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INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING OF
NIGERIAN SOLDIERS DEPLOYED IN KADUNA STATE

AKINGA, Anna Yunana1, MATHIAS,Obire2, UGESE, Jonathan Iornenge3,

WANAN, Doofan4 and OBAJI, Chizoba Godwin5
1Departement of History and War Studies, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna
2Department of Sociology and Criminology, Dennis Osadebay University Asaba Delta State
3Department of Psychology, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna [email protected]
4Department of Psychology, Federal University Gashua, Yobe State [email protected]
5Greater Women Initiative for Health and Right [email protected]

ABSTRACT
The psychological well-being of military personnel is crucial for their operational effectiveness, mission readiness, and
overall quality of life, particularly in challenging environments like Kaduna State, Nigeria. Using cross-sectional design
this study investigates the impact of emotional intelligence (EI) on the psychological well-being of Nigerian soldiers
deployed in Kaduna State, where unique stressors and demands exist. Drawing on a mixed-method design, data were
collected from 200 soldiers using snowballing technique. Results indicate a significant positive relationship between
emotional intelligence (F (1,198) =113.65; p<0.001) with R=0.604, R 2=0.365 and psychological well-being among
soldiers. Furthermore, demographic factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, and deployment did not predict
psychological well-being, emphasizing the central role of emotional intelligence in soldiers' mental health. Findings
underscore the importance of promoting emotional intelligence training and support programs within military
organizations to enhance soldiers' resilience and well-being. Recommendations for military leadership and future
research directions are discussed to optimize soldiers' mental health in challenging operational environments.

Keywords: Emotional intelligence, Psychological well-being, Military personnel, Resilience

INTRODUCTION
The importance of psychological well-being in military personnel cannot be overstated, as it
directly impacts their operational effectiveness, mission readiness, and overall quality of life
(Turliuc and Balcan, 2023). Military operations often entail exposure to traumatic events, combat
stressors, and prolonged periods of separation from loved ones, which can significantly strain
soldiers' mental health (Bergman, Christopher, & Bowen, 2016). Maintaining optimal
psychological well-being is crucial for ensuring soldiers' resilience in the face of adversity, as it
enhances their ability to cope with stressors, make sound decisions under pressure, and maintain
cohesive team dynamics (Jones & Fear, 2019). Furthermore, psychological well-being influences
soldiers' post-deployment adjustment and long-term outcomes, including their risk of developing
mental health disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety
(Hoge et al., 2004). Prioritizing the psychological well-being of military personnel is not only a
moral imperative but also a strategic necessity for sustaining operational effectiveness and
safeguarding the health and readiness of the force (Flood, & Keegan, 2022).
Emotional intelligence (EI), given the unique challenges and stressors inherent in military
deployments in present day Kaduna State, it is important to understudy the psychological
wellbeing of the soldiers and see the role emotional intelligence plays in maintaining it. The ability
to perceive, understand, regulate, and express emotions effectively, is increasingly recognized
as a key factor in determining individuals' psychological resilience and adaptive functioning in
high-pressure environments (Brackett & Salovey, 2021). In the context of military service, where
soldiers are routinely exposed to physical danger, separation from family, and demanding
operational conditions, the role of EI in mitigating stress, fostering coping strategies, and
promoting overall well-being becomes particularly salient (Gyawali& Dixit, 2020). However, while
the importance of emotional intelligence in military settings has been acknowledged, its specific
impact on the psychological well-being of Nigerian soldiers deployed in Kaduna State remains
underexplored. Understanding how emotional intelligence influences soldiers' mental health

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outcomes in this context is not only essential for optimizing their psychological resilience and
performance but also for informing targeted interventions and support programs tailored to the
unique needs of this population.
Emotional intelligence (EI) encompasses the ability to perceive, understand, regulate, and
express emotions effectively, both in oneself and others, and has garnered significant attention in
psychological research due to its implications for individual well-being and interpersonal
functioning (Brackett &Salovey, 2021). EI is often conceptualized as consisting of four main
components: emotional perception, the capacity to accurately recognize and interpret emotions
in oneself and others; emotional understanding, the ability to comprehend the causes and
consequences of emotions; emotional regulation, the skill to manage and modulate one's own
emotions adaptively; and emotional expression, the aptitude to express emotions in ways that are
appropriate and constructive (Mayer et al., 2016). Recent literature highlights the multifaceted
nature of EI and its relevance across various domains, including work, education, and
interpersonal relationships, underscoring its role in promoting mental health, resilience, and
overall psychological well-being (Kotsou et al., 2019). As such, understanding the components
and implications of EI is crucial for fostering personal growth and enhancing psychological
functioning in diverse populations, including military personnel deployed in challenging
environments like Kaduna State.

The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Wellbeing

Military environments present unique challenges to emotional regulation and well-being due to
the demands of combat operations, prolonged separation from loved ones, and exposure to
traumatic events (Bergman, et al., 2016). Service members must navigate complex interpersonal
dynamics, make split-second decisions under pressure, and cope with the psychological toll of
their experiences. EI plays a crucial role in helping soldiers adapt to these challenges and
maintain their mental health and performance in demanding operational contexts. Emotional
intelligence (EI) is a psychological construct that encompasses the ability to recognize,
understand, regulate, and manage emotions effectively, both in oneself and others (Mayer et al.,
2016). In civilian populations, research has consistently demonstrated the importance of EI in
various aspects of life, including interpersonal relationships, work performance, to stress, better
coping mechanisms, and mental health outcomes (Brackett &Salovey, 2021).
Studies have shown that high levels of EI are associated with better mental health outcomes in
civilian populations. For example, individuals with higher EI scores report lower levels of
depression, anxiety, and psychological distress (Schutte et al., 2007). Furthermore, EI has been
linked to greater life satisfaction, subjective well-being, and overall quality of life (Brackett
&Salovey, 2021). These findings highlight the significant role of EI in promoting psychological
well-being and adaptive functioning in non-military contexts. EI has been linked to higher level of
happiness (Di Fabio & Kenny, 2016) and healthy relationship (Guerra-Bustamante et al., 2019).
In recent years, there has been growing interest in understanding the role of EI in military settings
and its impact on the psychological well-being of service members. Military personnel are often
exposed to high levels of stress, trauma, and adversity, which can take a toll on their mental health
(Bergman, Christopher, & Bowen, 2016). Research suggests that EI may serve as a protective
factor against the development of mental health problems among military personnel, including
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression (Gyawali& Dixit, 2020). One key
mechanism through which EI influences psychological well-being in military populations is by
enhancing resilience. Resilience refers to the ability to bounce back from adversity and maintain
psychological well-being in the face of challenges (Jones & Fear, 2019). Studies have found that
individuals with higher levels of EI exhibit greater resilience to stress and trauma, which can buffer
against the negative impact of combat exposure and deployment-related stressors (Gyawali&
Dixit, 2020).

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More so, training and interventions for emotional intelligence (EI) can help people handle stress
and tough experiences better. This is important for Human Resource Development (HRD) in the
military, as they play a key role from training soldiers to supporting them in their careers and
transitioning to civilian life after deployment (Garcia et al., 2020). The work of Valor-Segura, et
al., (2020) demonstrated that emotional intelligence has been linked to higher job satisfaction
among military men and has increased Teamwork Communication, and Job Attitudes among
Spanish Military Cadets. Further EI often helps to promote trust among military men (Rezvani, et
al., 2016).
Recognizing the importance of EI in military settings, there has been increasing interest in
developing interventions and training programs aimed at enhancing emotional intelligence among
service members. These programs typically focus on improving emotional awareness, regulation,
and interpersonal skills to better equip soldiers for the rigors of military life (Jones & Fear, 2019).
Preliminary evidence suggests that such interventions can lead to improvements in psychological
well-being, resilience, and job satisfaction among military personnel (Gyawali& Dixit, 2020).
In Nigeria Ogbole (2019) demonstrated that training predicts emotional intelligence among Jos
adolescents. Among Nigerian construction company leaders, poor emotional intelligence was
observed to have led to poor decision making in times of emergency (Mashi, 2023). According to
Ekpenyong, et al., (2015) EI predict work performance among bank workers positively, while
Oboh, (2023) noted that emotional intelligence is linked to fraud tendencies among young adults.
Literature suggests that emotional intelligence plays a crucial role in promoting psychological well-
being and resilience among military personnel. High levels of EI are associated with better mental
health outcomes, greater adaptive functioning, and improved performance in military contexts.
However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the
relationship between EI and psychological well-being in diverse military populations. By
addressing these gaps in knowledge, researchers can inform the development of targeted
interventions and training programs to support the mental health and resilience of service
members in challenging operational environments. However, to the best of the researcher’s
knowledge, few studies have actually investigated this study among Nigerian soldiers, hence this
study.

METHOD
Design
The study uses a cross-sectional survey design, where questionnaires were fixed in goggle form
and distributed to soldiers, who in turn helped in identifying other soldiers within Kaduna State.
To ensure only qualified participants were involved, we asked the participants we identified to
only share it within the military group chat and no other places, this helped controlled unqualified
participants from participating in the study. Qualitative studies were reviewed and current
information on the subject matter was well analyzed in the literature review section.

Participants
This study included 200 participants, with 122 (61%) male and 78 (39%) female soldiers, selected
through snowballing. Their ages ranged from 17 to 55 years (M = 32.44, SD = 0.65). Most
participants fell within the age range of 17-40. In terms of ethnicity, the distribution showed 73
(36.5%) participants were Yoruba, 53 (26.5%) were Igbos, 58 (29.0%) were Hausas and the other
16 (8.0%) represented other minority tribes. Regarding religion, 89 (44.5%) were Christian, 76
(38.0%) were Muslim and 35 (17.5%) was from other religions.

Instrument
A Google forms comprising of two instruments were used for this study, they are:

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The Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale (BEIS-10)

The Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale (BEIS-10) is a concise measure designed to assess
emotional intelligence across four dimensions: perception, understanding, regulation, and
utilization of emotions. The scale comprises 10 items, with two items representing each
dimension. Respondents rate each item on a Likert scale, typically ranging from 1 (strongly
disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), indicating the extent to which they agree with statements reflecting
different aspects of emotional intelligence. Administration of the BEIS-10 is relatively
straightforward and can be completed in a short amount of time, making it suitable for both
research and applied settings. Studies examining the reliability and validity of the BEIS-10 have
generally reported satisfactory psychometric properties. Internal consistency reliability, typically
assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α=.73) (Tapia, & Marsh, 2006) has been found to be
acceptable, indicating that the items within the scale consistently measure the intended constructs
(Extremera, & Fernández-Berrocal, 2006). Additionally, evidence supports the validity of the
BEIS-10 through its correlations with other measures of emotional intelligence, as well as its ability
to discriminate between individuals with varying levels of emotional intelligence (Pishghadam, et
al., 2012). Overall, the BEIS-10 represents a useful tool for assessing emotional intelligence in a
brief and efficient manner, with demonstrated reliability and validity.

Brief Psychological Wellbeing Scale

The Brief Psychological Wellbeing Scale (BPWS) is a concise instrument developed to assess
psychological well-being across multiple domains. Typically comprising six items representing
various aspects of emotional, social, and psychological functioning, the BPWS aims to provide a
brief yet comprehensive measure of an individual's overall psychological well-being.
Administration of the BPWS involves presenting respondents with a series of statements or
questions related to their subjective experiences and feelings in different areas of life, such as
mood, relationships, and satisfaction with life circumstances. Respondents are then asked to
indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with each statement, often using a Likert scale
ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Studies evaluating the reliability and
validity of the BPWS have generally yielded favorable results. Internal consistency reliability, was
ascertain as Cronbach's alpha (α=.81) (Mabekoje, 2003), has demonstrated satisfactory levels,
indicating that the items within the scale consistently measure the intended constructs (Joseph,
et al., 2004). Additionally, evidence supporting the validity of the BPWS has been found through
its associations with other established measures of psychological well-being and related
constructs, as well as its ability to differentiate between individuals with varying levels of well-
being (Tennant, et al., 2007).

Procedure
The researcher obtained a letter informed consent of the participant in the Google form shared.
Participants were provided with information about the study's objectives, instructions on
completing the Google form, the anticipated time required for completion, and were asked for their
consent to participate. Participants completed a questionnaire and their responses analyzed using
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 23 (SPSS Version 23, 2015).

Ethical issues
Following ethical guidelines is imperative in research conduct, and adherence to these principles
is essential. Participants were fully informed about the research objectives to obtain their voluntary
consent and cooperation. No deception or coercion was involved in their participation, and all
participants were treated with dignity, ensuring their anonymity and confidentiality of information
provided. Those who consented were given questionnaires to complete, adhering to ethical

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principles such as voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, and beneficence.
Participants were assured of their right to withdraw from the study without adverse consequences.
Additionally, the researcher addressed any misconceptions and provided debriefing to clarify the
study's true purpose. Risk management was ensured to prevent any physical harm to participants
throughout the study.

RESULTS
Table 1: Inter Correlation Among Studied Variables
Sn Variables M SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Age 20.35 2.49 -
2 Gender - - -.009 -
3 Ethnic group - - .131 .004 -
4 Religion - - .133 -.027* .087 -
5 Deployment - - .149* .127 -.007 .091 -
6 Emotional intelligence 28.28 7.63 .133 .024 .040 -.017 .109 -
7 Psychological Wll-being 41.79 16.22 .092 .053 .109 -.084 .018 .604** -
Note: **= Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level; *= Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level; M= mean,
SD= Standard deviation

Table 1 shows inter-correlation among study variables. The result shows that age
(r(198)=0.092; p>0.05), gender (r(198)=0.053; p>0.05), Ethnic group (r(198)=0.109; p>0.05),
religion (r(198)=-0.084; p>0.05), and deployment (r(198)=0.018; p>0.05) did not correlate with
psychological wellbeing respectively. On the other hand, emotional intelligence positively
correlate with psychological wellbeing significantly (r(198)=0.608; p<0.05).

Table 2: Standard Linear Regression Showing Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Psychological

Well-Being
Variable R R2 F p-value Β t-test p-value
Psychological Well-being
(Constant) 1.56 0.119
Emotion intelligence 0.604 0.365 113.65 0.000 0.604 10.66 0.000

Standard linear regression was conducted to test the influence of emotional intelligence
on psychological Well-being. The result shows that emotional intelligence influence
psychological well-being significantly (F(1,198)=113.65; p<0.001) with R=0.604, R2=0.365.
Thus, emotional intelligence accounted for 36.5% of the variance in psychological well-
being.
Table 3: Standard multiple regression showing the independent and Joint influence of Demographic
characteristics on psychological well-being

Variable R R2 F p-value Β t-test p-value

Psychological well-being 0.160 0.026 1.01 0.409

(Constant) 2.359 0.019

Age 0.072 0.989 0.324

Gender 0.056 0.784 0.434

Ethnic group 0.094 1.305 0.194

Religion 0.069 0.956 0.340

Deployment -0.06 -0.077 0.939

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Standard multiple regression was conducted to test the joint and independent influence of
demographic characteristics on adjustment to training. The results shows that
demographic characteristics jointly did not predicted psychological wellbeing (F(5,194)=1.01;
P>0.05) with R=0.160 and R2=0.026. Thus, the five predictor variables jointly accounted
for 2.6% of the variance in psychological wellbeing. Independently, Age (β=0.072, t=0.989,
P>0.01), gender (β=0.056, t=0.784, P>0.05), ethnic group (β=0.094, t=1.305, P>0.05),
religion (β=0.069, t=0.956, P>0.05) and deployment (β=-0.006, t=-0.077, P>0.05), predict
psychological wellbeing.

DISCUSSION
This research delved into examining the impact of emotional intelligence on the psychological
well-being of soldiers in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Standard linear regression analysis was employed
in this study, revealing a notable influence of emotional intelligence on psychological well-being.
This suggests that soldiers exhibiting higher levels of emotional intelligence are more likely to
report enhanced psychological well-being. This finding shows that soldiers are more
Self-aware are more likely to experience improved mental health, this is because they tend to
know when they need to relax and check themselves for possible mental health cases. Soldiers
who are self regulatory, are more likely to regulate where they will be, what they will drink/eat that
might affect their mental health negatively. Also, soldiers who are have high intrinsic motivation,
are likely to motivate themselves through the thick and thins of the military job. This will help them
be tougher and mentally stable to do the job better. Empathy which is another key aspect of EI,
helps the emotionally intelligent soldiers to see from other people’s view point and not get
unnecessarily angry, experience outburst to mention but few. All this helps in protecting the
mental health of the individuals. This finding aligns with previous research by Brackett & Salovey,
(2021) and Năstasă (2015), which indicated a positive relationship between emotional intelligence
and psychological wellbeing, such as lower levels of anxiety, stress, and burnout. The result
shows that soldiers who have the ability to perceive, understand, regulate, and express their
emotions effectively, both in oneself and others are more likely to have healthier mental health
than soldiers who do not.
Furthermore, the result shows that age, gender, ethnic group, religion, and deployment were not
predictors of psychological wellbeing among Nigerian soldiers. So no matter the age, of the soldier
or the number of deployment, as well as their ethnic or religious background, their psychological
wellbeing was more dependent on their emotional intelligence than this entire factor. Therefore,
promoting better emotional intelligence skill among the soldiers is more likely to give birth to
improved mental health among Nigerian soldiers.

Conclusion
In conclusion, this study examined the influence of emotional intelligence on the psychological
well-being of soldiers deployed in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The findings revealed a significant
relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being, indicating that soldiers
with higher levels of emotional intelligence reported enhanced psychological well-being. This
aligns with prior research emphasizing the positive correlation between emotional intelligence and
mental health outcomes, including reduced levels of anxiety, stress, and burnout. Soldiers who
possess the ability to perceive, understand, regulate, and express emotions effectively are more
likely to maintain healthier mental states, highlighting the importance of emotional intelligence in
military contexts. Moreover, demographic characteristics such as age, gender, ethnic group,
religion, and deployment did not emerge as predictors of psychological well-being among Nigerian
soldiers. This suggests that regardless of these demographic factors, soldiers' psychological well-
being is more dependent on their emotional intelligence than other external factors. Thus,
interventions aimed at enhancing emotional intelligence skills among soldiers may contribute

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significantly to improving their mental health and overall well-being. By prioritizing emotional
intelligence training and support programs, military organizations can better equip soldiers with
the necessary skills to navigate the challenges of military life and promote resilience in demanding
operational environments. Further research should continue to explore the mechanisms
underlying the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being in diverse
military populations to inform targeted interventions and enhance the overall mental health of
service members.

Recommendations
The following recommendations are proposed:
1. Military organizations should prioritize the development and implementation of training
programs focused on enhancing emotional intelligence skills among soldiers. These
programs should provide comprehensive training on emotional awareness, regulation,
and interpersonal skills to equip soldiers with the tools needed to effectively manage
stress, navigate challenging situations, and promote psychological resilience.
2. Military leaders and commanders should promote a culture that encourages open
communication, empathy, and support among soldiers. By fostering an environment
where soldiers feel comfortable expressing their emotions and seeking help when needed,
military units can strengthen camaraderie, enhance unit cohesion, and mitigate the stigma
associated with mental health issues.
3. Military organizations should ensure that soldiers have access to a range of mental health
resources and support services, including counseling, therapy, and peer support
programs. These resources should be readily available, confidential, and tailored to the
unique needs of military personnel deployed in challenging environments like Kaduna
State.
4. Leadership training programs for military officers should include components focused on
emotional intelligence development. By equipping leaders with the skills to effectively
understand and manage their own emotions, as well as those of their subordinates,
military organizations can promote positive leadership practices and create supportive
environments conducive to psychological well-being.
5. Military organizations should implement regular mental health assessments and
screenings to monitor soldiers' psychological well-being and identify individuals at risk of
developing mental health issues. These assessments should include measures of
emotional intelligence to provide insights into soldiers' adaptive coping strategies and
resilience levels.
6. Continued research into the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological
well-being in military populations is essential. Military organizations should support
interdisciplinary research collaborations between psychologists, military personnel, and
other relevant stakeholders to further understand the mechanisms underlying the
influence of emotional intelligence on soldiers' mental health outcomes. By investing in
research initiatives, military organizations can inform evidence-based practices and
interventions aimed at optimizing soldiers' psychological resilience and well-being.
Implementing these recommendations can contribute to fostering a supportive and resilient
military culture that prioritizes the psychological well-being of Nigerian soldiers deployed in
Kaduna State and beyond.

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