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Java Control-flow Sunulan 2024 Pylş

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6 views38 pages

Java Control-flow Sunulan 2024 Pylş

Uploaded by

dosiw40588
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Flow

Computer Engineering Department


Object Oriented Programming Course
Prof. Dr. Ahmet Sayar
Kocaeli University - Fall 2024
IF Statement
If Statement
if (CONDITION) {
STATEMENTS
} else {
STATEMENTS
}
Comparison operators
• x > y: x is greater than y
• x < y: x is less than y
• x >= y: x is greater than or equal to x
• x <= y: x is less than or equal to y

• x == y: x equals y
• ( equality: ==, assignment: = )
Boolean operators
• &&: logical AND
• ||: logical OR
Multibranch if-else
Statements
• syntax
if (Boolean_Expression_1)
Statement_1
else if (Boolean_Expression_2)
Statement_2
else if (Boolean_Expression_3)
Statement_3
else if …
else
Default_Statement
Compound Boolean
Expressions
• Boolean expressions can be combined using
the “and” (&&) operator.
• example
if ((score > 0) && (score <= 100))
...
• not allowed
if (0 < score <= 100)
...
Negating a Boolean
Expression
• A boolean expression can be negated using
the “not” (!) operator.
• syntax
!(Boolean_Expression)
• example
(a || b) && !(a && b)
which is the exclusive or
Nested Statements
• An if-else statement can contain any sort of
statement within it.
• In particular, it can contain another if-else
statement.
– An if-else may be nested within the “if”
part.
– An if-else may be nested within the “else”
part.
– An if-else may be nested within both parts.
Nested Statements, cont.
• syntax
if (Boolean_Expression_1)
if (Boolean_Expression_2)
Statement_1)
else
Statement_2)
else
if (Boolean_Expression_3)
Statement_3)
else
Statement_4);
The switch Statement
• The switch statement is a multiway branch
that makes a decision based on an integral
(integer or character) expression.

• The switch statement begins with the


keyword switch followed by an integral
expression in parentheses and called the
controlling expression.
The switch Statement, cont.
• The action associated with a matching
case label is executed.
• If no match is found, the case labeled
default is executed.
– The default case is optional, but
recommended, even if it simply prints
a message.
• Repeated case labels are not allowed.
The switch Statement, cont.
Switch Example
int i=1; // outputs for differing values of i : (0, 1, 2, 3)
switch (i) {
case 0:
System.out.println("zero");
break;
case 1:
System.out.println("one");
case 2:
System.out.println("two");
default:
System.out.println("default");
}
Switch Variable Types
• We can apply Switch just on data type
compatible short, Short, byte, Byte, int,
Integer, char, Character or enum type.
• Evaluating String variables with a switch
statement have been implemented in Java SE
7, and hence it only works in java 7
• See your Java version in NetBeans
– Tools – Java Platforms
The Conditional Operator
if (n1 > n2)
max = n1;
else
max = n2;
can be written as
max = (n1 > n2) ? n1 : n2;
• The ? and : together are call the
conditional operator or ternary operator.
LOOPS
Java Loop Statements:
Outline
• The while Statement
• The do-while Statement
• The for Statement
the while Statement, cont.
The do-while Statement
• Also called a do-while loop
• Similar to a while statement, except that the
loop body is executed at least once
• syntax
do
Body_Statement
while (Boolean_Expression);

– don’t forget the semicolon!


The do-while Statement, cont.
The for Statement

• A for statement executes the body of a


loop a fixed number of times.
• Example
for (count = 1; count < 3; count++)
System.out.println(count);
System.out.println(“Done”);

//watch out the usage of ‘{‘ and ‘}’


Multiple Initialization, etc.
• example
for (n = 1, p = 1; n < 10; n++)
p=p*n;
• Only one boolean expression is allowed, but
it can consist of &&s, ||s, and !s.
• Multiple update actions are allowed, too.
for (n = 1, p = 1; n < 10; n++, p=p * n)
rarely used
Example
for (n = 20, p = 1; p < n; n++, p=p * 5){
System.out.println("n: " +n+" "+"p: " +p);
}

What is the output of this code?


The Empty for Statement
• What is printed by
int product = 1, number;
for (number = 1; number <= 10; number++);
product = product * number;

System.out.println(product);?

• The last semicolon in


for (number = 1; number <= 10; number++);
produces an empty for statement.
• for(;;){
System.out.println(“infinite loop");
}
Choosing a Loop Statement
• If you know how many times the loop will be
iterated, use a for loop.
• If you don’t know how many times the loop
will be iterated, but
– it could be zero, use a while loop
– it will be at least once, use a do-while loop.
• Generally, a while loop is a safe choice.
The break Statement in
Loops
• A break statement can be used to end a loop
immediately.
• The break statement ends only the
innermost loop or switch statement that
contains the break statement.
• break statements make loops more difficult to
understand.
• Use break statements sparingly (if ever).
Example
for(int i=0; i<2; i++){
System.out.println("i: "+i);
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
System.out.println("j: "+j);
if (j==1) {
break;
}
}
}
The break Statement in Loops, cont.
Branching Statements
The exit Method
• Sometimes a situation arises that makes
continuing the program pointless.
• A program can be terminated normally by
System.exit(0).

• Example
if (numberOfWinners == 0)
{
System.out.println(“/ by 0”);
System.exit(0);
}
Embedded Loops
Ending a Loop
• If the number of iterations is known before the
loop starts, the loop is called a count-
controlled loop.
– use a for loop.
• Asking the user before each iteration if it is
time to end the loop is called the ask-before-
iterating technique.
– appropriate for a small number of iterations
– Use a while loop or a do-while loop.
Ending a Loop, cont.
• For large input lists, a sentinel value can be
used to signal the end of the list.
– The sentinel value must be different from
all the other possible inputs.
– A negative number following a long list of
nonnegative exam scores could be
suitable.
90
0
10
-1
Example: class ExamAverager
Naming Boolean Variables
• Choose names such as isPositive or
systemsAreOk.
• Avoid names such as numberSign or
systemStatus.
Precedence Rules in Boolean
Expressions
Precedence Rules, cont.
• In what order are the operations
performed?

score < min/2 - 10 || score > 90


score < (min/2) - 10 || score > 90
score < ((min/2) - 10) || score > 90
(score < ((min/2) - 10)) || score > 90
(score < ((min/2) - 10)) || (score > 90)

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