Solution

BIOMOLECULES

Class 12 - Chemistry
Section A
1.
(d) hydrogen bonds
Explanation:
α -helix structure of the protein is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. A polypeptide chain forms all possible hydrogen bonds by

twisting into a right-handed screw helix with the -NH group of each amino acid residue hydrogen-bonded to > C = O of an
adjacent turn of the helix.

2.
(c) Insulin and glucagon
Explanation:
The role of insulin is to keep the blood glucose level within the narrow limit. Insulin is released in response to the rapid rise in
blood glucose level. On the other hand hormone glucagon tends to increase the glucose level in the blood. The two hormones
together regulate the glucose level in the blood.

3.
(c) C-1
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Explanation:
C-1

4.
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(c) Phosphate - sugar - base

Explanation:
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A unit formed by the attachment of a base to 1′ position of sugar is known as nucleoside. When nucleoside is linked to
phosphoric acid at 5′-position of sugar moiety, we get a nucleotide. Nucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester linkage
between 5′ and 3′ carbon atoms of the pentose sugar. So Phosphate - sugar - base is the sequence in nucleic acids.

5.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
A is false but R is true.

6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Explanation:
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Section B

7. Fibrous Proteins Globular Proteins

1. Their molecules have long thread like structure. 1. They have folded ball – like structure

2. they have helical or sheet structures 2. They may have three dimensional Shapes.

3. They are in soluble in water but soluble in strong acids and 3. They are soluble in water, acids and Bases and salts. e.g.
bases. e.g. Keratin, fibroin etc. Egg albumin, casein insulin.
8. This behaviour is due to the presence of both acidic (carboxyl group) and basic (amino) groups in the same molecule. They react
with both acid as well as base.
9. Two molecules of monosaccharides(cannot be hydrolysis further to give simpler unit) are joined together by an oxide linkage
formed by the loss of water molecules. Such a linkage between two monosaccharide units through oxygen atom is called

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 glycosidic linkage. Glycosidic linkage is present in disaccharides, trisaccharides, and polysaccharides, etc.
Section C
10. i. Peptide linkage:
The amide formed between -COOH group of one molecule of an amino acid and −N H group of another molecule of the
2

amino acid by the elimination of a water molecule is called a peptide linkage.

ii. Primary structure: The primary structure of protein refers to the specific sequence in which various amino acids are present in
it, i.e., the sequence of linkages between amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The sequence in which amino acids are arranged
is different in each protein. A change in the sequence creates a different protein.
iii. Denaturation: In a biological system, a protein is found to have a unique 3-dimensional structure and a unique biological
activity. In such a situation, the protein is called native protein. However, when the native protein is subjected to physical
changes such as change in temperature or chemical changes such as change in pH, its H-bonds are disturbed. This disturbance
unfolds the globules and uncoils the helix. As a result, the protein loses its biological activity. This loss of biological activity
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by the protein is called denaturation. During denaturation, the secondary and the tertiary structures of the protein get
destroyed, but the primary structure remains unaltered.
One of the examples of denaturation of proteins is the coagulation of egg white when an egg is boiled.
11. On the basis of hydrolysis carbohydrates are classified into three clauses:
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i. Monosaccharides : example - glucose, fructose.

ii. Disaccharides: example - maltose, sucrose
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iii. Polysaccharides: example - starch, glycogen.

12. Difference between α - glucose and β - glucose
Glucose is found to exist in two different crystalline forms which are named as α and β . The two forms differ from each other in
the orientation of -OH group al C-1. Moreover, the a-form (melting point 419 K) is obtained by crystallisation from a concentrated
solution of glucose at 303 K while 13-form(melting point 423 K) is obtained by crystallisation from hot and saturated solution at
371 K.

Pyranose structure of glucose :

The six-membered cyclic structure of glucose is called pyranose structure (α or β ),in analogy with pyran. Pyran is a cyclic
compound with one oxygen atom and five carbon atoms in the ring.

Section D
13. i. Phospholipids form a thin layer on the surface of an aqueous medium due to the simultaneous presence of both polar and non-
polar groups in the molecule. As a result, the phospholipid molecules may arrange themselves in a double-layered membrane

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 in aqueous media.
ii. Primary structure remain intact during the denaturation process.
iii. secondary structure
OR
Secondary structure refers as regular folding patterns of continuous portions of the polypeptide chain
Section E
14. D-glucose reacts with hydroxylamine NH2OH to form an oxime because of the presence of aldehydic (-CHO) group or carbonyl
carbon. This happens as the cyclic structure of glucose forms an open chain structure in an aqueous medium, which then reacts
with NH2OH to give an oxime.

But pentaacetate of D-glucose does not react with NH2OH. This is because pentaacetate does not form an open chain structure.

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15. The sugars are divided into two families: the D-family and L-family which have definite configurations. These relative
configurations are represented with respect to glyceraldehyde as the standard. The glyceraldehydes may be represented in two
forms as:
i. All the compound which can be chemically correlated to (+) isomers of glyceraldehyde are said to be D- configuration
ii. All the compound which can be chemically correlated to (-) isomers are said to be L-configuration.
The D-configuration has -OH attached to the carbon adjacent to -CH2OH on the right while L - configuration has - OH attached to
the carbon adjacent to -CH2OH on left. The sugars are called D - or L - depending upon whether the configuration of the molecule
is related to D-glyceraldehyde or L-glyceraldehyde. It has been found that all naturally occurring sugars belong to D-series, e.g.,
D-glucose and D-fructose.

(D-glucose and L- glucose)

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(D-fructose).

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