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16 views9 pages

Tensil

Uploaded by

kanishri.19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ME-2104 ENGINEERING MATERIALS LAB

EXPERIMENT: 1

TENSILE TEST

SUBMITTED BY:

Name- ADITYA TUKARAM SATPUTE


Roll No.- 2301ME04
Group No.- G1-1
Date Of Submission-20/08/2024
Objective:
Estimation of mechanical properties of materials in Universal Testing
Machine.

Apparatus required:
(i) Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
(ii) Strain gauge
(iii) Vernier Calliper

Introduction:
The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this
test, ends of test piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining
device and to a load measuring device. If the applied load is small
enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An
elastically deformed solid will return to its original form as soon as
load is removed. However, if the load is too large, the material can
be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension curve which
is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed as elastic and
the rest of the curve which represents the manner in which solid
undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress below
which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the
yield strength of material. In some material the onset of plastic
deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load indicating both an
upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not
exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic deformation, at larger
extensions strain hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in
section and thus the load passes through a maximum and then
begins to decrease. This stage the “ultimate strength” which is
defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original
cross-sectional area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading will
eventually cause ‘neck’ formation and rupture.

About the UTM


The tensile test is conducted on UTM. It has hydraulically operated
pump, oil in oil sump, load dial indicator and central buttons. The left
has upper, middle and lower cross heads i.e; specimen grips (or
jaws). Idle cross head can be moved up and down for adjustment.
The pipes connecting the lift and right 2/5 parts are oil pipes
through which the pumped oil under pressure flows on left parts to
more the crossheads

Diagrams:

UTM machine and its parts


Dimensions of one of ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials) Standard specimen (ASTM E8)

Representative Stress-Strain plot for a ductile material


Theory
If a specimen (ASTM E8, Fig. 2) is pulled at its ends, with the
application of force, it is elongated and the deformation within
elastic limit, there is a linear relationship between stress and strain. A
graph (Fig. 3) between stress and strain, therefore, results in a
straight line. The slope of such a straight line is constant and gives
the value of modulus of elasticity. Further loading will lead to
material in plastic zone.

Some basic formulae:


Procedure
a) Fix the specimen in the marking gauge, symmetrically with
respect to its length.
b) Firmly grip the upper end of the specimen in the movable
cross-head of the testing machine. Grip the lower end of the
specimen in the bottom cross-head, after adjusting the required
height.
c) Run the testing machine at the required speed after selecting the
proper load cell. After applying load to the specimen, we will get the
elongation corresponding to the applied load by data acquisition
system and stress-strain curve by the computer system which is
attached with the UTM.
Observations

Machine used (make and model) = UTM Machine


Workpiece Materials = Aluminium, Quench
Cross-head velocity (mm/s) = 0.05mm/s
Initial diameter of specimen d1/Thickness = 1cm
Initial gauge length of specimen L1 = 21.5cm
Initial cross-section area of specimen A1 = 0.785sqcm
Load of yield point Ft =
Ultimate load after specimen breaking F =
Final length after specimen breaking L2 = 15cm, 6.5cm
Dia. Of specimen at breaking place d2 = 0.5cm
Cross section area at breaking place A2 = 0.196sqcm

Mechanical Property Aluminium Annealed Normalized Quenched

Young modulus (MPa)

Yield stress (MPa)

Ultimate Tensile
Strength (MPa)

Strain hardening
exponent

Toughness (J/mm3 )

Resilience (J/mm3 )
Graphs:

1) ENG STRESS vs ENG STRAIN

2)SLOPE DETERMINATION GRAPH

slope=131851
3) TRUE STRESS vs TRUE STRAIN

Yield Point = (0.0051,414.63)

4) VALUE OF N :

N=0.1023

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