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42 views3 pages

meneliks expansion pdf

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yaabaat3
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South West Academy (SWA), Grade 10 History Note.

Here are four guiding questions for a competency-based Grade 10 history class which focused on
the territorial expansion of Menilek II. These questions are designed to foster critical thinking
and ensure students grasp the significance of Menilek II's reign in shaping Ethiopia's history.

1. What were the three phases of territorial expansion during the reign of Menilek II, and
what were the key achievements in each phase?
o Encourage students to analyze the timeline and categorize events based on the three
phases of Menilek’s expansion.
2. How did Menilek II incorporate various regions into the Ethiopian Empire, and what
methods (peaceful submission vs. force) were used?
o Guide students to differentiate between peaceful negotiations and military campaigns and
discuss their outcomes.
3. What were the main challenges Menilek II faced during the process of territorial
expansion, and how were they addressed?
o Prompt students to explore instances of resistance (e.g., in Arsi and Wolaita) and how
they were overcome.
4. How did Menilek II’s expansion and modernization efforts shape the boundaries and
development of modern Ethiopia?
o Encourage students to link territorial expansion with subsequent treaties, infrastructure
development, and the modernization initiatives Menilek introduced.

Menilek II’s Territorial Expansion and Reform


Key Competencies

 Understanding (boundary Agreement and modernization efforts)


 Critical thinking and Application (compare Menilik II’s leadership with other
historical figures in Ethiopia or African context).

Phases of Territorial Expansion

1. First Phase (1865–1889):


Expansion during his reign as King of Shewa.

 Incorporated Tulama and Eastern Macha Oromo regions.


 Peaceful submission: Northern Gurage and Kistane (Soddo) Gurage.
 Resistance: Western Gurage defeated by Ras Gobana in 1888.
 Battle of Embabo (1882): Secured Leqa-Naqamte, Leqa-Qellem, and Jimma Abba Jifar
(autonomy maintained).
2. Second Phase (1889–1896):
Expanded territory after becoming Emperor in 1889.

 Incorporated Dawuro, Konta, Kambata, Bale, Sidama, Gamo Gofa, and Wolaita.
 Suppression of resistance:
 Arsi Oromo: Defeated after six campaigns (1882–1886).
 Hararghe: Harari-Oromo coalition defeated at Chalanqo (1887).
 Wolaita: Resistance led by Kawo Tona defeated in 1894.

3. Third Phase (1896–1900):


o Incorporation of Kafa (1897): Defeated Tato Gaki Sherocho.
o Extended authority to Benishangul and Gambella.
o Concluded with boundary treaties defining modern Ethiopia's borders.

Key Challenges and Strategies

 Resistance: Arsi, Hararghe, and Wolaita.


 Strategies: Military campaigns and agreements ensuring autonomy for some regions.

Modernization Efforts

 Infrastructure and Technology:


o Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway (1894).
o Electricity, telegraph, telephone, motor cars, modern plumbing.
Institutions:

o Bank of Abyssinia (1905), first modern school (1908).


o Postal system and Ethiopian coinage.

Boundary Agreements (1897–1908)


o Treaties signed with colonial powers to define Ethiopia's borders:
o French Somaliland (Djibouti), British Somaliland, Italian Eritrea, Sudan, Kenya,
and Italian Somaliland.
o Ethiopia's modern territorial extent shaped but not fully demarcated on the ground.

Significance

 Territorial expansion consolidated Ethiopia’s borders.


 Modernization efforts laid the foundation for a centralized and modern state.
By Metiku Keneni.

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