AP A Style Guide

This guide shows the most common scenarios for APA citing. For more examples, consult:

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. (Call number BF76.7
P83 2020)
• APA Style Blog ([Link]
TIP: Always consult with your instructor to determine which citation style and edition of the style you
should follow. GROUP AUTHOR → Provide the full name of the
group on first mention, and the publication
Many citations used as examples in this guide year.
are fictitious and created for illustration
→ Example: (National Institute of Mental Health
purposes.
[NIMH], 2020)

General Rules: In-text Citations Group name can be abbreviated for subsequent
APA Style Guide 7th (p. 261) requires you to cite citations. → Example: (NIMH, 2020)
your sources in the text of your paper using
author- date. Include author, year (and page(s) if SUBSEQUENT CITATIONS → Omit the year for
a direct quote). Provide the full citation in your second and subsequent nonparenthetical
reference list. Cite the source of all material you citations within the same paragraph. Include the
quote, paraphrase, or summarize. year for all parenthetical citations (APA Style
Guide, 7th ed., p. 265).
ONE AUTHOR → Cite the last name of the → Example: Wong also demonstrates…
author and the publication year. → Example:
According to one study of music students (Jones, DIRECT QUOTE → If the citation is for a direct
2000) the song was heard … quote, include the page number(s). Abbreviate
page as p. and pages as pp. → Examples: He
Note: If you include the author’s name in the exclaimed, “No new taxes” (Turnbull, 2000, p. 84)
sentence, don’t cite it in parentheses. → or (Turnbull, 2000, pp. 84- 87).
Example: Wong (2003) discovered students …
MULTIPLE SOURCES → Cited within the same
TWO AUTHORS → Cite both names of the parentheses: Place the citations in alphabetical
authors for every reference in the text. → order by author last name. Separate citations with
Example: A previous study (Wong & Jones, a semicolon.
1997) uncovered several instances of … → Example: (Anderson, 2005; Everson & Brown,
2002; Suzuki, 2004)
THREE OR MORE AUTHORS → Include the
last name of only the first author plus “et al.” MULTIPLE SOURCES, SAME AUTHOR → Cite the
followed by the publication year, in every author(s) once. List the dates chronologically,
citation, including the first citation. → earliest first, and separate with commas. →
Example: (Smith et al., 2006) Example: (Jones & Brown, 2003, 2004)

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AP A Style Guide
NO AUTHOR → Include the title and year of reference entry (see Reference List Examples
publication in the in-text citation. below).
→ Example: Web Usability Studies are commonly → Example: We spoke with Rose Penny (2020)
conducted in libraries ("Benefits of Usability about the traditions around seasonal moons….
Studies," 2002).
ORGANIZATION IS AUTHOR → Works with a
group as the author e.g. (e.g. corporations,
SECONDARY SOURCES → For a source cited in associations, government agencies / departments
another source, refer to the source you got the / ministries) are usually spelled out each time
information from in your in-text citation. In the they appear in a citation unless the name is long
reference list, only list the source you used. → and cumbersome and the abbreviation is familiar
Example: Jones’ diary (as cited in Smith, 2006) or readily understandable. If the name is short or
Note: In this example, Smith (2006) would the abbreviation not readily understandable,
appear in the reference list, but Jones would write out the name each time it occurs. →
not. Examples: Without abbreviation - Public
Health Agency of Canada (2005)
WEBSITES → When an entire website is cited, With abbreviation - Canada, Department of
rather than a particular document on that Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT,
website, the address of the site is sufficient in 2003)
the text (APA Style Guide, 7th ed., p. 268). →
Example: The UVic Library posts information on LEGAL SOURCES → Court cases, statutes, and
Twitter ([Link] legislation are treated as works with no author
(see above). In-text citations should include the
WEB PAGES → For material on a web page first few words of the reference followed by the
without page numbers: cite the section heading year of publication.
and the paragraph number (count down from
the heading). Bills and statutes should be cited with the official
→ Example: (Smith, 2006, Introduction section, or popular title of the legislation, and the year it
para. 2) was passed.
→ Examples: 1. Bill C-26 (2005) had numerous
WEB PAGES WITH NO AUTHOR → To cite a web effects on…
page with no author, start your citation with the 2. Freedom of association is guaranteed under
title of the web page. section 2(d) (Canadian Charter of Rights and
→ Example: (“Coastal Cleanup Efforts,” 2012) Freedoms, 1982).
Case law titles are italicized for in-text citations.
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE / ORAL TRADITIONS → Example: (R. v. Latimer, 2001)
OF INDIGENOUS PEOPES → If the information is
recorded and recoverable by readers (e.g. video, PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS → Lectures, e-
audio, transcript, book, article), cite it in the text mail messages, text messages, online chats or
and include a reference list entry in the format direct messages, or personal interviews,
of the type of source. For information not telephone conversations, live speeches, memos,
recoverable by readers, we’d recommend using letters, etc. that you conducted with another
the template established by Lorisia MacLeod of person should be referred to in your in-text
NorQuest College, which includes an in-text citations but NOT in your reference list. →
citation with a last name and date of the Personal communications can include information
transmission of knowledge, and an adapted

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AP A Style Guide
taken from course management tools such as → Editor: add (Ed.) after the name. Multiple
Brightspace. editors: add (Eds.) after the last-listed editor.

→ Work by a group author: alphabetize in the

→ Provide the surname and initials of the reference list by the first significant word in the
person with whom you were communicating, name.
and an exact date if possible. → Example: J.
Reiss indicated that → No known author or editor: begin the
“anthropologists are still debating the reference with the title, followed by the date. If,
Neanderthals’ disappearance” (personal and only if, the work is signed “Anonymous,” use
communication, May 3, 2000). “Anonymous” as the author.

GROUP AUTHORS (INCLUDING GOVERNMENT)

General Rules: Reference List → Alphabetize group authors (government
The reference list appears at the end of your agencies, departments, ministries) by the first
paper and helps readers locate your sources. It significant word of the name. → Spell out the
includes all works cited in your paper. (See Ch. 9, full name of a group author (a period follows
pp. 281-307) the group author). Example: Public Health
Agency of Canada.
FORMAT
→ Begin the reference list on a new page and DATE OF PUBLICATION
give it the heading References. Use bold font → If the date of publication is unknown, use n.d.
and centre the heading. in place of the date.
→ Double-space the entire reference list. → For → If a work has been accepted for publication but
each reference, indent all lines other than the is not yet published, use the term “in press”
first line, one-half inch from the left margin. instead of a year.
LIST ORDER RETRIEVAL DATES
→ Alphabetize the list by authors’ last names. If → Provide a retrieval date for online sources
a reference has no author, use the first word of when citing work that is likely meant to change,
the title. or changes over time (e.g. Twitter Profile, wikis,
→ If several references have the same author(s), Facebook page, UpToDate article, Google Maps,
list them in the order they were published, etc.)
earliest first. → Give the date you retrieved the information if it
is unclear when it was last updated using this
AUTHORS AND EDITORS
form: Retrieved April 15, 2009.
→ Place last name first and use initials for first
and middle names. TITLES
→ Two authors: separate names with → Articles, books, chapters, web pages: capitalize
commas; place & before the final name. → only the first word of the title, the first word of
Three to twenty authors: invert all authors' the subtitle, and any proper names.
names; give last names and initials up to and → Journals, other published periodicals
including 20 authors. (newspapers, magazines, etc.), and websites:
→ Twenty-one or more authors: name the first capitalize each significant word. → Italicize
nineteen authors, then insert three ellipsis the titles of books and periodicals, including
points (. . .) followed by the final author’s name. the volume number of periodicals.

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AP A Style Guide
→ Electronic versions: Do not include
EDITION publication information if the address is of the
→ Include the edition after the title for editions website of the publishing government agency /
other than the first department ministry.
Example: Dictionary of the Spanish Language → Capitalize only the first word of the title and
(22nd ed.). of the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns;
italicize the title. Include document numbers in
PLACE OF PUBLICATION parentheses.
→ Publisher locations are no longer included in
APA Style references for books and book → Government reports from Canada are
chapters published in Ottawa, ON unless otherwise
(APA 7th ed., pp. 295-296.) indicated.
→ Government Reports from British Columbia are
PUBLISHER’S NAME published in Victoria, BC unless otherwise
→ Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., and Inc., indicated.
but retain Books and Press. → Government reports retrieved online do not
need to indicate the publisher, unless the author
ELECTRONIC SOURCES is also the publisher.
→ Online source with a DOI (Digital Object → Statute citations should be constructed as
Identifier, typically found on the first page of the follows: Name of Act, Volume Source § section
article): cite the DOI starting with number (year).
[Link] and do not include the → Note: Canadian statutes should include
database or website name. If an online source jurisdiction immediately after the Volume.
has both a DOI and URL, include only the DOI → Session or supplement, chapter, and pinpoint
Online source without a DOI: for open access locations should be substituted for the section
content, give the exact URL for the cited symbol (§) and section number. → Bill citations
material; for content accessible by subscription, should be constructed as follows: Bill/Resolution
give the database name or journal home page Number, Legislative Session, Volume Source page
address. → It is no longer necessary to include (year) (enacted). → Note: Canadian bills have
the words official titles which should be included at the start
“Retrieved from” of the citation, followed by a comma. The
→ Do not put a period after the web page pinpoint location is substituted for volume,
address. source and page number.
→ Case Law citations should be constructed:
GOVERNMENT REPORTS & TECHNICAL & Name
RESEARCH REPORTS v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date). →
→ APA style refers to “Technical and Research Note: In Canadian cases, the Court and Date may
Reports” and includes government reports. be located in the neutral citation. The reporter
These are treated as books. should be considered the Source. If the year of
the reporter needs to be included, place it in
square brackets before the volume.
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A PA Style Guide
Reference List Examples1
Book: 1 or 2 authors (p. Peters, S. N., & Abbott, M. R. (2001). Canadian parliamentary law: A call for change.
321) Carswell.

Book: 3 to 20 authors Smith, K., Jones, M., & Andrews, O. (2005). Guide to Canadian historical sites for families.
(p. 286) Penguin.

Book: 21 or more Kernis, M., Cornell, D., Sun, C., Berry, A., Harlow, T., Ball, E., . . . Bach, J. (2012). Cooperative
authors endeavors in science education. Random House.

Book: group as author Canadian Mental Health Association. (2007). Mental health indicators for adolescents.
(organization, Canadian Mental Health Association.
company, etc.) First in-text citation: (Canadian Mental Health Association [CMHA], 2007) Subsequent
(p. 288) citations: (CMHA, 2007)

Book: no author (p. Merriam-Webster’s geographical dictionary (3rd ed.). (1997). Merriam-Webster.
289)

Book: with editor(s) Allen, S., & Graham, P. (Eds.). (2005). Contemporary studies in romance languages. McGraw
Hill.

Book, edited: chapter Store, W. (2003). The Doane ukulele method. In T. Miller & L. E. Davis (Eds.), Music education
or article (p. 326) in Canada (4th ed., pp. 197–203). Vanwell.

Book, edition other Craig, B., & Germain, D. (2014). Abnormal psychology (5th ed.). University of Chicago Press.
than first

Ebook: from database Erdkamp, P. (2005). The grain market in the Roman Empire: A social, political and economic
(no direct link, treat study. Cambridge University Press.
same as print p.299)

Ebook: direct link to Bryant, P. (1999). Biodiversity and conservation.

item (p. 321) [Link]

Ebook: with DOI Northup, S. (2011). Twelve years a slave. Lerner Publishing Group.
[Link]

Encyclopedia entry Thomas, W. (2003). Ukulele. In The Canadian encyclopedia of music (Vol. 13, pp. 433–434).
(pp. 328) University of British Columbia Press.

Encyclopedia entry: Bray, K., Green, J. P., & Vogan, N. (2010). School music. In J. H. Marsh et al. (Eds.), The
online (p. 328) Encyclopedia of music in Canada. Retrieved December 23, 2019, from
[Link]

1
Page numbers refer to Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed.

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A PA Style Guide
Journal article: print (p. Jackson, J. (2005). Reconciling resource development and protection of endangered species.
317) New Canadian Journal of Political Science, 38(2), 116–124.

Journal article: with a Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment. Social Science Research, 29(4), 535-
DOI 555. [Link]

Journal article: Boutsen, F., Cannito, M. P., Taylor, M., & Bender, B. (2002). Botox treatment in adductor
without spasmodic dysphonia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
a DOI, with a Research, 45(2), 469-481. [Link]
nondatabase URL (p.
317)
Magazine article Lee, O., & Clark, L. (2003, July/August). Counting rabbits and other Victoria pastimes.
(p. 320) Canadian Geographic, 123(1), 68–79.
Magazine or Journal: Scott, R. B. (2007). Down a familiar path [Review of the book Harry Potter and the deathly
review (p. 335) hallows]. The Children’s Reader, 21(3), 47.
Newspaper article Maverick Manitoba researcher discovers, names new planet. (2007, June 14). The Globe
(p. 320) and Mail, p. A.18.

Flores, K. E. (2000, March 7). Nursing staff key to recovery. The New York Times.
[Link]
Dissertation or Sargent, C. (2012). Cridge Park tent city from the perspectives of participants (Publication
Thesis (published) No. 1080532496) [Master’s thesis, University of Victoria]. ProQuest Dissertations &
Theses A&I.

Roer, J. (2022). Exploring women’s visual narratives of brain injury [Master’s thesis,
University of Victoria]. UVicSpace Institutional Repository.
[Link]

*A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such

as ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I, an institutional repository, or an archive.

Dissertation or Ahrens, N. (1965). Censorship and the teacher of English: A questionnaire survey of a
thesis selected sample of secondary school teachers of English. [Unpublished doctoral
(unpublished) dissertation]. Columbia University.

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A PA Style Guide
Website, entire (pp. *Use this category only when the work does not better fit within another category. Ask
282, 350) yourself, “What type of work is on this website?” then choose the reference category that is
most similar to the work you want to cite. (e.g. to cite a report from a government website,
use the reports category)
*To mention a website in general, do not create a reference list entry or an in-text citation.
Instead, include the name of the website in the text and provide the URL in parentheses.

Rules of play. (2008, March 22). [Link]

Web page Gomez, D. B. (2006). A timeline of English literature.

(pp. 350-351) [Link]
Web page: no author, Skunk cabbage. (n.d.). [Link]
no date (pp. 350-352)
Blog post (p. 320) Adams, A. (2019, October 8). Book and book chapter references: No location required. APA
Style Blog. [Link]
Video post (p. 344) Sullivan, O. [origamimaster]. (2008, June 6). How to make origami [Video]. YouTube.
[Link]
Podcast (p. 345) Patterson, S. (Host). (2011-present). The debaters [Audio podcast]. CBC.
[Link]

Podcast episode Patterson, S. (Host). (2019, December 14). Home for the holidays & telemarketers (No.
1413) [Audio podcast episode]. In The debaters. CBC.
[Link]

Facebook, Twitter, or For discussion of an entire feed from an individual or group, provide the site URL in
other social media parentheses in the text. You do not need to include these in your reference list.
sites (pp. 348-350)

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A PA Style Guide
In-text citation: The PostSecret phenomenon has expanded its web presence through use of
Facebook ([Link] and Twitter
([Link]

If your readers are unable to access the content (due to privacy settings, etc.) use the rules
for a Personal Communication citation.
To discuss single posts, both in-text citations and reference list entries are required. Titles
Facebook post (p. 349) should be taken verbatim from the post content, including punctuation and URLs. Long titles
may be truncated.

Tweet (p. 348) Reference list:

PostSecret. (2010a, January 7). Live PostSecret event: Spring 2010 dates & schools. [Status
update]. Facebook. [Link]

PostSecret. (2010b, January 28). Author Howard Zinn dies at 87 – Washington Post
#RIPHowardZinn [Tweet]. Twitter. [Link]
status/8319691996
Film or Movie Reed, T. (Producer), & Bell, M. (Director). (2008). Schoolyard games [Film].
(p. 342) National Film Board.
Television episode (p. Benioff, D. & Weiss, D.B. (Writers). (2011, April 17). Winter is coming (Season 1, Episode 1)
343) [TV series episode]. In D. Benioff, D.B. Weiss, F. Doelger, C. Strauss, B. Caulfield, B.
Cogman, M. Sapochnik, & D. Nutter (Executive Producers), Game of Thrones. HBO.
Television series Meyboom, J.P., Lacey, J., Harbin, L., & Kinnear, S. (Producers). (2008-present). Murdoch
Mysteries [TV series]. Shaftesbury Films.
Reprinted custom Published material: Just cite it as if you found it in the original source.
course materials Unpublished/original material: Treat it as part of an anthology compiled by the instructor
and published by the University. If authorship is not stated, treat it as an unauthored work.
Personal Do not include personal communications (such as e-mails, letters, and interviews) or class
communication, lecture notes in the reference list, as they cannot be accessed or recovered by others. Cite
lecture notes (includes them only in the text.
course slides or notes
posted to Brightspace) In-text citation: (C. Ross, personal communication, April 1, 2006)
(p. 260) Or: In a lecture to an ANTH 250 class on March 6, 2009, Professor Collins stated…
Or: In a January 5, 2009 ADMN 507 class Powerpoint lecture, one slide illustrated…
Data set (pp. 337-338) Cullis-Suzuki, S. (2018). Fish and ships: Impacts of boat noise on a wild fish and its predators
[Data set]. Scholars Portal Dataverse. [Link]
Indigenous Elders and Cardinal, D., Goodfish Lake Cree Nation. Treaty 6. Lives in Edmonton. Oral teaching.
Knowledge Keepers personal communication. April 4, 2004.

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A PA Style Guide
Government Reports Government Report by Group Author (department, ministry) (electronic)
Technical and (departmental/ministry website)
Research Reports Public Health Agency of Canada. (2005). Make every mother and child count: Report on
(pp. 329-331) maternal and child health in Canada (Catalogue No. H -13/2005). http:// [Link]-
[Link]/rhs-ssg/pdf/whd_05epi_e.pdf

Government Report by individual author(s) (electronic) (departmental /ministry website)

Plant, P.G. (2007). Access and excellence: The campus 2020 plan for British Columbia’s
postsecondary education system (Report No. C2007-960088-3). British Columbia
Ministry of Advanced Education and Labour Market Development.
[Link]

Government Report by individual author(s) (print)

Plant, P.G. (2007). Access and excellence: The campus 2020 plan for British Columbia’s
postsecondary education system (Report No. C2007-960088-3). Ministry of
Advanced Education

Non-governmental Organization Authored Report

Mollard, M. (2008). The citizenship handbook: A guide to democratic rights and
responsibilities for Canadians. British Columbia Civil Liberties Association.
[Link]

Visual works: includes In the text, number the images consecutively, and refer to an image by its number (ex.
artwork in a museum Figure 1, Figure 2). Notes, which help to clarify content in the image, are placed immediately
or website, clipart, below the image.
infographic, map,
photograph In-text citation: It is very likely that Barnard’s Mission Ridge Scene of Sherman’s Attack
(See pp. 225-250, (Figure 1) was one of several photographs taken after Sherman’s active campaign in
Tables & Figures) Tennessee.

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A PA Style Guide
Caption (image taken from print source): Figure 1. Mission Ridge Scene of Sherman’s Attack
by G. N. Barnard, 1864 or 1866. Note: From George N. Barnard: Photographer of Sherman’s
campaign, by K. F. Davis, 1990, Kansas City, Missouri: Hallmark Cards, p. 120. Copyright 1990
(See pp. 346-347 for by Hallmark Cards. Reprinted with permission.
reference list entry
examples) Caption (online image): Kohl, Allan T. (Photographer) (n.d.). Ceremonial axe with effigy
handle in form of a caiman/jaguar, from La Venta, ca. 1200-400 B.C.E. [Online image]. Art
Images for College Teaching.
[Link]

Reference Citation (online image): Kohl, Allan T. (n.d.) [Ceremonial axe with effigy handle in
form of a caiman/jaguar, from La Venta, ca. 1200-400 B.C.E.].
[Link] NA/[Link]

Note: For an image taken from a published source (i.e. a print or electronic book, journal,
etc.), cite in your reference list as you would for a text quotation: cite the source, NOT the
individual image.

Note: Copyright information (if any) must appear in the caption. If the image is under
copyright and you will be displaying or publishing the project, you MUST contact the
copyright holder for permission to use the image. Images from open access sites (such as
Creative Commons) often have usage restrictions (e.g. educational only) or requirements
(e.g. inclusion of the URL); make sure you comply.

Note: To cite clip art or a stock image without reproducing it, provide an in-text citation for
the image instead of a copyright attribution. Also provide a reference list entry.
Parenthetical citation: (Kohl, n.d.) Narrative citation: Kohl (n.d.)

Distance Learning Section. (2019). ACRL standards for distance learning library services
[Infographic]. Association of College and Research Libraries.
[Link]
Infographic [Link]

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from the Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal to
the University of Victoria]. Retrieved December 24, 2019, from
[Link]
Map

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A PA Style Guide
Debates / Hansard British Columbia, Official Report of the Debates of the Legislative Assembly (Hansard), Vol.
27, No. 8, (November 14, 2011) at 8687 (Stilwell).
[Link]

Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, Vol. 143, Number 007 (November 26,
2008) at 281 (Hon. Menzies).
[Link]

Canada, Parliament, Debates of the Senate of Canada (Hansard), Vol. 148, Issue 16,
(October 4, 2011) at 296 (Hon. Tardif). Retrieved from
[Link]
1004- [Link]
Legal Bill / Act United States: [Link].107, 103d Cong., 139 Cong. Rec. 5826 (1993) (enacted).
(pp. 361-363) Canada: An Act to establish the Canada Border Services Agency, Bill C-26, 1st Sess. 38th
Also see Bluebook Parl., cl. 5(1)(e) (2005) (enacted).

United States: Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).

Canada: Criminal Code, R.S.C. c. C-46 s. 745 (1985).
Case Law United States: Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972). Canada:
(pp. 357-360) R. v. Macki, 199 D.L.R. (4th) 178 (BCSC 2001).
Statistics Canada Statistics Canada. (2012). Age (131) and sex (3) for the population of Canada, provinces,
territories, census divisions, census subdivisions and dissemination areas, 2011
Census. (2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations Statistics Canada
Catalogue No. 97-550-XWE2006002).
[Link]

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