Solution

OPTICS

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(c) 2 cm and 12 cm
Explanation:
In normal adjustment, m = fo/fe = 6. Therefore fo = 6 fe
Now, fo + fe = 14
or 7fe = 14 or fe = 2 cm
Hence, fo = 12 cm

2.
(b) 3 ⋅ 00
Explanation:
∘

Here, λ = 5,000 A = 5 × 10-7 m and ν = 2 × 1014 Hz

Therefore, speed of light in the material,
v=ν λ = 2 × 1014× 5 × 10-7 = 108 ms-1
Hence, the refractive index of the material,
AN
8
c 3×10
μ= = = 3
v 8
10

3.
(b) complete image will be formed
S

Explanation:
AA

Image formed will be complete when upper half of lens is blocked. Intensity of the image will decrease as the incident rays
from upper half are cut off.

4.
(d) 1.5
Explanation:
Refractive index = 6000

4000
= 3

2
= 1.5

5. (a) R

Explanation:
A plane wave reflecting off a concave mirror will focus at the focal point, which means that the radius of the spherical wave
will be equal to the focal length of the mirror, that is, . R

6. (a) 1.2 mm
Explanation:
Dλ
β = ⇒ β ∝ λ
d
β2 λ2
∴ =
β1 λ1

λ2
⇒ β2 =
λ1
⋅ β1 =
6000

5000
× 1 mm = 1.2 mm

7.
(c) 2 : 1
Explanation:
In case of coherent sources, interference occurs. Intensity at the midpoint is
Imax = k(a + a)2 = k × 4a2

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Lakshmi Narasimhan
 In case of incoherent sources, interference does not occur.
Intensity at the midpoint is
I = I1 + I2 = ka2 + ka2 = k × 2a2
Imax
∴
I
=
4

2
=2:1

8.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
The image of real object may be real in case of concave mirror.

9. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
10.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Diffraction is spreading of waves around obstacle. It takes place with all types of waves (mechanical, non-mechanical,
transverse, longitudinal) and with very small moving particles (atom, neutron, electron etc.) which show wave like property.
So, the assertion is true. Diffraction is perceptible when the wavelength of the wave is comparable to the dimension of the
diffracting device. The reason is also true. But it does not explain the assertion.
AN
Section B
11. Focal length of mirror: When rays of light parallel to the principal axis of a mirror is incident on it, the rays after reflection,
either converge at a point or appear to diverge from a point. The distance of this point from the pole of the mirror is known as the
focal length of the mirror.
Relation between focal length and radius of curvature:
S

A ray of light BP' travelling parallel to the principal axis PC is incident on a spherical mirror PP'. It reflects along P'R.
AA

For concave mirror, it passes through the focus. For convex mirror while extending the ray backward, it appears to pass through
the focus.
P is the pole and F is the focus of the mirror.
PF = f.
C is the centre of curvature.
PC = Radius of curvature = R
P'C is the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence P'.
For concave mirror,

∠ BP'C = ∠ P'CF= θ (alternate angles)

and ∠ BP'C = CP'F = θ (law of reflection, ∠ i = ∠ r)
Hence ∠ P'CF = CP'F
∴ ΔFP'C is isosceles.

Hence, P'F = FC
If the aperture of the mirror is small, the point P' is very close to the point P, then P'F = PF
∴ PF = FC
1
= PC
2
1
∴ f = R
2

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Lakshmi Narasimhan
12. The relationship between refractive index μ, prism angle A and angle of minimum deviation δ m is given by
A+δm
sin( )
2
μ=
A
sin( )
2

Given, δ = A m

Substituting the value of δ , we have m

sin A
∴ μ=
sin(A/2)

On solving, we have
A A
2 sin cos
2 2 A
μ= = 2 cos
A 2
sin
2
–
For the given value of refractive index, μ = √3 , we have
√3
cos
A

2
=
2
or A

2
= 30

A = 60°
This is the required value of prism angle.
13. Refractive index of diamond,
c
μd =
vd

= 1.215 × 108 ms-1

8
c 3×10
∴ vd = =
μd 2.47

Refractive index of glass, μ g

=
c

vg

8
c 3×10
∴ vg = =
μ 1.51
g

= 1.987 × 108 ms-1

vg - vd = (1.987 - 1.215) × 108
AN
= 7.72 × 107 ms-1
Thus light travels 7.72 × 107 ms-1 faster in window glass than in diamond.
OR
Two sources which produce waves of same frequency and the phase difference of produced waves does not change with time then
S

the sources are said to be coherent sources.

Dλ D c
β = = . [∵ c = νλ]
AA

d d ν

a. Since β ∝ D ,
The fringe width β decreases when the distance D between the slits and screen is decreased.
b. Since β ∝ , 1

The fringe width β decreased if the frequency ν of the source is increased.

Section C
14. When ray passes symmetrically,
the angle of minimum deviation is given as
δ = 2i - A

= 2 × 45 - 60
= 90 - 60
= 30o
angle of refraction = r = A

2
60
= 2

= 30o
Using snell's law

n1sin i = n2sin r

1 × sin 45o = n2 sin 30o

n2 = 1
×
2

1
√2

–
n2 = √2

a. Therefore angle of minimum deviation δ = 30o

–
b. Refractive index of prism is √2
c. Angle of refraction at point P is r = 30o

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Lakshmi Narasimhan
 OR

a.

b.

Since n 21 =
sin i

sin r

From the figure and calculations

r1 + r2 = A
At minimum deviation i.e. δ = δ m, i = e and r1 = r2 = r
N
SA
∴ r= A

2
...(eqn 1)
From the figure
δ = (i - r1) + (e - r2)

= (i + e) + (r1 + r2)
AA

∴ δm

... (eqn 2)
A+δm
i =
2
A+δm
Sin
sin i 2
∴ n21 = =
sin r A
sin
2

15. a. When width is doubled, then λ

a
reduces to half hence size of the central maximum will get halved and intensity of central
maximum will become 4 times.
b. For red light width will be maximum because
2λD
β =
a

Wave length of blue is small as compared to red so width will be less when red is replaced by blue.
c. Interference pattern is observed by superposing two waves originating from the two narrow slits. The diffraction pattern is a
superposition of a continuous family of waves originating from each point on a single slit.
16. Given,
Refractive index of the glass plate, ng = 1.5

Wavelength of light in vacuum, λ = 750 × 10-9 m v

Velocity of light in vacuum, c = 3 × 108 ms-1

Frequency of light in vacuum,
c
v= λv

8 −1
3×10 ms
=
−9
750× 10 m

=4× 1014
Hz
For the light refracted in glass, frequency v remains unchanged but, wavelength and speed changes.

i. Frequency of light in glass = Frequency of light in vacuum = 4 × 1014 Hz

= 2 × 108 ms-1
8 −1 8 −1

ii. Velocity of light in glass, vg = c

ng
=
3× 10 m s

1.5
=2 c

ng
=
3× 10 m s

1.5

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Lakshmi Narasimhan
 λv
iii. Wavelength of light in glass, λ g
=
ng
=
750nm

1.5
= 500 nm
Section D
17. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A compound microscope is an optical instrument used for observing highly magnified images of tiny objects. Magnifying power
of a compound microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle subtended at the
eye by the object, when both the final image and the object are situated at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye. It can
be given that: m = me × mo, where me is magnification produced by eye lens and mo is magnification produced by objective lens.
Consider a compound microscope that consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.25 cm
separated by a distance of 15 cm.
(i) (b) 5 cm
Explanation:
Here fo = 2.0, fe = 6.25 cm, μ = ? o

When the final image is obtained at the least distance of distinct vision:
ve = -25 cm
As ve
1
−
ue
1
=
f
1

1 1 1 1 1
∴ = − = −
ue ve fe −25 6.25

−1−4 −5
= 25
=
25
= −
1

or μ = - 5 cm
e

(ii) (b) 2.5 cm

Explanation:
Distance between objective and eye-piece = 15 cm N
∴ Distance of the image from objective is vo = 15 - 5 = 10 cm

1 1 1 1 1 1−5 2
SA
∴ = − = − = = −
u0 v0 f0 10 2 10 5

or μ = - 0
5

2
= -2.5 cm
∴ Distance of object from objective = 2.5 cm
(iii) (a) 20
AA

Explanation:
Magnifying power,
v0
m=m 0 × me =
u0
(1 +
D
) =
10

2.5
(1 +
25

6.25
) = 20
fe

(iv) (d) real, inverted and magnified

Explanation:
The intermediate image formed by the objective of a compound microscope is real, inverted and magnified.
(v) (b) focal lengths of both objects and eye-piece are decreased
Explanation:
focal length of both objects and eye-piece are decreased
18. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
When light from a monochromatic source is incident on a single narrow slit, it gets diffracted and a pattern of alternate bright and
dark fringes is obtained on screen, called “Diffraction Pattern” of single slit. In diffraction pattern of single slit, it is found that
(I) Central bright fringe is of maximum intensity and the intensity of any secondary bright fringe decreases with increase in its
order.

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 (II) Central bright fringe is twice as wide as any other secondary bright or dark fringe.

(i) (a) 9 mm
Explanation:
∘

Here, d = 0.1 mm, λ = 6000 A, D = 0.5 m

3λ y
For third dark band, d sin θ = 3λ ; sin θ = d
= D

= 9 × 10-3 m = 9 mm
−7
3Dλ 3×0.5×6×10
y= d
= −3
0.1×10

(ii) (a) 10-2 m

Explanation:
Given d = 0.2 mm = 0.2 × 10-3 m, D = 2 m
∘

λ = 5000 A = 5 × 10-7 m N
The distance between the first minimum on other side of the central maximum
x = 10-2 m
−7
2λD 2×5× 10 ×2
x= = ⇒
SA
d −3
0.2×10

(iii) (b) 6 × 10-3 rad

Explanation:
Here, λ = 600 nm = 6 × 10-7 m
AA

a = 0.2 mm = 2 × 10-4 m, θ = ?
Angular width of central maxima,
= 6 × 10-3 rad
−7
2×6×10
θ = 2λ

a
= −4
2×10

(iv) (a) Option (iv)

Explanation:
When red light is replaced by blue light (λ B
< λR ) the diffraction pattern bands becomes narrow and crowded
together.
(v) (b) should be of the order of wavelength.
Explanation:
To observe diffraction, the size of the obstacle should be of the order of wavelength.
19. i.

The magnification obtained by eye-piece lens m e = (1 +

D

f
)
e

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Lakshmi Narasimhan
 Hence the total magnifying power is
m = m0 × me

v0 D
= (1 + )
−u0 f
e

f0
ii. m = ∣∣ fe
∣
∣

Identification of focal length of objective and eyepiece

f0 = 100 cm

fe = 5 cm
100
m = ∣
∣
∣ = 20
∣
5

OR
i. Consider the ray diagram shown below:

For refraction at the first surface

μ μ μ −μ

v1
2
- u
1
= 2

R1
1
....(i)
For the second surface, I1 acts as a virtual object (located in the denser medium) whose final real image is formed in the rarer
medium at I.
So for refraction at this surface, we have
μ μ μ −μ
AN
v
1
- v1
2
= 1

R2
2
....(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii),
μ
1

v
−
u
1
=( μ
2
− 1) (
1

R1
−
1

R2
)
1

The point, where image of an object, located at infinity is formed, is called the focus F, of the lens and the distance f gives its
S

focal length.
AA

So for u = ∞ , v = +f
μ
⇒
1

f
=( 2

μ1
− 1) (
1

R1
−
1

R2
)

ii. The ray diagram to show that image formation by a concave mirror when the object is kept between its focus and the pole is
shown below.

Here, △ABP is similar to △A'B'P.

′ ′ ′

So, A B

AB
= B P

BP

Nor A'B' = I, AB = O, B'P = +v and BP = -u

I v
So magnification, m = O
=- u

20. i. Huygens principle:

In a wavefront, every particle acts as a new source of disturbance which is known as a wavelet that travels in every direction
with a velocity of the wave, and Each point on the primary wave acts as a source of secondary wavelets. The new wavefront at
any instant is the envelope of secondary wavelets at that instant.

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 The forward (tangential) envelope of all these wavelets at any time gives a new wavefront.

ii.

AB = incident wavefront
EC = reflected wavefront
∠i = angle between incident wavefront AB and the interface AC.
∠r = angle between reflected wavefront EC and the interface AC.
If disturbance at A is reflected from the interface AC then disturbance at B and disturbance at A both travel in the same
medium and they will have traveled equal distances in the same medium in time T. Where T is the time in which disturbance
from Breaches at C.
Now AE = BC (distance traveled in the same medium at the same time)
ΔAEC ≅ ΔABC

∠i = ∠r
AN
This is a law of reflection.
OR
The resultant displacement will be given by
y = y1 + y2
S

= a cos ω t + a cos (ω t + ϕ)
= a[cos ω t + cos (ω t + ϕ)]
AA

ϕ ϕ
= 2a cos ( ) cos (ω t +
2 2
)
ϕ
The amplitude of the resultant displacement is 2 a cos ( ) 2

The intensity of light is directly proportional to the square of amplitude of the wave. The resultant intensity will be given by
I = 4a2 cos2
ϕ

Intensity = 4I0 cos2( , where I0 = a2 is the intensity of each harmonic wave

ϕ
∴ )
2

At the maxima, ϕ = ± 2nπ

cos2
ϕ
∴
2
=1
At the maxima, I = 4I0 = 4 × intensity due to one slit

I = 4I0 cos2( )
ϕ

For constructive interference, I is maximum.

It is possible when cos2( ) = 1;
ϕ ϕ

2 2
= nπ ; π = 2nπ
For destructive interference, I is minimum, i.e., I = 0
It is possible when cos2(
ϕ ϕ (2n−1)π

2
) = 0; 2
= 2
; ϕ = (2n ± 1) π

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Lakshmi Narasimhan