Linear Differential Equations

Imprtant Questions.
𝒅𝒚
1. Solve : x. + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 .
𝒅𝒙

𝑑𝑦
Solution : The D.E. is x. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
Dividing throughout by x ,we get ,
𝑑𝑦 1
‫؞‬ + 𝑥 . 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
This is Linear D.E. of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 .
𝑑𝑥
1
Where P = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 𝑥 2
1
‫𝑃 ∫ ؞‬. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥
Hence , I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥
Then , its solution is given by,
y.I.F. = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼. 𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
‫؞‬ y.x = ∫ 𝑥 2 . 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
‫؞‬ xy = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥4
‫؞‬ xy = +𝑐
4
This is the required general solution.
𝒅𝒚
2. Solve : x log x + 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙.
𝒅𝒙

𝑑𝑦
Solution : The D.E. is , x log x 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥.
Dividing throughout by x.log x , we get ,
𝑑𝑦 1 2
‫؞‬ + 𝑥.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
This is linear D.E. of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ,
𝑑𝑥
1 2
where, P = 𝑥.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 , 𝑄 = 𝑥
1
Now , ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥.log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ log𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 …..Note this rewriting integrated
𝑓′(𝑋)
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥) ……. By ∫ 𝑓(𝑋) dx = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥
Then , its solution is given by ,
y.I.F. = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼. 𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
 2
‫؞‬ y.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
This integral on R.H.S. can be evaluated by method of substitution.
Substitution 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡
1
‫؞‬ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥
‫؞‬ y 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐 ……Obseve this step carefully
𝑡2
= 2. 2 + 𝑐

‫؞‬ y.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥)2 + 𝑐

This is required general solution.

−𝟏𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚
3. Solve : = – .
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
Solution : The D.E. is , 𝑑𝑥 = − .
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
Rewriting, we get ,
−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛
+ 1+𝑥 2 . 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
This is linear D.E. of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ,
𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑥
1 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛
Where P = 1+𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 −1
Now , ∫ 𝑃. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1+𝑥 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Then , its solution is given by,
y.I.F.=∫ 𝑄. 𝐼. 𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
−1 𝑥
−1 𝑥 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥
‫؞‬ y.𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = . 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 . 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
This integral on R.H.S is evaluated by method of substituition
−1 −1 1
Substituting 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑡 ‫ 𝑥 𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑒؞‬1+𝑥 2 dx= dt
−1 𝑥
‫ ؞‬y. 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐
−1
= 𝑒 𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐
−1 −1
y. 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + c
This is the required general solution.

𝒅𝒚
4. Solve : (x+1) − 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 .
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Solution : The D.E. is , (x+1) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2 .
Dividing throughout by (x+1) , we get ,
𝑑𝑦 1
‫؞‬ − 1+𝑥 . 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
This is linear D.E. of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ,
𝑑𝑥
1
Where, P = − 1+𝑥 , 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
1 1
‫؞‬ ∫ 𝑃. 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (1 + 𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (1+𝑥)
 1
1
‫؞‬ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒(1+𝑥) =
1+𝑥
Then its solution is given by ,
y.I.F.= ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼. 𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1
‫؞‬ y. = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 . (𝑥 + 1). 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1+𝑥 (1+𝑥)
𝑦
‫؞‬ = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1+𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
Multiplying throughout by (1+x), we get ,
‫؞‬ y = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐)(1 + 𝑥)
This is the required general solution.

𝒅𝒚
5. Solve : cos x + 𝟐𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 .
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Solution : The D.E. , cos x 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 sin 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦
cos x 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 .
Divinding throughout by cos x , we get
𝑑𝑦
‫؞‬ + 2. tan 𝑥. 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
This is linear D.E. of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ,
𝑑𝑥
Where , P = 2 tan x and Q = 2 sin x

‫؞‬ ∫ 𝑃. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2. tan 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥|

2
‫؞‬ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃.𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2.log(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
Then , its solution is given by ,
y.I.F. = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼. 𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
‫؞‬ y.𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = ∫ 2 sin 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1
=∫ 2 sin 𝑥. cos 𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 dx+ c
=∫ 2. sec 𝑥. tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1 sin 𝑥
…….Observe this step carefully cos 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
‫؞‬ y.𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 2. sec 𝑥 + 𝑐
Dividing throuhgout by 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ,
‫؞‬ y = 2 cos x + c .𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
This is the required general solution.

𝒅𝒚
6. Solve : + 𝒚. 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 .
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Solution : The D.E. is + 𝑦. cot 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
This is linear D.E. of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ,
𝑑𝑥
Where , P = cot x and Q = cosec x
‫؞‬ ∫ 𝑃 . 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (sin 𝑥)
‫؞‬ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃.𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Then its solution is given by ,
 y.I.F. = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼. 𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
‫؞‬ y.sin x = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
‫؞‬ y.sin x = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ……… cosec x. sin x = 1
‫؞‬ y.sin x = x + c
This is required general solution.

𝒅𝒚
7. Solve the D.E. + 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙.
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Solution : Given + 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥. Which is linear D.E.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Comparing with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ,

P = tan x , Q =𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
‫𝑃 ∫ ؞‬. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥|
‫؞‬ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃.𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
Then , its solution is given by ,
y.I.F. = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼. 𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
‫؞‬ y.𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥. sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
y.secx =∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 dx
‫؞‬ y.𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
This is the required general Solution.

𝒅𝒚
8. Solve : x. − 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 .
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Solution : The D.E. x.𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
Dividing throughout by x , we get,
𝑑𝑦 1
− . 𝑦 = 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
Where P = - 𝑥 , 𝑞 = 𝑥
1 1
‫𝑃 ∫ ؞‬. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑥)
1
1
Hence , I.F. =𝑒 ∫ 𝑃.𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒(𝑥) = 𝑥
Then , its solution is given by ,
y.I.F. = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼. 𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1
‫؞‬ y.𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦
‫؞‬ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥

𝑦
‫؞‬ =x+c
𝑥
‫؞‬ y = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥
This is the required general solution.
 𝒅𝒚
9. Solve : x.log x. + 𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙.
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Solution : The D.E. is x.log x.𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2. log 𝑥.

Dividing throughout by x.log x , we get ,

𝑑𝑦 1 2
‫؞‬ + 𝑥.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
This is linear D.E. of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ,
𝑑𝑥
1 2
Where, P = , 𝑄=𝑥
𝑥.log 𝑥

1
Now , ∫ 𝑃. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥
= ∫ log 𝑥 dx

𝑓′(𝑋)
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥) …. By ∫ 𝑓(𝑋) dx = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)
Then , its solution is given by ,
y.I.F. = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼. 𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
2
‫؞‬ y.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
This integral on R.H.S. can be evaluated by method of substitution.
Substitution 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡
1
‫؞‬ . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥
‫؞‬ y. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐 … Obeserve this step carefully
𝑡2
= 2. 2 + 𝑐

‫؞‬ y.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥)2 + 𝑐

This is required general solution.