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Lec1_Introduction

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Lecture 1: The Roles of Statistics in Engineering

Nguyen Xuan Viet Nhan

FPT University

Nguyen Xuan Viet Nhan (FPT University) Lecture 1: The Roles of Statistics in Engineering 1/9
Overview

1 The Roles of Statistics in Engineering

2 Types of Reasoning and Key Distinctions

3 Methods of Data Collection

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The Roles of Statistics in Engineering

Why Statistics in Engineering?

Statistics provides tools to handle variability in engineering problems.


Helps in decision-making based on data.
Applications include:
Design and testing of products and systems.
Monitoring and improving manufacturing processes.
Building predictive models.

Nguyen Xuan Viet Nhan (FPT University) Lecture 1: The Roles of Statistics in Engineering 3/9
Types of Reasoning and Key Distinctions

Statistical Inference: Types of Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning: Drawing general conclusions from specific


data (e.g., sample to population).
Deductive Reasoning: Applying general principles to predict specific
outcomes (e.g., laws to specific cases).
Statistical inference connects samples to populations through estimation
and hypothesis testing, hence, it usually uses inductive reasoning.

Nguyen Xuan Viet Nhan (FPT University) Lecture 1: The Roles of Statistics in Engineering 4/9
Types of Reasoning and Key Distinctions

Data, Population, Sample, Parameters, and Statistics

Data: Observations collected from the population or sample, either


quantitative or qualitative.
Population: The entire collection of individuals or observations of
interest.
Sample: A subset of the population used to make inferences.
Parameter: A numerical summary that describes a population (e.g.,
population mean).
Statistic: A numerical summary calculated from sample data (e.g.,
sample mean).

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Types of Reasoning and Key Distinctions

Mechanistic vs. Empirical Models

Mechanistic Models:
Based on underlying physical, chemical, or engineering principles.
Example: Ohm’s Law (V = IR).
Empirical Models:
Derived from observed data without direct theoretical backing.
Example: Regression models to predict system behavior.

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Methods of Data Collection

Different Methods of Data Collection

Retrospective Study:
Uses historical data to find patterns and relationships.
Limitations: Missing data, transcription errors, limited variation.
Observational Study:
Observes processes without interference.
Useful for short-term studies; limited control over variables.
Designed Experiments:
Deliberate manipulation of variables to observe outcomes.
Allows establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

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Methods of Data Collection

Sampling and Non-Sampling Errors

Sampling Errors:
Errors due to observing a sample instead of the entire population.
Example: Using a small sample size that may not be representative.
Non-Sampling Errors:
Errors not related to the sampling process, such as measurement errors,
data entry mistakes, or biased survey questions.
Example: Incorrectly calibrated measurement instruments.

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Methods of Data Collection

Comparison of Data Collection Methods

Retrospective Study: Cost-effective but limited insights.


Observational Study: Non-intrusive but lacks control over variables.
Designed Experiments: Powerful but resource-intensive.

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