, and then you
proceeded to tell me exactly what I wanted to know."
"But surely you're not going to publish this," Henry fumed. "It's too
immature. You must keep it out of the newspaper."
"I'm sorry but I have no power to do so, Mr. Royce," the reporter
replied. "And no inclination, Mr. Royce."
Henry clawed at the telephone instrument with trembling fingers. "If I
had you here, young man," he shouted, "I'd break your damned
neck."
He hung up with a bang, and I don't think he slept a wink the rest of
the night. And it was entirely due to this experience that he and
Olinski took every precaution that nothing should leak out concerning
their research in interstellar signaling, which, as far as I could learn,
at the time, had entered on the final and exciting stage of their
experimental work.
Henry's actions indicated that his mind was still working feverishly on
this subject; he even raved about it in his sleep, according to his
Filipino valet, Niki. But about his and Olinski's doings, not a word to
me. When I would ask him if they had found anything worth finding,
he would reply: "Just you wait, and see;" a vague term which he
refused to make more definite.
In the silent watches of the night, he would sit at his telescope, his
eyes trained on that beautiful, reddish planet, Mars. One morning, at
four o'clock, I found him there, clad only in his pajamas, and he
strongly resented my intrusion. But I had a task to perform, and that
was to see that he got his proper rest. I had no wish that any
member of our family should become psychopathic.
"Henry!" I exclaimed, rather harshly; "you've only a few hours before
breakfast-time. Go to bed and get a bit of sleep."
I think he realized, instinctively, that I was not in sympathy with this
business of trying to pick up radio signals from Mars. It all seemed
so useless and incredible. His secret experiments had been in
progress now for about a year. The tumult aroused by the discovery
of the comet seemed a thing long past and forgotten. The memory of
the public is short. Newer sensations had taken its place.
In this latest mad, scientific quest, Henry reminded me of one of
Jane's goldfish, which swims in its bowl, and swims and swims,
thousands of miles, perhaps, and then finds itself a few inches from
its starting point. So one day I resolved to bring the matter to an
issue. I slipped into his room just after he had disrobed and donned
a dressing-gown, preparatory to taking a bath and dressing for
dinner.
"Henry," I began, rather abruptly, "study and action are worth while,
only when they lead you some place." But I was not destined to
finish what was in my mind to say.
"I beg pardon, Livingston, if I disturb you," he interrupted in his
meekest accents, and then went into his bathroom, and closed the
door.
Determined to have my say, I followed him to the door, and knocked.
The door opened, and his face, meek and anxious, looked out at me
through a narrow crack.
"Henry!" I implored. "If I could only see you for a few minutes—"
"No!" he said, and shut the door. A second later, I heard the bar
shoved into its slot.
There was nothing unusual in Henry locking himself in his bathroom,
for he had the distressful habit of sitting in his bath-tub, by the hour,
smoking and thinking. His bathroom seemed to be the only quiet
retreat in the castle which afforded the complete solitude and privacy
necessary for the employment of his brain cells. He felt that here he
could relax, just as Napoleon did, after undue fatigue, dictating
letters and giving important military orders from his steaming bath-
tub.
I have often wondered where Sir Isaac Newton was sitting, at his
home in Woolsthorpe, England, when the fall of an apple, so legend
tells us, suggested the most magnificent of his discoveries, the law
of universal gravitation. There is no evidence to refute that he was
sitting in one of those queer, early English bath-tubs, looking out of
the bathroom window, at his apple orchard.
I never see Rodin's famous sculpture, "The Thinker," but I am
reminded of Henry, sitting in his bath-tub, thinking and thinking,
especially during the early part of the eventful summer of which I
write.
Evidently some fresh idea had come to him while in his bath on the
evening I persisted in assailing his peace of mind. With startling
suddenness he donned his bath-robe, rushed to the telephone, and
communicated with Olinski. As quickly as possible, the next day,
they got to work on Henry's idea. Then problems began to straighten
themselves out. As to what they had discovered, they said nothing at
the moment.
Soon after, however, an avalanche of adventure, mystery and
excitement came thunderously down upon us, throwing our lives into
chaos.

II
As I begin my narrative, my mind travels back for a moment to the
days of my youth, and I am made more vividly aware of the changes
that have taken place in the world. We are living in a new era now—
a period marked by a series of strange occurrences, manifestations
of the weird powers that lurk in outer space. The New Deal has
passed into history. A strangely remote time ago, that was....
The laboratory has supplied us with the basic means of lifting the
curtain of space from scenes and activities at a distance. A system
of sight transmission and reception, comparable in coverage and
service to the world-wide hook-up of sound broadcasting, has
brought all nations closer together. In the friendly exchange of ideas
and feelings through the medium of television and the radio, the
whole civilized world enjoys common participation.
Nationalism no longer endangers the peace of the world. All war
debts between nations have been settled, and tariff barriers laid low.
Internationalism reigns supreme, to the spirit and benefits of which
Henry contributed his share by engaging servants representing
seven nationalities. Thus we harbored at the castle of Sands Cliff
about every conceivable question of society, politics and religion.
Our summer castle is such a place as you read of, in romances of
the Middle Ages. It was built more than half a century ago by a
wealthy New York society woman who must have had a strain of
poetic romanticism in her veins. When Henry purchased the place, it
was almost in ruins.
It is perched on the summit of a precipitous sand cliff, commanding
an excellent view of Long Island Sound. From its windows, on a
bright day, the majestic towers of New York appear dimly etched
against a mauve horizon like the spires of a magical city. There it
stands, dark and foreboding, and ivy-clad, in its own grounds,
surrounded by a high brick wall. The main entrance gate is
approached by a dark avenue which winds through a heavily
wooded park. There is no other dwelling within a mile.
There are many mullioned windows in its slim, peaked towers.
Inside, a clutter of rooms—endless rooms—some of them in the
upper floors unused and smelling dusty and dank. The front door
opens on a brick terrace, which has a stone balustrade as a
protective measure against a sheer drop of two hundred feet to the
rocky base of the cliff. From the east end of the terrace, stone steps
wind down to a private yacht landing and a long stretch of beach,
fenced in with barbed wire.
An outstanding feature of the castle is its galleried entrance hall, with
its darkly gleaming oak panelling and great, stone staircase; a hall so
large that when one speaks, the sound is echoed like the whispering
of ghosts from the high, oak-timbered ceiling.
There is a queer element of solitude and uncanniness that always
cloaks the castle at the twilight hour, before Orkins, in his routine of
duty, switches on the lights. I noticed it particularly, one summer
evening, about the middle of August, as I walked up and down the
terrace, dinner-jacketed and smoking, awaiting the arrival of our two
dinner guests, Serge Olinski and His Highness Prince Dmitri Matani.
The sun had gone down in a cloudless, violet sky, and purplish
twilight had settled on the Sound and the marshland, stretching
westward to a cove, where the lights of the village of Sands Cliff
were beginning to twinkle. The silence was more oppressive than the
heat. Now and then it was broken by a distant tugboat whistle, like
the hoarse croak of a frog, and the faint calling of a thrush for its
mate in the thick shrubberies that fringed Jane's flower garden, on
the north side of the castle.
Far out in the Sound, two sail-boats were drifting along like tired
ghosts. Presently the fringe of the opposite shore became magically
outlined by tiny strands of lights. As the gloom of night slowly
enveloped the scene, an island lighthouse, a mile away, began to
flash its beacon over the dark, graying water with clock-like
regularity.
Against this flashing light, the ruins of our own lighthouse showed
dark and jagged, on a small, rocky island, rising out of the Sound
about a quarter of a mile off our shore, and within easy rowing
distance from the yacht landing. Henry had recently purchased the
island from the Government, and it was now a part of our Sands Cliff
estate. The old beacon tower of stone was built in 1800. In oil-
burning days, its light had counted for something, but now it was
nothing but a picturesque ruin, and largely populated during the
summer by bats.
I had no sooner turned my gaze on the ruined lighthouse when a big
bat swooped down at me out of the darkness. Only the night before,
one of them had got into my bedroom. I've never been able to
overcome my early fear of these nocturnal flying mammals. To my
childish imagination, they were the very spirits of evil. I was in no
mood this night to be pestered by them. A vague uneasiness
possessed me, an uneasiness caused on one hand by Henry's
strained and haggard look, and on the other, by his encouraging
Prince Matani's attentions to Pat.
Perhaps at the moment, his crazy quest in interstellar
communication annoyed me most. I had already suggested to Jane
that we send him to a psychoanalyst to be overhauled. This delving
into the unknown was too ponderable a matter for a man of his
years. It had become fixed on his mind with all the power of an
obsession. All that day he had not stirred from his observatory, and
now Olinski was coming from town to give a verbal report of his own
findings. Much cogitation, much secrecy was, in effect, nothing at all.
Unless they now had found the key. Was it possible that Olinski
might be bringing a transcribed cipher of a radio message from
Mars? His eager acceptance of the invitation to dinner seemed to
hold an important significance for Henry.
Desperately bothered by both problems which confronted me, the
bats made things more annoying still. Then, sudden-like, in the
haunting stillness, I saw something moving towards me from the
blackish void of trees and shrubbery bordering the west end of the
terrace. At first, I was conscious only of an oncoming shadow,
advancing with a rapid, noiseless movement.
I could feel my pulse jumping. Whoever or whatever it was, there
was a risk. Rather than face the risk, I moved quietly but swiftly
across the terrace towards the front door. But that did not stop the
oncoming something; it had suddenly changed its direction and was
coming right at me.
Luckily at that moment, the lights were turned on in the lower part of
the castle. Then Orkins opened the front door, and gave voice to a
surprised exclamation as he saw me making hurriedly for the
doorway.
Suddenly I stopped, and turned. The glow of a floor lamp in the
entrance hall had spread fanwise across the terrace, and into this
arc of light strode—Serge Olinski.
"Oh, hello, Olinski!" I exclaimed, with respectful familiarity, and very
cordially, stretching out my hand, and smiling to myself at the start
he had given me, coming like an abortive something out of the
shadows of the terrace. "That you?"
"Yes; it is I," Olinski replied, shaking my proferred hand, and
breathing rather heavily.
I faced a short, dumpy, middle-aged man, with a paunch, and a
Russian cast of countenance. Small, intelligent black eyes gleamed
through shell-rimmed glasses, from a round face fringed with a short,
black beard. He carried his hat, and I observed that his primly
sleeked hair was as black as his beard. I had a suspicion that he
dyed them.
"I caught an early train from the city, in order to enjoy the benefit of a
walk from the village to your beautiful castle," he explained, half
breathlessly, "after a most exacting but successful day in the
laboratory. A million apologies if I have delayed your dinner."
"Time is infinite in the country, especially on a fine night like this," I
remarked lightly, as we entered the hall, and Orkins relieved him of
his black top-coat and hat. His dinner jacket, I noticed, was much too
small for him, and his waistcoat so short that it came perilously near
revealing a section of his middle-age bulge. There were soup stains
on his shirt-front, which indicated that his shirt had been out to dinner
before.
As I waved him to a chair, I said: "You're really very punctual, even if
you avoided our car which was sent to the station to meet you, and
walked here. You can depend upon it, Prince Matani will not miss the
chance to drive to the castle in state when he steps off the train."
Unconsciously my lips sneered as I spoke the young princeling's
name. Olinski nodded and smiled understandingly. "Ah!" he said. "I
take it that you do not look with favor on the match your scholarly
brother is about to arrange between your charming niece and my
noble countryman?"
"To be frank, no," I replied.
"So I gathered. And why?"
"I have very strong reasons for opposing their marriage," I said; "and
my sister, Jane, is just as dead set against it as I am. Every one
knows that the Prince came to America to make a rich and
advantageous marriage. Pat will soon come into a large inheritance
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