PRACTICAL 2.

DATA PROCESSING

Processing of data involves arranging the data in a tabular form and analyzing them statistically. A
number of statistical techniques are used to analyse the data. Following techniques are generally used for
processing and analyzing data:
1. Measures of central tendency
2. Measures of dispersion
3. Measures of relationship

Measures of central tendency

The statistical techniques used to find out the centre of distributions are referred as measures of central
tendency. The number denoting the central tendency is the representative figure for the entire data set because
it is the point about which items have a tendency to cluster. The most important measures of central tendency
are
1. Arithmetic mean or average
2. Median
3. Mode

Mean
Mean is the simple arithmetic average of the different values of a variable.

Computing mean from ungrouped data

Direct method:

While calculating mean from ungrouped data using the direct method the values for each observation
are added and the total number of occurrences are divided by the sum of all observations. The mean is
calculated using the formula
∑x
X= Where
N

X= mean
Σ x = sum of all the measures
N= number of measures
Q1. Calculate the mean rain fall for Malwa plateau in Madhya Pradesh from the rain fall of the districts of the
region.

District Normal rainfall in mm

Indore 979
Dewas 1083
Dhar 833
Ratlam 896
Ujjain 891
Mandsaur 825
shajapur 977

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Solution
Direct method
x
979
1083
833
896
891
825
977
Σx =6484
N=7

∑x 6484
X= = = 926.29 mm
N 7

Indirect method:
For large number of observations, the indirect method is normally used to compute the mean. It helps in
reducing the values of the observations to smaller numbers by subtracting a constant value from them. Such an
operation (selecting assumed mean and subtracting the chosen number from each value) is known as coding.
The mean is then worked out form these reduced numbers.
The following formula is used in computing the mean using indirect method.

∑d
X = A+
N
Where A= subtracted constant
∑d=sum of coded scores
N = number of individual observations in a series

X d=x-A (A=800)
979 979-800=179
1083 1083-800=283
833 833-800=33
896 896-800=96
891 891-800=91
825 825-800=25
977 977-800=177
∑d= 884
∑d
X = A+
N

884
800+
7

800+126.285
926.29mm

Computing mean from grouped data:

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Direct method:
While computing the mean from grouped data using direct method, the mid-point of each class intervals (x) is
multiplied with its corresponding frequency (f): all values of fx are added to obtain ∑fx and is finally divided by
the number of observations.

Hence mean is calculated using the formula

∑ fx
X=
N

X = Mean
f = frequencies
x = Mid points of class intervals
N= number of observations
Indirect method:
The following formula can be used for the indirect method for grouped data.̅
∑ fd
X = A±
N
Where A= mid-point of the assumed mean group
f=frequency
d=deviation
N= sum of cases
Q2 compute the average wage rate of factory workers
Wage rate 50-70 70-90 90-110 110-130 130-150
Number of workers 10 20 25 35 9
Solution
Direct method
Classes f Mid point(x) Fx
50-70 10 60 600
70-90 20 80 1600
90-110 25 100 2500
110-130 35 120 4200
130-150 9 140 1260
∑f=99 ∑fx=10160
∑ fx 10160
X= = = 102.6
N 99
Indirect method
Classes F Midpoint (x) d= x -A=( x−100 ) fd
50-70 10 60 60-100 = -40 -400
70-90 20 80 80-100 = -20 -400
90-110 25 100 100-100 = 0 0
110-130 35 120 120-100 = 20 700
130-150 9 140 140-100 = 40 360
∑f= 99 ∑fd=260

∑ fd
X=A ±
N
=100+260/99
=100+2.6
=102.6
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Median
It may be defined as the point in a distribution with an equal number of cases on each side of it. Median is a
positional average.

Computing median for ungrouped data :

To find the median the given data should be arranged in ascending or descending order. Median can be found
by locating the central observation or value in the arranged series. The following equation is used to compute
the median
M = value of N+1 th item
2
Where M= median
N= Number of items

Q1. Calculate median height of mountain peaks in parts of the Himalayas using the following.
8126m, 8611m, 7817m, 8172m, 8076m, 8848m, 8598m

Ans:
Arranging in ascending order we get
7817, 8076, 8126, 8172, 8598, 8611, 8848
M = value of N+1 th item
2
M = 7+1 = 8 = 4th item
2 2
4th item = 8172m
M = 8172m

Q2: The temperature figures recorded for 12 months in a year for a place are
6,10,14,18,26,30,28,24,22,16,12,8. Find the median.

Ans: 6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22,24,26,28,30[arranging in ascending order]

Median – value of N+1 th item
2
th
=12+1 = 13 = 6.5 item
2 2
M= 16+18 = 34 = 17
2 2
Median = 17

Computing median for grouped data:

Median for grouped data can be computed using the following formula.
N
−C
M=l+ 2 x i where
f

M = median for grouped data

l = lower limit of the median class
i = interval

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f = frequency of median class
N = total number of frequencies.
C = cumulative frequency of the pre-median class

Q1. Calculate the median for the following class distribution

Class 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110

F 3 7 11 16 8 5

Ans:

Class F Cf
50-60 3 3
60-70 7 10
70-80 11 21
80-90 16 37
90-100 8 45
100-110 5 50
∑f=50
Median class = N = 50 = 25
2 2
N
−c
M=l+ 2 x i
f

=80+ (25-21) x 10
16
= 80 + 4 x 10
16
= 80 + 5 = 80+2.5
2
M = 82.5

Mode:
The value that occurs most frequently in a distribution is referred to as mode.

Computing mode for ungrouped Data:

While computing mode form the given data sets all measures are first arranged in ascending or descending
order. It helps in identifying the most frequently occurring measure easily.

Q. calculate mode for the following test scores in Geography for ten students.
61,10, 88, 37, 61, 72, 55, 61, 46, 22

Ans:
Arrange in ascending order
10, 22, 37, 46, 55, 61, 61, 61, 72, 88
Here
61 occurs three times. So mode = 61

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