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Post Laboratory

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14 views18 pages

Post Laboratory

Uploaded by

Deniel Denamarca
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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● Genomics- genes and their function

Post- Laboratory
● Cell biology - science of cell structure
and function, how cells multiply, how

Discussion
their various components perform,
and sexual
reproduction.
Botany Lab: Activity 1 - 3
● Economic botany and ethnobotany -
practical uses of plants and plant
products.

● Botany -Study of plants


● Botanists -Scientists ha study plants
● From Greek word ● Discovered by Robert Hooke
○ botanikos-meaning botanical ● Plant Cells-makes up all living
○ botane - meaning plant or organism and tissues of the body.
herb
○ boskein -meaning to feed 2 Kinds of Cells
● French word 1. Prokaryotic cells-has cell wall
2 Eukaryotic cells -can have cell wall
○ botanique - meaning botanical
and organelles
-Bacteria has no nuclei and plastids

1. Food
2. Fibe
3. Fuel
4. Medicine

● Plant anatomy-internal structure of


plants
● Plant physiology- plant function
● Plant taxonomy- describing, naming
and classifying plants
● Plant systematics - science of
developing methods for grouping
plants
● Plant geography-study of how and ● compoundstereomicroscop
why plants are distributed Microscope -an instrument that can
● Plant ecology- study of interaction of magnify images of cells and tissues
plants with one another and with their
up to hundreds or even thousand
environment.
● Plant morphology - study of form and times of their actual size.
structure of plants ● Microscope is invented by:
● Genetics-science of heredity
○ Galileo Galilei
○ Zaccharias Janssen & Hans
Identify the parts and functions.
Lipperhey
1.Eyepiece tube or Body tube- Separates
● Uses of microscope the objective and the eyepiece and
assures continuous alignment of the
○ Botanical Field optics.
○ Biological Field 2. Nosepiece - Holds the objective lenses
○ Crime Investigation 3 Low Power Objective- .Magnifies 10x
○ Educational Field and is useful for examining large
○ Medical Field specimens or surveying many
smaller specimens
4. Medium Power Objective - Shortest
objective and is useful for getting a
1. Simple Microscope general overview of a slide.
2. Light Microscope 5.High Power Objective- Magnifies 40x
and is ideal for observing very fine
a. compound detal.
b. dissecting (stereomicroscope) 6. Stage Clips - Holds the slide in place
7. Diaphragm - regulates the amount of
3. electron microscope
light on the specimen
a. transition electron microscope 8.Light Source- projects light upward
b. scanning electron microscope through the diaphragm, the
c. S specimen and the lenses.
9. Eyepiece- contains the ocular lens,
used to view specimen
10. Arm - used to support the microscope
when carried
11. Stage - Supports the slides being
viewed
12. Coarse Adjustment-Moves the stage
up and down for focusing
13.Fine Adjustment-Moves the stage
slightly to sharpen image
14. Base- Supports the microscope

Question 1:
● 1. Describe how to properly carry a
microscope from one place to
another.
- Carry with both hands. Grasp the arm
with one hand and place the other hand
under the base for support.
2. How do you properly focus on a
specimen?
a. Move the stage down to its lowest
position.
b. Place the glass slide onto the stage. Be Question 2:
careful pushing it under the clips 1. What consists of the vegetative part
that the cover slide doesn't move or and the reproductive part of the shoot
crack.
C. Select the lowest power objective lens. system?
Use the lowest magnification first to ● Vegetative part- roots, stems, shoot,
achieve the best focus.
d. Turn the coarse focus knob slowly until buds, leaves
you can see the cells. ● Reproductive part- flowers, seeds
e. Turn the fine focus knob slowly until
the cells are in focus and you can 2. Explain the difference between
see them clearly. monocot and a dicot plant.

3. Some microscopes have a fourth ● Monocot


lens called the oil immersion ○ Single cotyledon
objective (010). How is this ○ Long, narrow leaf, parallel veins
Used and how much is the ○ Vascular bundles scattered
magnifying power? ○ Floral parts In multiples of 3
- Oil immersion objective is Used for ● Dicot
examining details of individual cells
(e.g. red blood cells). Its magnifying ○ Two cotyledon
power is 1000x. ○ Broad leaf, network of veins
○ Vascular bundles in a ring
4. Discuss parfocal lenses. ○ Floral parts in multiples of 4 or
-Parfocal lens is a lens that stays in focus 5
when magnification/focal length is
changed.

5. A person tells you to close one eye


when looking through a
microscope so that you will
properly see the object. Will
you follow the person's advice?
Why or why not?
- Do not follow the person's advice. Look
through the microscope with boțh open 3. What is the difference between an
to avoid eye strain. angiosperm and a gymnosperm?
-Angiosperms (flowering plants) have seeds
enclosed within an ovary whlle gymnosperms
have no flowers/fruits and have enclosed/naked
seeds.
the time while plant cells divide in a
4. Give at least 2 examples of
specialized region called the e
medicines or exciplents of
medicines derived from each 3. How does Mitosis differ from
plant part. Meiosis?
Mitosis
a. Leaves
1. Belladonna (relieve pain externally, ● 4 stages (including interphase)
cure excessive perspiration and ● Happens in somatic cells
coughs internally) ● Purpose: cellular proliferation
2. Digitals (improve tone and rhythm of ● Procedures: 2 diploid daughter cells
the heartbeat) ● Chromosomes number remains the
b. Stems same
1. Quinine (cure for malaria) ● Genetic variation does not change
2. Slippery elm (soothing effect on Meiosis
inflamed tissue)
c. Roots ● 8 Stages (Including interphase)
1. Aconite (neuralgia, arthritis) ● Happens in germ cells
2. Licorice (demulcent, expectorant) ● Purpose: sexual reproduction
3. Rhubarb (tonic, laxative, indigestion) ● Produces 4 haploid daughter cells
d. Flower/ Fruit ● Chromosomes number is halved in each
1, Oplum (narcotic and sedative action) daughter cells
2. Nyg vomica (tonic and stimulant) ● Genetic variation increased
4. What is importance of Mitosis?
Question 3: - Mitosis is important for growth
1. What occurs during each stage of especially in young and embryonic
organisms.
mitosis

● PROPHASE- early prophase:mitotic


spindle forms.chromosomes starts to
condense, nucleolus is gone: late
prophase: nuclear envelope breaks
down, chromosomes fully condensed.
● METAPHASe-chromosomes line up at
the metaphase plate
● ANAPHASE - microtubules push poles
apart, kinetochore and microtubules
pull chromosomes toward poles.
● TELOPHASE-Chromosomes start to
decondense, spindle disappears,
nuclear envelope reforms and nucleolus
reappears.
2. What are the main differences in
the cell division of plants from
typical mitosis in animals?

● plant celts lacie centrosome


● animal cells have centrioles that support
the organization of mitotic spindle and
completion of cytokinesis.
● animal cells divide everywhere and all
Pharmaceutical Inorganic
Chemistry - Laboratory
with practice .
10. Hot plates - can also be used as
sources of heat when an open
flame is not desirable .
1 . Beakers - are useful as a reaction 11. Pipets - are used to dispense
container or to hold liquid or solid samples . small quantities of liquids .
- They are also used to catch liquids from 12. Ring stand with iron rings -
titrations and filtrates from filtering are for holding pieces of
operations . glassware in place .
2. Bunsen burners - are sources of heat . 13. Test tubes are for holding small
3. Burets or burettes -are for addition of samples or for containing
a precise volume of liquid. -The volume of reactions .
liquid added can be determined t to the 14. Test tube holders are for
nearest 0.01 mL with practice ; used holding test
primarily for titration , to deliver one
reactant until the precise end point of the tubes when tubes should not be
reaction is reached. touched . 15. Volumetric
4. Alcohol lamp - is also used as a source flasks - are used to measure
of heat . precise volumes of liquid or to
5. Clay triangles- are placed on a ring make precise dilutions .
attached to a ring stand as a support for a 16. Wash bottles - are used for
funnel , crucible , or evaporating dish . dispensing small quantities of
6. Droppers - are for addition of liquids distilled water .
drop by drop 17. Watch glasses - are for holding
7. Erlenmeyer flasks are useful to contain small samples or for covering
reactions or to hold liquid samples . beakers or evaporating dishes.
- They are also useful to catch filtrates . 18. Florence flask (also known as a
8. Glass funnels - are for funneling liquids boiling flask) is used as à
from one container to another or for container to hold solutions of
filtering when equipped with filter paper . chemicals ; has a round body
with a single long neck and with
9.Graduated cylinders- are for
either a round or a flat bottom
measurement of an amount of
19.Test tube racks - are laboratory
liquid .
equipment used to hold upright
-The volume of liquid can be
multiple test tubes at the same
estimated to the nearest 0.1 mL
time .
20. Crucible- is a cup - shaped piece used to support flasks and
of laboratory equipment used to beakers.
contain chemical compounds 29. Utility clamp is connected to a
when heating ring stand . It is used to hold
them . very high temperatures. round laboratory glassware such
21. Crucible tongs - are used for as beakers , flasks and even test
handling hot objects like tubes
crucible. 30. Reagent bottles are intended to
22. Evaporating dish - is used to contain chemicals in liquid or
separate liquids and solids from powder form and stored in
a solution by allowing the water cabinets or shelves .
to - evaporate off into the air. 31. Thermometer is used to
23. Beaker tong - is used to hold measure the boiling point and
and move hot beakers , flasks or freezing point of substances
other glasswares without the 32. Balances are used for taking the
need to touch them directly with weight of substances ; examples
the hands. include double beam balance ,
24. Wire gauze- supports beakers to triple beam balance, analytical
be heated. balance and top load balance
- The asbestos fixed at the center of 33. Centrifuge is used for the
the wire gauze initiates even separation of heterogeneous
distribution of heat of the mixtures
bottom of the apparatus. 34. Fume hood is a ventilated ,
-It also prevents glass apparatus from enclosed work space intended to
cracking. capture , contain and exhaust
25.Stirring rod - is used to mix harmful fumes , vapors and
together liquids and solid particulate matter generated by
materials in order to combine procedures conducted within the
them into a uniform mixture fume hood
26. Spatulas - are used to transport
and distribute dry chemical
compounds ; used most often
when weighing out chemicals on
a balance because they allow ● A meniscus is a curve formed on the
you to collect very small upper surface of a liquid inside a
quantities of the chemical at a container .
time ● This curve is formed by the surface
27. Mortar and pestle is used to tension between the liquid and the
reduce and grind substances to container holding the liquid .
fine particles and mixing them ● If the molecules in the liquid are
by trituration more attracted to the sides of the
28. Tripodis a three - legged platform container than to each other , the
liquid will stick to the sides of the
● Electron configurations are the
container .
summary of where the electrons are
● When this happens , the meniscus
around a nucleus.
curve bends down and is called
● Electron configurations are based
concave .
primarily on three principles : the
○ Concave menisci are read Aufbau principle , the Pauli
from the bottom of the curve exclusion principle , and the
at eye level. Heisenberg uncertainty
○ Most liquids form this kind of principle.
meniscus ● The most important thing to
○ Water is a common example remember is that electrons fill
of a liquid that forms a orbitals from lowest energy to
concave meniscus. highest energy .

● In some cases , the molecules of a


liquid are more attracted to each
other than the sides of the container,
the liquid will pull away from the
side of the container and form an
upward curve, or convex
meniscus.

○ This type of meniscus is


occasionally known as a ' ➔ The symbols used for writing the
backward meniscus ' , but electron configuration start with the
the proper term is convex shell number (n) followed by the
meniscus. type of orbital and finally the
○ A common liquid that forms a superscript indicates how many
convex meniscus is liquid electrons are in the orbital.
mercury .

● The order in which electrons are


placed into the orbitals is based on
the order of their energy.
(
● This is referred to as the Aufbau
H
principle. )
● The lowest energy orbitals fill first.

Helium 2 1s2
(
H
e
)

Lithiu 3 1s2 2s1


m
(
L
i
)

Berylli 4 1s2 2s2


u
m
(
B
e
)

Electron Configuration of some Boron 5 1s2 2s2 2p1


elements in the periodic tables. (
B
)
Eleme E Electronic
n Configu
t ration
Carbon 6 1s2 2s2 2p2
(
C
)

Nitroge 7 1s2 2s2 2p3


n
Hydrog 1 1s1 (
e N
n )
Oxygen 8 1s2 2s2 2p4 Silicon 1 1s2 2s2 2p6
( ( 3s23p2
O S
) i
)

Fluorin 9 1s2 2s2 2p5


e Phosp 1 1s2 2s2 2p6
( h 3s23p3
F o
) r
o
u
Neon 1 1s2 2s2 2p6 s
( (
N P
e )
)

Sulfur 1 1s2 2s2 2p6


Sodiu 1 1s2 2s2 2p6 ( 3s23p4
m 3s1 S
( )
N
a
) Chlorin 1 1s2 2s2 2p6
e 3s23p5
(
Magne 1 1s2 2s2 2p6 C
s 3s2 l
i )
u
m
( Argon 1 1s2 2s2 2p6
M ( 3s23p6
g A
) r
)

Alumin 1 1s2 2s2 2p6


u 3s23p1 Potass 1 1s2 2s2 2p6
m i 3s23p6
( u 4s1
A m
l (
) K
)

Calciu 2 1s2 2s2 2p6


m 3s23p6
( 4s2
C
a CHEMICAL PROPERTY
) 1. indicates how a substance reacts
with something else
2. matter will be changed into a new
Chemical nomenclature
Example : rusting , exploding
fireworks , flammability
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
1. observed with senses
2. determined without destroying
matter
Example : color , density , solubility ,
boiling point , taste , odor

PHYSICAL CHANGE
1. change in size, shape, or state
2. no new substance is formed
example: ice melting, sugar dissolving
in water
CHEMICAL CHANGE
1. a change in the physical and
chemical properties
2. a new substance is formed
example: rusting of iron nail, burning
of wood

Solid

● Matter that has definite volume and


shape.
● The molecules are packed together
tightly and move slowly.

Liquid

● Matter that has definite volume but


not shape. conditions under which the reaction
● Since the molecules of a liquid are is taking place.
loosely packed and move with ● Chemical Kinetics is the study of
greater speed, reaction rates, how reaction rates
● a liquid can flow and spread. change under varying conditions and
by which mechanism the reaction
Gas
proceeds.
● Matter that has indefinite volume or ● Factors that affect the rate of a
shape. reaction
● Molecules of a gas are so loosely
○ The concentration of the
arranged and move so rapidly that
reactants. The more
they will fill their container.
concentrated the faster the
rate.
○ Temperature.Usually
reactions speed up with
increasing temperature.
○ Physical state of reactants.
● Freezing: Change of a substance Powders react faster than
from liquid phase to solid blocks - greater surface area
● Melting: Change from solid phase to and since the reaction occurs
liquid at the surface, we get a
● Vaporization: Change from liquid to faster rate.
gaseous form o The presence (and
● Condensation: Change from gas to concentration/physical form) of a
liquid form catalyst (or inhibitor). A catalyst
● Sublimation: Change from solid to a speeds up
gas without becoming a liquid a reaction, an inhibitor slows it down.
● Deposition: Change from gas to solid
without becoming a liquid
● lonization: Change from a gas phase How does temperature affect the
to plasma (ionized particles) rate of a chemical reaction?
● Recombination: Change from plasma ● For two chemicals react, their
to gas molecules have to collide with each
other with sufficient energy and in
the correct orientation for the
reaction to take place. The two
molecules will only react if they have
● Chemical reactions require varying enough energy. By heating the
lengths of time for completion, mixture, you are raising the energy
depending upon the characteristicsof levels of the molecules involved in
the reactants and products and the the reaction. Increasing temperature
also means the molecules are the surface area of the solid, the
moving around faster and will faster the reaction will be.
therefore "bump" into each other
more often. More collisions afford
more opportunities for reaction.

Common lon Effect


How do catalysts affect the rate
● common-ion effect refers to the
of a reaction?
decrease in solubility of an ionic
● Catalysts speed up chemical precipitate by the addition to the
reactions. Only very minute solution of a soluble compound with
quantities of the catalyst are an ion in common with the
required to produce a dramatic precipitate.
change in the rate of the reaction. ● CH3COOH + methyl red
This is really because the reaction indicator->red solution (Methyl red
proceeds by a different pathway is an indicator dye that turns red in
when the catalyst is present acidic solution) + NaCHsCO0→
essentially lowering the activation yellow (basic condition)
energy required for the reaction to ● *When acetic acid is ionized by
take place. adding sodium acetate, the
concentration of acetate ion
How does concentration affect
increases. There is a shift in
the rate of a reaction?
equilibrium in the reverse direction
● Increasing the concentration of the and the concentration of Hs0* ions
reactants will increase the frequency decrease increasing the pH of the
of collisions between the two solution.
reactants. When collisions occur,
they do not always result in a
Le Chatelier's Principle
reaction (atoms misaligned or
insuficient energy, etc.). Higher ● A change in one of the variables that
concentrations mean more collisions describe a system at equilibrium
and more opportunities for reaction. produces a shift in the position of
the equilibrium that counteracts the
How does surface area affect a
effect of this change.
chemical reaction?
1st tt- CoClz (standard)-> pink
● If one of the reactants is a solid, the
solution
surface area of the solid will affect
2nd tt- CoClh + HCI->purple to blue
how fast the reaction goes. Thisi is
solution
because the two types of molecule
3rd tt- CoClh + HCI + H20→pink
can only bump into each other at
solution
the liquid solid interface, i.e. on the
4th tt-CoCl2 + HCI + AgNO3->white
surface of the solid. So, the larger
solution (The precipitate is silver
chloride. The chloride ions are
thus depleted, shifting the
reaction back to the left and
thereby forming the pink
solution of Co(HO)62

Solubility Equilibria

● Solubility equilibrium is the


equilibrium associated with
dissolving solids in water to form
aqueous solutions.

1st tt- AgNO, + HCI ->white ppt


2nd tt- AgNO + HCI + 1 drop 12M
HCI->white ppt
3rd tt - AgNO3 + HCI + NHẠ0H
(divide into 2 portions)

1 portion - AgNO3 + HCi + NHOH


+ conc. HCI->light pink solution
2nd portion - AgNO3 + HCI +
NHOH→colorless solution

Complex lon Equilibrium

● When a metal ion reacts with a


Lewis base in solution a complex ion
is formed.

1st tt - FeCls + KSCN + H0->blood


red solution
2nd tt - FeCls + KSCN + Hz0 +
Fe(NO)s crystals->red orange
solution
3rd tt - FeCl, + KSCN + H0 +
KCI->red orange solution
4th tt - FeCls + KSCN + H0 +
NazHPO4→red orange solution
Pharmacy


Pharmacy


Forms


Classification

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