Structural Theory 2

Lecture Notes 2
in
STRUCTURAL
THEORY 2
CE 06
Second semester
2021-2022
BSCE Curriculum 2018

Presented by: NENITA M. ABARADO

College of Engineering and Architecture
Bohol Island State University-Main Campus

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Structural Theory 2

Lesson 2
Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures
Lateral Loads on Building Frames

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. identify the assumptions to be used in the analysis of building frames subjected to

lateral forces;
2. calculate the reactions of a building frame subjected to lateral loads using portal
method and cantilever methods and
3. draw the shear and moment diagrams of the building frames.

Time Frame: 5 hours

Introduction

The behavior of rectangular building frames is different under lateral loads and under
vertical loads, so different assumptions for lateral loads must be used in the approximate
analysis than in the case of vertical loads.

Two methods are widely used for approximate analysis of rectangular frames subject
to lateral loads. The portal method and cantilever method.

Approximate Analysis of Building Frames subjected to lateral loads using

 Portal Method

The portal method was initially developed by A. Smith in 1915 and is generally
considered to be appropriate for the approximate analysis of relatively low building frames.

In summary, the portal method for analyzing fixed-supported building frames requires
the following assumptions:

 A hinge is placed at the center of each girder, since this is assumed to be a point
of zero moment.

 A hinge is placed at the center of each column, since this is assumed to be a point
of zero moment.

 At a given floor level the shear at the interior column hinges is twice that at the
exterior column hinges, since the frame is considered to be a superposition of
portals.

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Structural Theory 2

Examples

3. Solve the indeterminate frame shown using the portal method.

5.0 m 5.0 m
G H I
100 kN

4.0 m

D E F
50 kN

4.0 m

A B C

Solution:
TOP STOREY LEVEL
i j
100 kN

f g h
HA 2HA HA

? ? ?

From the figure (based on the assumptions)

100=4H
H=25 kN

LOWER STOREY LEVEL

i j
100 kN

f g h

d e
50 kN

a b c
HB 2HB HB

? ? ?

100+50=4H
150=4H
H=37.5 kN

at Joint G: ∑Mi=0 ⤾ ∑FX=0 →

2.5m
i
(100 -25- iX)= 0
100 kN 25(2)- fy (2.5)= 0
G iX= 75 kN →
2.0m fy= 20 kN ↑
f
25 kN

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Structural Theory 2

∑FY=0 ↑
20 - fy= 0
fy= 20 kN ↑

at Joint D:
∑Md=0 ⤾
f
20(2.5)+25(2)+37.5(2)-ay= 0
2.0m
D
2.5m
d
ay= 70 kN ↑
50 KN
2.0m
∑FX=0 →
a
37.5 kN ∑FY=0 ↑
50+25-37.5-dX= 0
20-70+dy= 0
dX= 37.5 kN →
dy= 50 kN ↑

at Joint H:
2.5m 2.5m j
i
H
2.0m ∑Me=0 ⤾ ∑FY=0 ↑
g
50 kN
50(2)-50(5)+50(2)- by(2.5)=0 50-0+0+ ey=0
by=0 ey=50 kN ↑
at Joint E:

g
∑Me=0 ⤾
2.0m
d 2.5m E 2.5m e 50(2)-50(5)+50(2)- by(2.5)=0
2.0m by=0
b
75 kN

∑FY=0 ↑
at Joint I:
50-0+0+ ey=0
2.4m
j I
ey=50 kN ↑
2.0m

h 25 kN
∑FY=0 ↑
-20+hy=0
at Joint F:
hy=20 kN ↑
h

2.0m
2.5m
∑FY=0 ↑
e F

2.0m -20-50+cy=0
c 37.5 kN
cy=70 kN ↑

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Structural Theory 2

Below are the shear and moment diagrams for the portal method.

4. Determine (approximately) the reactions at supports A, B, C, and D. All columns have

the same cross-sectional area.

9 kN

4.0m

12 kN

4.0m

5.0m 5.0m 5.0m

Solution:

TOP STOREY LEVEL

2.5m 2.5m 2.5m 2.5m 2.5m 2.5m
9 kN
I J K L
2.0m

1.5 kN 3 kN 3 kN 1.5 kN

By Assumption:

6H=9
H=1.5 kN

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Structural Theory 2

LOWER STOREY LEVEL

I J K L
9 kN

4.0m

E F G H
12 kN
2.0m

3.5 kN 7 kN 7 kN 3.5 kN

By Assumption:

6H=21
H=3.5 kN
at Joint I:
2.5 m
l ∑Ml=0 ⤾ ∑FX=0 →
9 kN
I
1.5(2)-hy(2.5)=0 9-1.5-lx=0
2.0 m
hy=1.2 kN ↓ lx=7.5 kN ←
h
1.5 kN
∑Fy=0 ↑
ly-1.2=0
at Joint E: ly=1.2 kN ↑

2.0 m 2.5 m ∑Me=0 ⤾ ∑FX=0 →

E e
12 kN 1.2(2.5)+1.5(2)+3.5(2)-ay(2.5)=0 12+1.5-3.5-ex=0
2.0 m ay=5.2 kN ↓ ex=10 kN ←
a
3.5 kN
∑Fy=0 ↑
ey+1.2-5.2=0
at Joint J: ey=4 kN ↑
2.5 m 2.5 m m
l
J
2.0 m
∑Mm=0 ⤾ ∑FX=0 → ∑Fy=0 ↑
i
3 kN -1.2(5)+3(2)-iy(2.5)=0 7.5-3-mx=0 my-1.2=0
iy=0 kN mx=4.5 kN ← my=1.2 kN ↑

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Structural Theory 2

at Joint F: ∑Mf=0 ⤾ ∑Fy=0 ↑

i -4(5)+3(2)-by(2.5)=0 fy-4-(-5.6)=0
2.0 m by=-5.6 kN≈5.6 kN ↑ fy=-1.6 kN≈1.6 kN ↓
e 2.5 m F 2.5 m f

2.0 m
b
7 kN
∑FX=0 →
3+10-7-fx=0
fx=6 kN ←

∑Mn=0 ⤾ ∑FX=0 →
at Joint K:
-1.2(5)+3(2)-jy(2.5)=0 4.5-3-nx=0
m
2.5 m 2.5 m n
K jy=0 kN nx=1.5 kN ←
2.0 m
j
3 kN
∑Fy=0 ↑
ny-1.2=0
ny=1.2 kN ↑

at Joint G: ∑Mg=0 ⤾
j
-1.6(5)+3(2)-cy(2.5)=0
2.0 m cy=-0.8 kN≈0.8 kN ↑
f 2.5 m G 2.5 m g

2.0 m
∑Fy=0 ↑ ∑FX=0 →
c
7 kN
gy-(-1.6)-(-0.8)=0 3+6-7-gx=0
gy=-2.4 kN≈2.4 kN ↓ gx=2 kN ←

at Joint H:

k
∑Fy=0 ↑
2.0 m
g 2.5 m H dy-1.2-(-2.4)=0
dy=3.6 kN ↓
2.0 m
d
3.5 kN

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Structural Theory 2

∑Fy=0 ↑
at Joint L: ky-1.2=0
n 2.5 m ky=1.2 kN ↑
L
2.0 m

k 1.5 kN

 Cantilever Method

The Cantilever Method is based on the same action as a long cantilever beam
subjected to a traverse load. It is appropriate if a frame is tall and slender, or has columns with
different cross-sectional areas.

 Step – by – step Procedure in Solving Cantilever Method

1. Draw a sketch of the frame obtained by placing a hinge at the center or midpoint of each
member or girder of the given frame. Assuming a point of zero moment.

PA
C D

P
B B E

F
A

2. Determine column axial forces. For each story of the frame:

a) Pass a horizontal section through the internal hinges at the column mid height,
cutting the frame into two portions.

b) Draw a Free Body Diagram of the frame.

c) Determine the location of the centroid of all the columns.

d) Assuming that the axial forces in the columns are proportional to their distances
from the centroid, determine the column axial forces by applying the moment
equilibrium equation.

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Structural Theory 2

A1 A2
3. Draw a Free Body Diagram of all the members and joints of the frame.

4. Determine the girder shears and moment.

5. Determine the column shears and moment.

6. Determine girder axial forces.

7. Use the three equilibrium equations of the entire frame.

These three assumptions reduce the frame to one that is both stable and statically
determinate.

Equation of Equilibrium: Equation of Centroid

⃗⃗
∑𝐅𝐱 = 𝟎 +
Distance from reference
∑𝐅𝐲 = 𝟎 ↑ + x̅ = ∑Area of each column
∑M = 0 ↻ +
∑A (x)
x̅ = ∑A

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Structural Theory 2

PA

Column A1 A2 A3
Area
V3= A3y3
V1= A1y1 V2= A2y2
PB 𝑦1𝑥2
2
y3= 𝑥1

𝑦1𝑥2
y2= 𝑥1

y1
x1
Neutral Axis (Centroid of Column Area)
X2

X3
Examples:

5. Using the Cantilever Method, find the reactions at the base of column A. All the columns
have the same cross-sectional area.

A(0) + A(23) + A(48)

̅=
X
3A
71
̅=
X
3
̅
X = 23.67 ft.
Level 2

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Structural Theory 2

∑MO = 0 ↻ , +3(10) - FO (23.67) - 24.33

Fq = F
FP(0.67) - Fq(24.33) = 0 0.67 P
Fq = 36.31 FP

FO FP Fq
= = ∑MO′ = 0 ↻ +
23.67 0.67 24.33
3(10) – 35.33 FP (23.67) - FP (0.67)
– 36.31 FP (24.33) = 0
23.67
FO = F
0.67 P FP= 0.02 k
FO = 35.33 FP FO = 0.71 k
Fq= 0.72 k

Level 1

∑MO = 0 ↻ , + 3(30) + 4 (10) -Fj(23.67) - Fk(0.67) - Fl(24.33) = 0

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Structural Theory 2

Fj Fk Fl
= =
23.67 0.67 24.33
23.67
Fj = F
0.67 k
Fj = 35.33 Fk

24.33
Fl = F
0.67 k
Fl = 36.31 Fk =

∑MO′ = 0 ↻ + 3(30) +4(10) – 35.33 Fk (23.67) - Fk (0.67) – 36.31 Fk (24.33) = 0

FP= 0.08 k
FP= 2.83 k
FP= 2.90 k

∑Mr=0 ⤾
ox = 0.71 (11.5) / 10
ox = 0. 81 k

∑Mm=0 ⤾
jx = 2.81 (11.5) / 10
jx = 3.23 k

∑MA=0 ⤾
MA = 3.23 (10)
MA = 32.3 k.ft.

∑FX=0 → ∑Fy=0 ↑
Ax = 3.23 k → Ay = 2.83 k ↑

6. Determine approximately the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame shown.
The columns have cross-sectionals areas given. Use Cantilever Method of Analysis.

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Structural Theory 2

I J K L
8k

12 ft

10 k E F G H

16 ft
10 in2 8 in2 6 in2 10 in2

A B C D

20 ft 15 ft 25 ft

Solution:

y2 y3
y1 8.53 ft. 6.47 ft y4
28.53 ft. 31.47 ft.

∑(Ai)(xi) 0(10)+20( 8)+35(6)+60(10)

ẋ= = =28.53 ft.
∑Ai 10+8+6+10

TOP STOREY LEVEL

? ? ? ?
My=0.239 Ly Ny=0.136 Ly
Ly 8.53 ft. 6.47
' ft. Oy=1.103 Ly
28.53 ft. 31.47 ft.

By ratio and proportion:

8.53 ft
y2 = y1 M = 0.239L = 0.173 kN
28.53 ft y y
6.47 ft
y3 = y1 N = 0.136L = 0.099 kN
28.53 ft y y
31.47 ft
y4 = y1 O = 1.103Ly = 0.800 kN
28.53 ft y
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Structural Theory 2

∑Mh=0 ⤾
8(6)-Ly(28.53)-(0.239Ly)(8.53)-(0.136Ly)(6.47)-(1.103Ly)(31.47)=0
Ly = 0.725 k

LOWER STOREY LEVEL

8k

10 k

? ? ? ?

Ey=3.627 k Fy=0.868 k Gy=0.494 k Hy=4.001 k

8.53 ft 6.47 ft
28.53 ft 31.47 ft

at Joint I:
10 ft
l
8k
I
6 ft
∑Ml=0 ⤾ ∑FX=0 → ∑Fy=0 ↑
h -0.75(10)+hx(6)=0 8-1.25-lx=0 ly-0.725=0
hx= 1.25 k← lx=6.75 kN ← ly=0.725 kN ↑
0.725 k

at Joint E:

h ∑Me=0 ⤾ ∑FX=0 →
6 ft
0.725(10)+1.25(6)- 1.25+10-2.69-ex=0
10 ft
3.627(10)+ax(8)=0
10 k
E e
ex=8.56 k ←
ax=2.69 k ←
8 ft
a

∑Fy=0 ↑
3.627 k ey+0.725-3.627=0
ey=5.658 k ↑

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Structural Theory 2

at Joint J:
10 ft 10 ft
l m
∑Mm=0 ⤾ ∑FX=0 →
J
-0.725(20)- 6.75-2.71-mx=0
6 ft
0.174(10)+ix(6)=0 mx=4.04 k ←
i
ix=2.71 k ←

∑Fy=0 ↑
my-0.725-0.174=0
my=0.899 k ↑

at Joint F:
∑Mf=0 ⤾
i ∑FX=0 →
0.174(10)+2.71(6)-8.56(20)-
0.868(10)+bx(8)=0 2.71+8.56-0.868-fx=0
6 ft
10 ft 10 ft
e F f
bx=20.24 k ← fx=10.402 k ←

8 ft

b ∑Fy=0 ↑
fy+0.174-5.7-0.868=0
0.868 k fy= 6.742 k ↓

at Joint K: ∑FX=0 →
m
10 ft 10 ft n 4.04-3.16-nx=0
K ∑Mn=0 ⤾ nx=0.88 k ←
6 ft -0.899(20)-0.0967(10)+jx(6)=0
∑Fy=0 ↑
j jx=3.16 k ←
ny-0.899-0.0967=0
ny=0.9957 kN ↑
0.0967 k
at Joint G:
∑Mg=0 ⤾ ∑FX=0 →
j -.494(10)+3.16(6)+0.097(10)- 3.16+10.402-14.98-gx=0
6.742(20)+cx(8)=0 gx=-1.418 k ≈1.418 k →
6 ft
f
10 ft
G 10 ft g cx=14.98 k←

8 ft
c

0.494 k

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Structural Theory 2

∑Fy=0 ↑

at Joint L: gy+0.097-6.742-0.494=0
gy=7.139 k ↑
n 10 ft
L
6 ft

0.8 k

at Joint H:

k ∑Fx=0 →
6 ft -kx+0.88=0
10 ft
g H kx= 0.88 k ←

8 ft
d

0.4 k

Exercises
Plate 2: (Use the Portal Method)

1. What is the bending moment on member AD in kiloNewton-meter?

Make your own dimensions.

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Structural Theory 2

2. From the given frame, it is subjected to a lateral load of 80 kN acting at joint D. Assume all
columns have equal cross-sectional area. Using Cantilever Method.

a) Compute the axial load of column AD.

b) Compute the moment at the base of column BE.
c) Compute the moment of beam EF at joint E.

3. The frame shown is subjected to lateral loads 30 kN and 15 kN acting at joint C and B
respectively. The columns are assumed to have equal cross-sectional areas. Use Cantilever
Method of Analysis.

a) Compute the axial load of column EF.

b) Compute the moment of beam BE at joint B.
c) Compute the moment at the base of column AB.

4. From the given frame shown and using Cantilever Method of Analysis;
a) Which of the following gives the location of the centroid from the right most column?
b) Which of the following gives the axial force at column CF?
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Structural Theory 2

c) Which of the following gives the moment AD at joint D?

5. The frame shown is subjected to lateral loads acting on points M, I, and E. Assuming all
columns have equal areas and using Cantilever Method of Analysis.

a) Compute the axial load of column HD.

b) Compute the moment at the base of column AE.
c) Compute the moment of beam EF at joint E.

References:

Books:

 ASEP, NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, 2015 ed.

 Aslam Kassimali, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, 4th ed.
 Matias Areola, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
 R.C Hibbeler, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, 8TH ed.
 V. Besavilla, THEORY OF STRUCTURES

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Structural Theory 2

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