UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY REPORT COVER
Name PRINCE MWEMA KWEYU Reg. No F16/2323/2021
Laboratory HYDRAULICS LABORATORY Civil Elect. Mech. Env. and
Biosystems
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING
FCE 421: FLUID MECHANICS
LAB: HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
STUDENT'S NAME: PRINCE MWEMA KWEYU
REG. NUMBER: F16/2323/2021
LECTURER: KANDIE
DATE: 29 NOVEMBER 2024
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT 3
1. THE HYDRAULIC JUMP EXPERIMENT 4
1.1. Objective 4
1.2. Apparatus and Setup 4
1.3. Experimental Procedure 4
1.4. Experimental Data 5
Table 1: Raw Data Collected 5
1.5. Data Analysis and Calculations 5
5. Flow Rate per Unit Width q: 6
6. Theoretical d₂: 6
Table 2: Data Analysis and Calculated Values 6
1.6. Graphical Analysis 7
Graph 1: Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental d₂ 7
1.7. Observations and Results 9
1.8. Conclusion 9
1.9. Recommendations 9
2. VENTURI FLUME EXPERIMENT 10
2.1. Objectives 10
2.2. Apparatus and Setup 11
2.3. Experimental Procedure 11
2.4. Data Analysis and Calculations 12
2.5. Graphical Analysis 13
Graph 2:log10Q₁ against log10H 13
Graph 3:log10Q₂ against log10H 16
2.6. Observations and Results 16
2.7. Conclusion 16
2.8. Recommendations 16
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
1. THE HYDRAULIC JUMP EXPERIMENT
1.1. Objective
The objective of this experiment is to confirm the theoretical expression connecting the depths
before and after the hydraulic jump, expressed as:
𝑑₁ 2𝑞² 𝑑₁²
d₂ = 2
+ ( 𝑔𝑑₁ + 4
)
where:
● 𝑑₁ = Depth before the hydraulic jump.
● d₂ = Depth after the hydraulic jump.
● q = Flow rate per unit width.
● g = Gravitational acceleration.
1.2. Apparatus and Setup
● A hydraulic flume tank with adjustable gates.
● Flow control valves to regulate upstream and downstream flow.
● A trough with a width of 5.08 cm.
● Tank diameter of 39 cm.
● Datum level of 5.340 cm.
1.3. Experimental Procedure
1. Setup: The flume was adjusted to ensure a controlled flow through the channel. Gates
were adjusted to vary discharge and upstream depth.
2. Measurements: For each trial, depths d₁and d₂ were recorded before and after the
hydraulic jump, along with head levels h₁and h₂ and time t for each flow rate.
3. Data Collection: Measurements were repeated for multiple trials to capture a variety of
flow conditions.
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
1.4. Experimental Data
Table 1: Raw Data Collected
Below is the table of raw data collected during the experiment. Note that d₁ and d₂
measurements include the datum (5.340 cm), which has to be subtracted in the following data
analysis section.
Trial Position d₁ (cm) d₂ (cm) h₁ (cm) h₂ (cm) t (s)
A 1 7.040 9.604 0.000 5.700 20.09
2 7.302 12.322 5.700 13.700 20.60
3 8.000 13.835 13.700 24.700 10.17
B 1 6.700 9.931 0.000 8.900 25.05
2 7.320 12.230 8.900 17.400 12.93
3 8.120 13.238 17.400 26.700 9.25
C 1 7.223 9.618 0.000 7.400 21.44
2 7.535 11.439 7.400 15.000 12.97
3 8.301 12.510 15.000 27.100 13.32
Table Notes:
● Trials are categorized by positions and head levels.
● Time t is recorded in seconds.
1.5. Data Analysis and Calculations
Adjustments and Calculations
1. Actual Depths:
● Subtract datum level (5.340 cm) from d₁ and d₂ to get actual depths.
2. Head Difference ( h ):
● Calculated as h = h₂ - h₁.
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
3. Volume ( V ):
𝐷
● Given by V = 𝐴ℎ, where A = 𝜋 ( 2 )² = 1194.59 cm²
4. Flow Rate ( Q ):
𝑉
● Calculated as Q = 𝑡
5. Flow Rate per Unit Width q:
𝑄
● q= 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ,where width is 5.08 cm.
6. Theoretical d₂:
● Using the hydraulic jump formula, theoretical d₂values are calculated for comparison
with the experimental d₂values.
Table 2: Data Analysis and Calculated Values
The table below displays the adjusted values for d₁ and d₂ , along with the calculated values for
h, V, and Q.
q=Q/Wid Theoretical
Trial Position d₁ (cm) d₂ (cm) h(cm) V (cm³) t (s) Q(cm³/s) th(cm²/s) d₂ (cm)
A 1 1.700 4.264 5.700 6809.163 20.090 338.93 66.719 4.281
2 1.962 6.982 8.000 9556.720 20.600 463.91 91.323 7.010
3 2.660 8.495 11.000 13140.490 10.170 1292.08 254.347 8.529
B 1 1.360 4.591 8.900 10631.851 25.050 424.42 83.548 4.609
2 1.980 6.890 8.500 10154.015 12.930 785.307 154.588 6.918
3 2.780 7.898 9.300 11109.687 9.250 1201.04 236.427 7.930
C 1 1.883 4.278 7.400 8839.966 21.440 412.31 81.164 4.295
2 2.195 6.099 7.600 9078.884 12.970 699.99 137.794 6.123
3 2.961 7.170 12.100 14454.539 13.320 1085.17 213.617 7.199
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
Table Notes:
● The "Actual" columns for d₁ and d₂ have the datum (5.340 cm) subtracted from the
measured values.
● All calculated values are based on the experimental setup and formulas.
1.6. Graphical Analysis
Graph 1: Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental d₂
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
1.7. Observations and Results
Observations
1. Depth before the jump d₁ is consistently lower than the depth after the jump d₂, which
matches the expected behavior of a hydraulic jump.
2. Flow rate Q and volume V increase proportionally with head difference h.
Theoretical Validation
The calculated values of d₂ using the formula from the objective are close to the experimental
values, confirming the theory.
1.8. Conclusion
The experiment confirms the theoretical relationship between upstream and downstream depths
in a hydraulic jump. The calculated depths and flow rates align well with the theoretical model,
providing a practical validation of hydraulic jump principles.
1.9. Recommendations
● Improve measurement accuracy with finer calibration on equipment.
● Repeat the experiment with different flow rates to verify consistency.
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
2. VENTURI FLUME EXPERIMENT
2.1. Objectives
The objectives of this experiment are:
1. To confirm the expression for discharge through a Venturi flume as given by the
equation:
( )
𝑉2
𝐻+
Q = Cd .A. 2𝑔 3
2𝑔
2. To determine the discharge coefficient Cd and the exponent n for two different flumes
by plotting log-transformed discharge Q against log-transformed head H.
2.2. Apparatus and Setup
● Venturi Flume: Two flumes with different lengths and contractions.
● Water supply: A consistent source of water to pass through the Venturi flumes.
● Measuring devices:
● Manometer for measuring head H.
● Flow meters for measuring discharge Q.
● Plot the log-transformed data and determine Cd and n.
2.3. Experimental Procedure
1. Set up the Venturi flume in the hydraulic laboratory and ensure it is calibrated.
2. Adjust the water flow rate to obtain nine readings of head H and discharge Q for each
of the two flumes.
3. Record the raw values of H and Q for each reading.
4. For each H value, subtract the datum (291.26 mm) to get the actual head. Use the
absolute values of these differences.
5. Convert the discharge readings Q to cubic meters per second (m³/s) if not already in
this unit.
6. Calculate the logarithmic values of the actual head H and discharge Q for each reading.
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
2.4. Data Analysis and Calculations
The data collected included raw values of head H and discharge Q. Calculations were
performed as follows:
1. Calculate Actual Head (H): For each recorded head H, subtract the datum (291.26 mm)
and take the absolute value.
2. Log Transformation:
- Calculate log10H and log10Q for each set of readings.
The results are shown below:
H Actual (mm) Q1 (m³/s) Q2 (m³/s) log10H log10Q1 log10Q2
144.47 40.86 40 2.16 1.61 1.60
154.01 50.8 42.6 2.19 1.71 1.63
169.29 60.07 51.5 2.23 1.78 1.71
195.6 81.09 68 2.29 1.91 1.83
175.5 60.81 52.3 2.24 1.78 1.72
149.19 47.3 38.9 2.17 1.67 1.59
133.72 39.41 34.1 2.13 1.60 1.53
124.7 34.34 29.3 2.10 1.54 1.47
110.92 39.4 25.8 2.05 1.60 1.41
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
2.5. Graphical Analysis
Graph 2: log10Q₁ against log10H
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
Graph 3: log10Q₂ against log10H
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
The slope n represents the flow exponent, and the intercept Cd represents the discharge
coefficient.
2.6. Observations and Results
1. The experimental values of n (1.79 and 1.29) show the flow characteristics in the two
different flumes.
2. The discharge coefficient Cd (determined from the intercepts) differs slightly between
the two flumes, which may be attributed to variations in flume geometry.
3. The plotted data points align well with the linear fit, indicating a strong relationship
between log Q and log H.
2.7. Conclusion
The experiment confirmed that the relationship between discharge Q and head H in a
Venturi flume can be expressed as a power law. The discharge coefficient Cd and
exponent n were calculated for each flume based on the log-transformed data. Both
flumes displayed a strong linear relationship, validating the theoretical discharge
equation.
2.8. Recommendations
1. Accuracy Improvement: Use more precise instruments to minimize experimental error
in measuring head and discharge.
2. Extended Range: Test with additional discharge and head values to confirm if the
relationship holds for larger flows.
3. Further Analysis: Explore the impact of varying flume geometries on the coefficients
obtained.
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
APPENDIX
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FCE 421: Fluid Mechanics F16/2323/2021
REFERENCES
1. Hydraulics Laboratory Manual - Department of Civil and Construction Engineering.
2. Textbook: "Hydraulic Engineering" by S. Chadwick and J. Morfett, relevant sections
on Venturi Flume analysis.
3. Research articles on Venturi flume discharge measurement and coefficients.
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