CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the study

Garbage Monitoring System: Garbage may consist of the unwanted material left over
from City, Public area, Society, College, home etc. This project is related to the “Smart City”
and based on “Internet of Things” (IOT). So for smart lifestyle, cleanliness is needed, and
cleanliness is begins with Garbage Bin. IoT or Internet Things refers to the network of connected
physical objects that can communicate and exchange data among themselves without the
desideratum of any human intervention. It has been formally defined as an “Infrastructure of
Information Society” because IoT sanctions us to amass information from all kind of mediums
such as humans, animals, conveyances, kitchen appliances. Thus, any object in the physical
world which can be provided with an IP address to enable data transmission over a network can
be made part of IoT system by embedding them with electronic hardware such as sensors,
software and networking gear. IoT is different than Internet as in a way it transcends Internet
connectivity by enabling everyday objects that utilizes embedded circuits to interact and
communicate with each other utilizing the current Internet infrastructure [2].
Internet of Things (IOT) is a technology that is transforming slowly for the city
administration. The cities will generate a waste at an alarming rate, so waste must be collected in
s smarter way in easily manageable time in real time. The waste disposal mechanism should have
more efforts in collecting the waste by selecting the optimal path. The methods done earlier were
collecting the waste with smart bin in the place and plan an optimal trip which is not considered.
The proposed work using IOT technology does the management of waste with the management
of trip in the cities. The cost and time are reduced with optimized path for waste gathering. Thus,
the planned effective results for same. In current times, garbage disposal has become a giant
cause for concern in the world. A huge amount of waste that is produced is inclined by means
catch have an opposing consequence on the environment [1]. The communal technique of
removal of the waste is by unexpected and unrestrained open selling at the low-lying sites. This
technique is harmful to human fitness, plant and animal life. In India, duster pickers play a
crucial role within the utilization of urban solid waste. The amount of the waste generated be
situated completed if it's recycled fully. We area unit implementing a wise ash-bin that may be a
low cost, simple to use resolution for a segregation system at households, in order that it will be
sent directly for procedure. It is calculated to sort the recycle into degradable waste and bio -
degradable waste. It will also to inform the concerned person when the bins are full through IOT.
This project will help to eradicate or minimize the garbage disposal problem. The Internet
of Things (IoT) is a recent communication paradigm that envisions near future, in which the
objects of everyday life will be equipped with microcontrollers, transceivers for digital
communication, and suitable protocol stacks that will make them able to communicate with one
another and with the users, becoming an integral part of the Internet.
This project IOT Garbage Monitoring system is a very innovative system which will help to
keep the cities clean. This system monitors the garbage bins and informs about the level of
garbage collected in the garbage bins via a web page. For this the system uses ultrasonic sensors
placed over the bins to detect the garbage level and compare it with the garbage bins depth. The
system makes use of Arduino family microcontroller, LCD screen, Wi-Fi modem for sending
data and a buzzer. The system is powered by a 12V transformer. The LCD screen is used to
display the status of the level of garbage collected in the bins. Whereas a web page is built to
show the status to the user monitoring it. The web page gives a graphical view of the garbage
bins and highlights the garbage collected in colour in order to show the level of garbage
collected. The LCD screen shows the status of the garbage level. The system puts on the buzzer
when the level of garbage collected crosses the set limit. Thus this system helps to keep the city
clean by informing about the garbage levels of the bins by providing graphical image of the bins
via a web page.
1.1 Problem Identification
The overflowing of garbage is a sanitary issue which might cause diseases like cholera
and dengue. Moreover it is a waste of fuel to travel around a complex or an area to find that
some of the garbage are filled and some are not. Also, on rare days, problems might arise that
there is so much garbage that the truck doesn’t have enough capacity. The idea struck us when
we observed that the garbage truck use to go around the town to collect solid waste twice a day.
Although this system was thorough it was very inefficient.
1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study
 The aim of this project is to design a garbage monitoring system using IoT, the objectives
are;
i. To develop a flowchart for an IoT garbage monitoring system.
ii. To construct an IoT garbage monitoring system
iii. To study the principle of an IoT garbage monitoring system.
1.3 Significance of the study

This project can also be used in the” SMART CITY”. This project is also helpful in the
government project of waste management system. IoT waste management is very useful for
smart cities in diverse aspects, Real time information on the fill level of the dustbin, development
of the dustbin based on the actual needs, cost reduction and resource optimization, effective
usage of dustbins.

1.4 Methodology

To achieve the project's goals and objectives, both hardware and software frameworks are
used. The system's hardware components are linked together to form a system, and the software
program used is Micro C for programming and encoding the operation of the microcontroller,
which serves as the system's control unit. To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the
following are the steps involved:
i. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
ii. Draw a block diagram.
iii. Test for continuity of components and devices,
iv. Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
v. Studying of various component used in circuit.
vi. Construction of the circuit was carried out.
Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.5 Scope of the study

The Garbage Monitoring system is the process of predicting the waste filling percentage
and detecting the nasty smell and level of filling the machine learning is the part where the
prediction takes place. The Model is trained according to the level of dustbin and filling period.
So that when it detects the level of waste it will predict when the bin will be filled. Then the
status of the dustbin will be mailed to the municipality. The Ultrasonic sensor will find the depth
of the waste filled and the Gas sensor is attached so that it will detect the gas of contaminated
wastes. The Gas has certain limits above that limit will be the contaminated smell so it will
Indicate the model about the gas then mail will be sent. The municipality will handle the disposal
method and the main objective is it will save the time and Fuel of dump truck. It optimizes the
work of the routine
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

The smart dustbins with the internet of things are used in a scrap and public area. This
could be used for waste management. This could be a Continuous finished downside at universal
in addition as communal level [1] IOT primarily based good Garbage Detection System. It’s a
complicated domain of technology during which all your information is keep on the cloud with
real time fast access to information furthermore as its data processing [2] IOT primarily based
Waste Management. Associate Application to sensible town. Devices are connected to the
network for the transfer of knowledge and to communicate with other devices with a given UID,
to reduce the interaction from person to person or with a person and a laptop [3] Overview for
Solid Waste Bin watching and assortment System. Solid waste is associate degree enhancing
issue that impact thanks to apace of accelerating urbanization and economic development
witnessed by the quantity of municipal hard waste [4] Operative Waste collection with
Unswerving Path Semi-Static and Dynamic Routing. Sensible cities square measure subsequent
step in human habitation aiming at economic integration with property setting. Future web and
IoT alter little devices to be established inside the backbone of the human society in world
objects just like the waste bins [5] Intellectual System for Valorizing Hard Inner-city Waste.

2.1 Historical Background of the study

Waste has always been generated by humans. In areas with low population density waste
generation may have been negligible. In higher population areas even largely biodegradable
waste had to be dealt with. Sometimes this was released back into the groundwater
with environmental impact like Nor Loch. The Maya of Central America had a fixed monthly
ritual, in which the people of the village would gather together and burn their garbage in large
dumps.

The first known wastewater management system is located in present day Syria (El
Kowm). Located in the Fertile Crescent, the Mesopotamian "oasis" shows evidence of
wastewater management beginning around 6500 BCE. The area is about 120 km northeast of the
ancient city of Palmyra. The site of El Kowm had vast urban planning centered around domestic
wastewater drainage. There is a sophisticated gutter system within residences, as well as the
connection of these gutter/drainage systems to larger systems within the city. The fluids were
transported through these gutter systems from residences into ditches in the streets of the
city. Additionally, there are other planned systems in the cities in surrounding areas, suggesting
that there was diffusion of waste management techniques throughout the region [4]. Many of
these systems include settling chambers to mitigate the blockages that often occur in sewage
systems. [5]. These chambers provide space for sediment deposits to build up without interfering
with the flow of the sewer. In addition to these systems in Syria, there is also evidence of
sophisticated waste management systems within other societies in the past.

The Ancient Roman Empire used sophisticated aqueduct and waste removal systems
throughout their empire [6]. Utilizing the Cloaxa Maxima, the engineers of Ancient Rome
created a vast network of sewers [7]. The Cloaxa Maxima emptied into the Tiber River, resulting
in extreme pollution. This pollution led to the contamination of the drinking water used by the
Romans (taken from the Tiber). The need for fresh water ultimately resulted in the development
of the aqueduct technology [8]. The broader span of aqueducts generally utilized pipes made out
of lead, while the pipes within the cities themselves were often made of ceramic, wood, and
leather. There were distinct differences in quality of waste management practices between
the socioeconomic classes. Access to the sewer systems, as well as having plumbing and other
water-based luxuries, was seen as a sign of status in Roman society. Access was only granted to
those who paid for it. Additionally, archaeological sites and ancient texts show evidence of the
first European waste management labor force [6]. Duties performed by this force include
collecting stored waste from houses not connected to the sewer system, and selling the waste to
farmers for profit. The households utilizing these services were also required to pay. Compared
to the systems utilized by the Fertile Crescent civilizations, the waste management systems of the
Ancient Roman Empire were largely socially stratified, depending heavily on the socioeconomic
status of the civilians. This stratification within waste management systems can also be viewed
in Ancient Egypt. [10]. Another unique form of water/waste management was within the Aztec
Empire.

Following the onset of industrialization and the sustained urban growth of large
population centers in England, the buildup of waste in the cities caused a rapid deterioration in
levels of sanitation and the general quality of urban life. The streets became choked with filth
due to the lack of waste clearance regulations [11]. Calls for the establishment of a municipal
authority with waste removal powers were mooted as early as 1751 by Corbyn Morris in
London, who proposed that "...as the preservation of the health of the people is of great
importance, it is proposed that the cleaning of this city, should be put under one uniform public
management, and all the filth be...conveyed by the Thames to proper distance in the country"
[12].

The first occurrence of organized solid waste management system appeared in London in
the late 18th century [13]. A waste collection and resource recovery system was established
around the 'dust-yards'. Main constituent of municipal waste was the coal ash (‘dust’) which had
a market value for brick-making and as a soil improver. Such profitability encouraged dust-
contractors to recover effectively 100% of the residual wastes remaining after readily saleable
items and materials had been removed by the informal sector in the streets ('rag-and-bone men').
Therefore, this was an early example of organized, municipal-wide solid waste management. The
dust-yard system had been working successfully up to middle 1850s, when the market value of
‘dust’ collapsed. It was important in facilitating a relatively smooth transition to an
institutionalised, municipally-run solid waste management system in England [13].

In the mid-19th century, spurred by increasingly devastating cholera outbreaks and the
emergence of a public health debate that the first consolidated legislation on the issue emerged.
Highly influential in this new focus was the report The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring
Population in 1842 [14] of the social reformer, Edwin Chadwick, in which he argued for the
importance of adequate waste removal and management facilities to improve the health and
wellbeing of the city's population. Chadwick's proposals were based on the miasmatic theory of
disease transmission, which was proven to be false following the turn of the 1900s.

The Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Act of 1846 began what was to be a
steadily evolving process of the provision of regulated waste management in London.
The Metropolitan Board of Works was the first citywide authority that centralized sanitation
regulation for the rapidly expanding city and the Public Health Act 1875 made it compulsory for
every household to deposit their weekly waste in 'moveable receptacles' for disposal - the first
concept for a dust-bin.

2.2 Review of Past Study

 Works have been done by various authors and scholars on related topics, Some of the
research works as carried out different project on garbage type Packaging waste, Agricultural
waste, Inorganic waste, liquid waste etc.

2.2.1 Solid Waste Bin Monitoring System

According to [11], In solid waste bin monitoring system garbage bin set the public place
then Camera set for garbage bin location. The camera captured image for garbage bin. Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID), GPS and GIS send image for work station. The RFID reader
and camera are mounted in the truck, when truck comes closer to the bin RFID reader
communicated RFID tag. & send all information. The System is use controlling Hut. This
Controlling Hut is SMS Technology. The GPS and GPRS mapping server to analyzing data of
various location. The control station compiled all the information and stored in the system
database. The bin status and waste truck was monitored.

2.2.2 Waste Bin Monitoring System Using Zig Bee and Global Mobile Communication
System (GSM)

In waste bin monitoring system using zig bee and Global mobile communication system
(GSM).The sensors are place in the common garbage bins placed at the public place when the
garbage reaches the level of the sensors. Then that indicated will give in indication to the driver
by ARM7 they sending SMS using GSM technology. The range of communication of the zig bee
is almost 50 meter. They use for range GSM Module, analyzing the image we get an idea about
level of garbage. The zig bee and GSM system would be able to monitor the solid waste
collection process. This technique overcomes some disadvantages which are use of minimum
route, low cost, fuel use, clean environment. [2] The waste management is built around several
elements. Waste item, domestic bin, trash bags, collective containers and collecting vehicles. The
waste flow starts from the waste item and the domestic bin to end in the collecting vehicles. Use
the waste identification for sorting process. Base on RFID technology new trash bag is added in
a collective container. The technology use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Smart
vehicular and TrashBag. They only identify RFID tags garbage bins, Low data speed, high cost.
The zig bee and GSM system would be able to monitor the solid waste collection process. This
technique overcomes some disadvantages which are use of minimum route, low cost, fuel use,
clean environment. [3] A single directional cylinder is suspended next to the lid of dustbin.
 The piston is free to move up and down vertically inside the dustbin to a certain level. A
plate is attached to the cylinder for compressing the garbage. The shape of this plate depends
upon the shape of the dustbin. The compressing plate consists of a side hole through which the
leaf switch is suspended upside down. Technology use Piston, Switch, microcontroller, the single
directional cylinder, smart dustbin. Only use for smart dustbins, they are not provide garbage
collection. Smart Dustbins can prevent the accumulation of the garbage along the roadside to a
great extent thereby controlling the widespread of many diseases. It can prevent pollution and
also prevent the consumption of the spread out garbage by the street animals.

A laser diode is a p-n junction diode which produces a narrow beam of light that is
intense, focused and coherent. In a LASER diode a mirrored resonant chamber is used to
reinforce the light waves so that the light emitted by the device is at a single frequency and of the
same phase. A photo detector is a device that converts light signals into electrical signals, which
can be amplified and processed. Technology use Dustbins, LASER Diode, Photo Detector
Diode, Road Side Units (RSU), and Garbage Collecting Vehicle (GCV).Only support for
simulation of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), routing and multicast protocols over wired.
The dynamic routing of GCV compared with static solution is much more efficient and will be
much effective when more than one dustbin fills up at the same time. The initial planned route is
saved so that when real-time data is received only portion of the planned path may be changed.
For the garbage detection, weight sensor can be used. It gives the weight of the garbage in the
dustbin. But it doesn’t provide any information about the level of the garbage in the dustbin.
Hence author used Infrared (IR) sensor for garbage detection. IR sensor radiates light which is
invisible to the human eye because it is at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by
electronic devices.IR transmitter consists of LED which send the IR beam. Technology use
Infra-red sensor (IR), Microcontroller, Global System for Mobile (GSM), graphical user
interface (GUI).Infrared sensor (IR), Global System for Mobile (GSM).They only use GSM
network. Power and internet supply continue on.

2.2.3 Smart Garbage Management System Using IR Sensor, Microcontroller and GSM
Module

According to [13], this system assures the cleaning of dustbins soon when the garbage
level reaches its maximum. Arduino is best described as a single-board computer that has
deliberately been designed to be used by people who are not experts in electronics, en-Gingering,
or programming. It is inexpensive, cross-platform (the Arduino software runs on Windows, Mac
OS X, and Linux), and easy to program. Both Arduino hardware and software are open source
and extensible. Arduino is also powerful: despite its compact size, it has about as much
computing muscle as one of the original navigation computers from the Apollo Programmers,
designers, do-it-yourselves, and artists around the world take advantage of Arduino’s power and
simplicity to create all sorts of innovative devices, including interactive sensors, artwork, and
toys.

2.2.4 Bio Degradable Oxy Bags

The first essential step to manage waste is packing garbage properly with bags so that it
becomes easier to carry for further process. In that case, bio degradable oxy bags for household
consumers would be the effective choice for packing garbage. Biodegradable bags that is fit for
being deteriorated by bacteria or other living organisms. Household consumers will pack waste
with biodegradable bags and bags will be picked by the volunteers on right time. This packing
system will make everything flexible for management as no stench will spread and waste will
remain in ordered form.

2.2.5 Using of Smart Bins

In this management system, smart bins will play the vital role to start the processing in an
organized way. There will be several bins in areas under one large regional office. Sonar sensor
will be used in every bin to detect the level of waste. If the wastes cross a certain predetermined
level of bin, it will notify employees to collect the waste. Smart bins will also be able to
determine the types of wastes. Virtual machines will be programmed to identify 3 types of
wastes such as biodegradable, metal-plastic and glass. This differentiated information will later
help Recycle Partners recycle the wastes. All information from bins will be saved in a .JSON file
and sent to the Regional Office when a bin is full.

2.2.6 Smart Transport System

All wastes from smart bins will be collected by Regional Waste Collection Office. After
collecting wastes, all information or data will be sent to Central Control Centre (CCC) in every 6
hours. Based on these data, CCC will assign trucks and employees. CCC will also have last 10
years data in its database to assign man power and transportation for every month as wastes
amount depend on seasons. To predict the amount of waste and scheduling man-power, Machine
Learning Algorithm (MLA) and Decreasing Time Algorithm (DTA) will be used successively.

2.2.7 Recycling Waste

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. If
the recycling process is used properly on our waste, country will get benefited economically.
Example can be given like based on the given data from Regional Office, Recycling Partners will
differentiate and separate biodegrading, metal-plastic and glass from wastes. After separating
wastes, they can send waste types to predetermined factories for further process or recovery. If
waste type is metal and plastic, then above process can be used to recycle metal and plastic. For
other types, digitalized recycling processes are now available to recycle waste.

2.2.8 Smart Campus Applications

2.2.8.1 Smart learning System

It refers to the use of smart mobile devices and web technologies in the learning system. This
service enables lecturers and students to interact directly and indirectly in support of teaching
activities [12]. It offers real-time distance learning, automatic attendance monitoring, on-demand
course delivery, cross-lecture and online materials, customized course programs, efficient library
management and efficient laboratory services [1].

2.2.8.2 Smart Building

It is developed with various sensors as an important part of the building automation process.
These sensors support the various capabilities of smart services such as temperature adjustment,
humidity measurement, switching off of objects (lights, projectors) etc [12]. Smart building
services should also be able to generate reports to campus management, such as energy
consumption reports, real-time warning, energy and space usage patterns etc.

2.2.8.3 Smart Payment Systems

It is a system that improves and facilitates payment services. The money is stored inside the
student ID card and the payment is automatically debited when they perform any kind of service,
such as reservation of meals, etc [3].

2.2.8.4 Smart Grid

Smart Grid is one of the smart environment area services. The management and deployment of
energy on a smart campus are very important, that’s why the smart grid is considered to be one
of the key components of the Smart Campus []. The main aim of this system is to improve
energy consumption and reduce monthly bills, allow real-time load analysis on the power
system, increase sustainability, energy conservation, enhance reliability and detect potential
failures.

2.2.8.5 Waste and Water Management

In order to obtain a green environment, the campus has to manage water and waste properly and
in real-time [12] by protecting the environment, detecting water pressure and leakage, detecting
waste levels in conditions and optimizing the collection of waste, etc.

2.2.8.6 Smart parking system

It consists of cameras, sensors and other devices. These sensors can collect information about the
vehicles in the car park and send this information via WIFI or Zigbee to its meter deployed in the
nearby area [3]. This system helps to manage the parking space efficiently and to reduce the
traffic jams generally seen in front of Campus car parking [3].

2.2.8.7 Smart library System

This system is an intelligent campus application that enables remote control and speed
management of the library. Smart libraries use library card with electrical tags, mobile phone and
other physical objects [12]. This electronic label (e.g. RFID) can improve several library services
such as borrowing and returning the library books, as well as automatically recording the
information of shelves, catalogues and books in the database without much human intervention
[3].
2.2.8.8 Tracking, Security and Surveillance

This system helps to monitor users and devices inside the campus and track their location in the
event of an emergency or evacuation. Sensors may also transmit information to various safety
devices, such as motion detectors for the opening and closing of doors and windows, or safety
triggering instruments [3].

2.3 Past Methods and Applications

2.3.1 Motion was timing sensors

Motion sensors are devices that use various forms of technology to detect movement. The
technology typically found in motion sensors to trigger an alarm includes infrared, ultrasonic,
vibration and contact. Dual technology sensors combine two or more forms of detection in order
to reduce false alarms as each method has its pros and cons. Traditionally motion sensors are an
integral part of a home security system. "These devices are typically installed to cover a large
area as they commonly cover up to 40ft with a 135° field of vision."

2.3.2 Vibration (shaker) or inertia sensors

These devices are mounted on barriers and are used primarily to detect an attack on the structure
itself. The technology relies on an unstable mechanical configuration that forms part of the
electrical circuit. When movement or vibration occurs, the unstable portion of the circuit moves
and breaks the current flow, which produces an alarm. The technology of the devices varies and
can be sensitive to different levels of vibration. The medium transmitting the vibration must be
correctly selected for the specific sensor as they are best suited to different types of structures
and configurations.

A rather new and unproven type of sensor uses piezo-electric components rather than mechanical
circuits, which can be tuned to be extremely sensitive to vibration.

 Pros: Very reliable sensors, low false alarm rate and middle place in the price range.
 Cons: Must be fence mounted. The rather high price deters many customers, but its
effectiveness offsets its high price. Piezo-electric sensors are a new technology with an
 unproven record as opposed to the mechanical sensor which in some cases has a field record
in excess of 20 years.

2.3.3 Passive magnetic field detection

This buried security system is based on the Magnetic Anomaly Detection principle of operation.
The system uses an electromagnetic field generator powered by two wires running in parallel.
Both wires run along the perimeter and are usually installed about 5"/12 cm apart on top of a
wall or about 12"/30 cm below ground. The wires are connected to a signal processor which
analyzes any change in the magnetic field.

This kind of buried security system sensor cable could be embedded in the top of almost any
kind of wall to provide regular wall detection ability, or can be buried in the ground. They
provide a very low false alarm rate, and have a very high chance of detecting real burglars.
However, they cannot be installed near high voltage lines, or radar transmitters.

2.3.4 E-field

This proximity system can be installed on building perimeters, fences, and walls. It also has the
ability to be installed free standing on dedicated poles. The system uses an electromagnetic field
generator powering one wire, with another sensing wire running parallel to it. Both wires run
along the perimeter and are usually installed about 800 millimetres apart. The sensing wire is
connected to a signal processor that analyses:

 amplitude change (mass of intruder),

 rate change (movement of intruder),
 Preset disturbance time (time the intruder is in the pattern).

These items define the characteristics of an intruder and when all three are detected
simultaneously, an alarm signal is generated.

The barrier can provide protection from the ground to about 4 metres of altitude. It is usually
configured in zones of about 200 metre lengths depending on the number of sensor wires
installed.
 Advantage: concealed as a buried form.
 Disadvantage: expensive, short zones which mean more electronics (more money), high rate
of false alarms as it cannot distinguish a cat from a human. In reality it does not work that
well, as extreme weather causes false alarm.

Barriers

 Advantage: low cost, easy to install, invisible perimeter barrier, unknown perimeter limits to
the intruder.
 Disadvantage: extremely sensitive to weather as rain, snow and fog for example would cause
the sensors to stop working, need sterile perimeter line because trees, bushes or anything that
blocks the beam would cause false alarm or lack of detection.

2.3.5 Microphonic systems

Microphonic based systems vary in design but each is generally based on the detection of an
intruder attempting to cut or climb over a chain wire fence. Usually the microphonic detection
systems are installed as sensor cables attached to rigid chain wirefences; however some
specialized versions of these systems can also be installed as buried systems underground.
Depending on the version selected, it can be sensitive to different levels of noise or vibration.
The system is based on coaxial or electro-magnetic sensor cable with the controller having the
ability to differentiate between signals from the cable or chainwire being cut, an intruder
climbing the fence, or bad weather conditions.

The systems are designed to detect and analyse incoming electronic signals received from the
sensor cable, and then to generate alarms from signals which exceed preset conditions. The
systems have adjustable electronics to permit installers to change the sensitivity of the alarm
detectors to the suit specific environmental conditions. The tuning of the system is usually
accomplished during commissioning of the detection devices.

 Advantage: very cheap, very simple configuration, easy to install.

 Disadvantage: some systems have a high rate of false alarms because some of these sensors
might be too sensitive. Although systems using DSP (Digital Signal Processing) will largely
eliminate false alarms on some cases.

2.3.6 Taut wire fence systems

A taut wire perimeter security system is basically an independent screen of tensioned tripwires
usually mounted on a fence or wall. Alternatively, the screen can be made so thick that there is
no need for a supporting chainwire fence. These systems are designed to detect any physical
attempt to penetrate the barrier. Taut wire systems can operate with a variety of switches or
detectors that sense movement at each end of the tensioned wires. These switches or detectors
can be a simple mechanical contact, static force transducer or an electronic strain gauge.
Unwanted alarms caused by animals and birds can be avoided by adjusting the sensors to ignore
objects that exert small amounts of pressure on the wires. This type of system is vulnerable to
intruders digging under the fence. A concrete footing directly below the fence is installed to
prevent this type of attack.

 Pros: low rate of false alarms, very reliable sensors and high rate of detection.
 Cons: Very expensive, complicated to install and old technology.

2.3.7 Fibre optic cable

A fibre-optic cable can be used to detect intruders by measuring the difference in the amount of
light sent through the fibre core. If the cable is disturbed, light will 'leak' out and the receiver unit
will detect a difference in the amount of light received. The cable can be attached directly to a
chain wire fence or bonded into a barbed steel tape that is used to protect the tops of walls and
fences. This type of barbed tape provides a good physical deterrent as well as giving an
immediate alarm if the tape is cut or severely distorted. Other types work on the detection of
change in polarization which is caused by fiber position change.
 Advantage: very similar to the Microphonic system, very simple configuration, easy to
install.
 Disadvantage: high rate of false alarm or no alarms at all for systems using light that leaks
out of the optical fiber. The polarization changing system is much more sensitive but false
alarms depend on the alarm processing.

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction

The IOT Garbage Monitoring system is a very innovative system which will help to keep
the cities clean. This system monitors the garbage bins and informs about the level of garbage
collected in the garbage bins via a web page. The system uses ultrasonic sensors placed over the
bins to detect the garbage level and compare it with the garbage bins depth. This circuit is
designed to monitor, all the actions going around where it is been used. The LCD screen shows
the status of the garbage level. The system puts on the buzzer when the level of garbage collected
crosses the set limit.
3.2 Design Analysis
The construction of an IoT based garbage monitoring system consists of two sections:

i. The hardware section consists of the hardware components used in achieving the system
such as; GSM Module, Ultrasonic Sensor, WI-FI Modem, Power Supply,
Microcontroller, which is use in the development of the hardware part of the system, the
software section consists of the programming language used in command and
ii. The software section is subdivided into two parts. The first is the programming of the
detection which will be used to send signal to the control unit. The second is the
development of commands for Supply Authority to control the system and the
development of an buzzer that will be used in the notifications, the programming
language that will be used to implement the system is Micro C programming language
because of it embedded features to carry out the function needed for the project.

3.3 Block by Block Description of the System

 Fig. 3.1: System Architecture Diagram

3.3.1 Microcontroller

It gets information from sensor and process on it. It compares the received data with the
threshold level set and accordingly output is generated. The LPC2131/32/34//38 microcontrollers
are based on a 16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace
support, that combine the microcontroller with 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 512 kB of
embedded high-speed flash memory.A128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator
architecture enable 32-bit code execution at maximum clock rate.

Fig. 3.2: Microcontroller

3.3.2 Power Supply
We use 12v power supply in our project. It is mainly used to provide DC voltage to the
components on board. 3.3V for lpc2138 and 4.2v for Wi-Fi module is apply from power supply.
5V is required for relay applied from power supply.
 Fig. 3.3: Power Supply
3.3.3 WI-FI Modem
This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that
allows it to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its
GPIOs with minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree
of on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is
designed to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and
Bluetooth co-existence interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all
operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts.
There is an almost limitless fountain of information available for the ESP8266, all of which has
been provided by amazing community support. In the Documents section below you will find
many resources to aid you in using the ESP8266, even instructions on how to transforming this
module into an IoT (Internet of Things) solution! Note: The ESP8266 Module is not capable of
5-3V logic shifting and will require an external Logic Level Converter. Please do not power it
directly from your 5V dev. board.
 Fig. 3.4: WI-FI Modem

3.3.4 Ultrasonic Sensor

The Ultrasonic Sensor sends out a high-frequency sound pulse and then times how long it
takes for the echo of the sound to reflect back. The sensor has 2 openings on its front. One
opening transmits ultrasonic waves, (like a tiny speaker), the other receives them, (like a tiny
microphone). The speed of sound is approximately 341 meters (1100 feet) per second in air. The
ultrasonic sensor uses this information along with the time difference between sending and
receiving the sound pulse to determine the distance to an object.
 Fig. 3.5: Ultrasonic Sensor
3.3.5 GSM Module

It is used to send message to the garbage depot if the Garbage Can exceeds the set
threshold level. With the help of GSM module interfaced, we can send short text messages to the
required municipal office. GSM module is provided by sim uses the mobile service provider and
send sms to the respective authorities as per programmed. It operates at either the 900 MHz or
1800 MHz frequency band.
Fig. 3.6: GSM Module
 Fig. 3.2: Flowchart of IoT Garbage Monitoring System
3.4 Principle of Operation
This system uses ultrasonic sensors placed over the bins to detect the garbage level and compare
it with the garbage bins depth. The system makes use of Arduino family microcontroller, LCD
screen, Wi-Fi modem for sending data and a buzzer. The system is powered by a 12V
transformer. The LCD screen is used to display the status of the level of garbage collected in the
bins.Whereas a web page is built to show the status to the user monitoring it. The web page gives
a graphical view of the garbage bins and highlights the garbage collected in color in order to
show the level of garbage collected. The LCD screen shows the status of the garbage level. The
system puts on the buzzer when the level of garbage collected crosses the set limit. Thus this
system helps to keep thecity clean by informing about the garbage levels of the bins by providing
graphical image of the bins via a web page.
The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that
can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. TheESP8266 is capable of either
hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application
processor. Each ESP8266 module comes preprogramed with an AT command set firmware. The
ESP8266 module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge, and ever growing,
community.
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