02-09-2024

ME 735
Computer Graphics and Product Modeling Outline

Geometric Design of Curves  Fundamentals of curve design

 Mathematical Basis
Prof. S. S. Pande  Curve Equations
Computer Aided Manufacturing Laboratory
Indian Institute of Technology,  Implicit/ Explicit
Bombay
 Parametric
Course Credits: 6 Mo: 9:30, Tu: 10:30, Th:11:30  Examples

What is a Curve? Types of Curves

 Locus of a Point P in 2D/3D space according to  Planar 2D/ Space 3D

some prescribed law
 Open - Monotonic
 Extents of movement decides Bounds of the Curve  Trigonometric, Polynomial
 Properties of the Curve  Closed - Multivalued
 Length  Circle, Ellipse, Parabola
 Tangent, Normal, Curvature  Self Intersecting
 Need equation of curve to compute properties  Folium, Cardiode

3 4

Planar quadratic Curves Curve Design

 Analytical Curves
 Algebraic form
 Curve Design from Points
 Interpolation
 Synthetic Curves
 ab initio design

5 6

1
 02-09-2024

Curve Equations Curve Equations

Explicit form
Implicit Form
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 0
𝑓( ) Function
− Polynomial, Power, Exponential, Trigonometric, Term in 𝑔( ) cannot be separated.
Logarithmic Suitable for Closed Multivalued curves - Circle

Suitable for Monotonic Single valued Open Curve

7 8

Conic Section Curves Conic Section Curves

Generalized Equation
Second Degree Implicit Equation
𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦2 + 2𝐷𝑥 + 2𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 PQPT =0
Where, P = [𝑥 𝑦 1]
 Assigning values to coefficients –A,B,C….
𝐴 𝐵 𝐷
 Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola Curves 𝑄= 𝐵 𝐶 𝐸
𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
 Dividing by a non-zero term, 5 coefficients for B2 – AC < 0 Ellipse
are needed for Curve Design B2 – AC = 0 Parabola
B2 – AC > 0 Hyperbola

9 10

Visual Representation of Curves Example – Arc of a Circle

 Select an Implicit equation Origin : (0,0)

 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 Angle : [0 , ]

 Select Data Range for One Variable – say x Radius :1

 Compute Points on Curve – y coordinates x +y - 1 = 0
 Piecewise Linear Approximation of curve x ϵ [0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8]
segments

11 12

2
 02-09-2024

Arc of Circle – Visual Representation Observations

Poor Visual Representation

• Equal increment in x do NOT lead to equal increments
in y
• Difficulty in Handling Parts of Curve with Very High
Slope – Near Vertical Segments
• Unequal Distribution of Points along the Curve

• Variation in Arc length along the Curve

14

Cartesian and Parametric Spaces

Cartesian Implicit Form of Curve

representation is Not suitable for
CAGD

Cartesian Parametric
15

Parametric Curve Equation Curve Mapping

x, y, z Coordinates are considered Independent of each

Cartesian Parametric


other
 They are functions of an independent variable u P (x, y, z) P [ 𝑓 (𝑢), 𝑓 (𝑢), 𝑓 (𝑢) ]
x = 𝑓 (𝑢) • One to One mapping
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑢) ∀ 𝑢 ∈ [𝑢 ,𝑢 ] Ǝ P (x, y, z)
𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑢)
𝑢 ∈ [𝑢 ,𝑢 ] • Normalized Parametric space u ϵ [0, 1]
𝑓 , 𝑓 , 𝑓 = functions which govern the shape of curve • 𝑓 , 𝑓 , 𝑓 - govern the shape of the curve
17 18

3
 02-09-2024

Generalized Equation Example - 3D Helix

Parameters
• Axis of Helix : Z
Vector valued Parametric Curve Equation
• Base in X-Y plane
P(u) = [x(u), y(u), z(u)] • Origin Centered Circle
∀ u ϵ [0, 1] • Base radius R : 5

• Pitch of Helix : 3
• Two Convolutions

19 20

Hemix Parametric Equation Helix Equation

Ө = u. Өmax = 4πu
P(u) = [x(u), y(u), z(u)] x(u) = R cos Ө = 5 cos(4πu)
∀ u ϵ [0, 1] y(u) = 5 sin(4πu)
×
• Path of a particle along Helix z(u) = = 6u
• Angle of rotation Curve Equation

Өmax = 4π P(u) = [5 cos(4πu), 5 sin(4πu), 6u]

∀ u ϵ [0, 1]

21 22

3 D Helix
Parametric Curve Equations

• Axis Independence

• Efficient Computation using a Single Parameter (u)

• Easy Segmentation and (re) parametrization

• No difficulty in Handling Near Vertical Curve Segments

• Control over Density and Distribution of points on curve

24

4
 02-09-2024

• Better Control Over the Arc Length

• Curve Differentiation in Parametric Space

Tangent Vector
p u = = , ,

• Direct application of Geometric and Projective

Transformations

25