14 video

Point Charges Dipole Quadrapole

1 1 1
E∝ 2 E∝ 3 E∝ 4
r r r
QTotal =0 , ⃗
P ≠0 QTotal =0 , ⃗
P=0

Distribution Point Charge Dipole Quadrapole Octapole

1 1 1 1
Electric Field E∝ 2 E∝ 3 E∝ 4 E∝ 5
r r r r
Two point
Force between Dipole & point charge Dipole-Dipole
charges
1 1 1
Proportional to E∝ 2 E∝ 3
E∝ 4
r r r

Example: The force on a charge q situated on the axis of a dipole is F, If the charge is
shifted to double the distance, the force acting will be.

q 2 KP q 2 KP q 2 KP
Initial force : F=qE= 3
∧Final force : F=qE= =
r (2 r )3 8r
3

Answer=F/8

Example: Four point charges – q, + q, + q and – q

are placed on Y-axis at Y= - 2d, Y= - d, Y = + d, and Y
= + 2d respectively. The magnitude of the electric
field E at a point on the x-axis at x = D with D>>>d
will behave as

QTotal =+q + (−q )+ q+ ( 2 q )=0

⃗
P=q ( d ^j )−q ( 2 d ^j ) +q ( – d ^j ) + (−q ) (−2 d ^j )=0
1
→ Quodrapole , E ∝ 4
r

Example: The electric field at a point due to an electric dipole, on an axis inclined at an
angle θ (<900) to the dipole axis, is perpendicular to the dipole axis, if the angle θ is

1 1 1
tan α = tan θ → tan ( 90−θ )= tanθ → cot θ= tan θ
2 2 2

1
 1 1
→ = tan θ
tan θ 2

→ tan θ=2→ tan θ=√ 2→ θ=tan √2

2 −1

Example: If the magnitude of intensity of electric field at distance x on axial line and at a
distance y on equilateral line on a given dipole are equal, then x : y is

2 KP KP
E axial= 3
, E equatorial= 3
x y

()
1
2 KP KP x 3 x
Given Eaxial =E equatorial → 3 = 3 →2= → =2 3
x y y y

Example: Two dipole P are placed along axis as shown. A (+q) charge is placed at centre,
initially at rest. If charge at origin is displaced slightly by x along x- axis & released. Find
time period of oscillation (considering mass of charge m).

[( ) ( ) ]
−3 −3
2 KP 2 KP 2 KP 2 KP 2 KP x x
F restoring= − = − = 3 1− − 1+
( r−x ) ( r+ x )3
( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 x 3 x r r r
r 1− r 1+
r r

r [ ( r ]
1+ )−(1− ) =
r ( r )
2 KP 3x 3x 2 KP 6 x 12 KPx
→ F restoring = =
3
r r 3 4

12 KPx
r4
2 2π
=mω x → ω= =
T
12 KPx
mr 4
→ T =2 π
√
m r4
12 KPx √
Torque experienced by Dipole:

Uniform Field: An electric dipole is placed in uniform electric field.

Θ= Angle between P∧Electric Field

⃗
F net=qE ( i^ ) +qE (−i^ )=0

A dipole in uniform electric field always

experiences
net force equal to ZERO, COM of the system does
not
change its state.
2
Torque on dipole=Either force∗perpendicular distance between them

Torque on dipole=qE ( 2 a sinθ )=E (q∗2 a sin θ)→ ⃗τ =PE sin θ=⃗
Px⃗
E

Note: In uniform electric field, Net force is always ZERO, but net torque may or may not
be ZERO

Angle=0 , then τ⃗ =PE sinθ=PE sin 0=0 Angle=90 , then ⃗τ =PE sinθ=PE sin 90=PE

Work done in rotation of Dipole: As the torque

changes with angle, we have to use integration to find
out the total work done.

Let initial & final positions are θ1 and θ2

dW =τdθ=¿
θ2

W total =∫ dW =∫ τdθ=∫ PE sin θ dθ

θ1

→ W total=PE [ −cos θ ]θ =−PE [ cos ( θ2 )−cos ( θ1 ) ]

θ2
1

→ W total=PE [ cos ( θ 1 )−cos ( θ2 ) ]

Video 15

Example: Find work done in rotating a dipole from 00 to 900.

Work done ¿ rotate a dipole ,W ¿total=PE [ cos ( 0 ) −cos ( 90 ) ] =PE

Potential Energy of Dipole in field.

We know that W external slowly =PEf −PEi=U f −U i

We also know that → W external =PE [ cos ( θ 1 )−cos ( θ2 ) ]

→ U f −U i=PE [ cos ( θ1 )−cos ( θ2 ) ] (θ=angle between P∧E)

On comparision , Potential Energy , U=−PE cos θ → U=− ⃗
P.⃗
E

Example: Find potential Energy and Torque.

⃗
P=P x i+ ^ ⃗
^ P y ^j+ P z k∧ ^ E y ^j+ E z k^
E =E x i+

Potential Energy ,U =−PE cos θ=−⃗

P.⃗
E =−[ P x E x + P y E y + P z E z ]
3
Torque , τ=⃗
P x⃗
E=PEsin θ=
i⏞ −
| |
⏞j k⏞
Px P y Pz
Ex E y Ez

¿ i⏞ ( P y E2−P z E y ) − ⏞j ( P x E z −Px E z ) +k⏞ ( P x E y −P x E y )

Concept of Stable and Unstable Equilibrium: For a dipole in an external electric field,
0 0
Stable Equilibrium(θ=0 ) Un−stable Equilibrium( θ=18 0 )
U min =−PE cos θ=−PE cos 0=−PE U max =−PE cos θ=−PE cos 180=PE

Reference point for Potential Energy: For a dipole at θ=90 o

Potential energy ,U =−PE cos θ=−PE cos 0=0

Example: Write down the value of force, torque and type of equilibrium in all.

EF Direction Force on Dipole Torque on Dipole Potential Energy

of Dipole
τ =⃗
Px⃗
E =PE sin θ
θ=0 ,
θ=0 ,
F net=0 , U =−PE,
τ =0
τ net=0 Stable
θ=180 ,
θ=180 ,U =+ PE ,Unstable
τ =0 Equilibrium

θ=90 ,
τ =PE sinθ=PE ( – k^ ) θ=90 ,
Clockwise U =0

θ=90 ,
τ =PE sinθ=PE ( + k^ ) θ=90 ,
Anti−Clockwise U =0

Note : For a dipole to be in equilibrium, net force & net torque should be zero (other
than 0 & 90 angles, there is no angle for equilibrium).

4
Oscillation of Dipole In field: A dipole P is placed in electric field E in stable equilibrium
condition. If the dipole is rotated slowly by small angle θ and released. Find time period of
oscillation.

Whendipole isrotated by θ , then τ restoring=PE sin θ ≈ PEθ(Since θ is small)

τ rest =PEθ → I ω2 θ=PEθ → ω= =

2π
T √ PE
I
→ T =2 π
√ I
PE

When two point charges I =∑ mi ( r i ) ( r=⊥ distance ¿axis of rotation )=ml +ml =2 m l
2 2 2 2

P=Charge∗seperation

T =2 π
√ I
PE
=2 π
√
2 ml 2
( q∗2 l ) E

When two point charges & rod 1

I =∑ m i ( r i ) ( r=⊥ distance ¿axis of rotation )=ml +ml +
2 2 2 2
M ( 2 l ) =2 m
12
P=Charge∗seperation

√
2
Ml 2
2 ml +

When two point charges, different

T =2 π
√I
PE
=2 π
3
( q∗2 l ) E
In this case COM, Rotation & Electric filed are to be
mass considered.
2 2 m1 m2 2
I =m1 x 1 +m2 x 2 = (2 l)
m1 +m2
P=Charge∗seperation

√
m1 m2
( 2 l )2
T =2 π
√ I
PE
=2 π
m1+ m2
( q∗2 l ) E
When two different point charges

Not a dipole, F net ≠ 0 ,

We cannot calculate time period.
Will have both translatory and rotation

Dipole in External field:

5
Uniform Field:
F net=0 always∧τ net = ⃗
Px⃗
E =PE sin θ→ depends on angle .
Non-uniform Field:
dE
F net ≠ 0∧F net =P → τ may∨may not be zero .
dx

Force of Interaction between dipoles ( for Advanced)

Point Charges Dipole & Point Charge Dipole - dipole

1 1 1
F∝ 2
F∝ 3
F∝ 4
r r r

Approach

Case 1:

2 K P1
Electric field due ¿ P1 at r= 3
r

Potential energy of dipole=−P 2

( 2 K P1
r
3 ) cos θ

→ U=−
( 2 K P1 P2
r
3 ) cos θ

F=
−∂ U
∂r
=−
[ (
∂ −2 K P1 P2
∂r r 3 ) ]
cos θ =2 K P 1 P2 cos θ
∂r
( r ) =2 K P1 P2 cos θ −34
∂ −3
r ( )
−6 K P1 P 2 cos θ 1
→ F= 4
→F ∝ 4
r r

K P1
Case2: Electric field due ¿ P1 at r= 3
r

Potential energy of dipole=U =−P2

( ) K P1
r
3
cos θ=−
( K P1 P2
r
3 ) cos θ

6
F=
−∂ U
∂r
=−
[ (
∂ −K P1 P 2
∂r r3
cos θ
) ]
∂ −3
¿ K P1 P2 cos θ (r )
∂r
−3 K P1 P 2 cos θ
¿ K P1 P2 cos θ
( )
−3
r 4
→ F=
r 4
r
1
→F ∝ 4

Example: An electric field of 1000 V/m is applied to an electric dipole at angle of 45 0.The
value of electric dipole moment is 10-29 C-m. What is the potential energy of the electric
dipole?

−1
∗10 =−5 √ 2∗10 J ≈−7∗10 J
−29 −26 −27 −27
U =PE cos θ=−10 ∗1000∗cos 45=
√2
Example: A point particle of mass M is attached to one end of a massless rigid non-
conducting rod of length L. The two particles carry charges + q and − q respectively.

makes a small angle θ 𝜃 (say of about 5 degree) with the field direction, The time
This arrangement is held in a region of a uniform electric field E such that the rod

period of rod is ( rod oscillates about its centre of mass)

Example: If an electric dipole is placed in an electric field generated bya point charge
then,

A. net electric force on the dipole must be zero

B. net electric force on the dipole may be zero
C. torque on the dipole due to the field must be zero
D. torque on the dipole due to the field may be zero

Solution:

The figure shows FBD of an electric dipole placed in an electric field generated
by a point charge.

In any orientation, the force on +q is

directed to
right and on −q is to left. As the electric
field is non-uniform. Therefore, magnitude
of forces is not equal because it depends
upon strength of electric field. Hence, net
force is not equal to zero.
In this orientation, clockwise torques about
O will be developed by the forces F1 and F2.
Hence, net torque is not equal to zero.

7
 But when orientation of dipole is radial as
shown in figure, the forces
on +q and −q passes through O, hence, no
torque will be developed. Therefore, net
torque will be zero.

Point charge produces non-uniform electric field

The correct option is D torque on the dipole

due to the field may be zero.

Example: Dipole is placed parallel to the electric field. If W is the work done in rotating
the dipole by 600, then work done in rotating it by 1800 from position of stable
equilibrium is :

( 12 )= 12 PE→ PE=2 W
W initial =PE ( cos θ1−cos θ2 )=PE ( cos 0−cos 60 )=PE 1− i

W final=PE ( cos θ1−cos θ2 )=PE ( cos 0−cos 180 )=PE ( 1−(−1) ) =2 PE

→ W final=2 PE=282W =4 W

Example: In which of the following states is the potential energy of an electric

dipole maximum?

o
Potential energy of electric diploe , U =−p E=− p E cos θ , is amximum when θ=180
Hence , U=− p E cos π =+ p E=¿ maximum

Example: The force of attraction between two co-axial electric dipoles whose centre is r
meter apart varies with distance as.

q1 q 2
We have Coulomb Force=K 2
, Dipole moment , P=qd
r
P1 P2
So , q1= ∧q2 =
r r
P1
∗P 2
r
r P P
Putting these values ∈force equation , F=K 2
=K 1 4 2
r r
Therefore, force varies as fourth power of distance
8