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lect 1-2 (2024-2025)

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7 views38 pages

lect 1-2 (2024-2025)

Uploaded by

Kenzy Hossam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bio Magnetism

Dr Heba Kahil
Magnetism?
Introduction
Magnetic materials
• We knew that magnetic field can be induced by the free
charges that flow in a current-carrying wire loop and
the direction of the induced magnetic field is described
by the right-hand rule.
• On the atomic scale, all materials contain spinning
electrons that circulate in orbits, and these electrons can
also produce magnetic fields if each of theirs magnetic
moments is properly oriented.
• Thus, a resultant magnetic moment in a macroscopic
substance can be observed and such a substance is then
said to be magnetised and this type of substance is
called magnetic material.
• A magnetic material is said to be linear, isotropic, or
homogenous if it magnetic properties (i.e. r and m) is linear
over a specified range of field, independent of the direction
of field, or does not vary through out the whole medium of
the material, respectively.
• Magnetic materials also classified as soft and hard
materials.
• Soft materials are normally used as the magnetic core
materials for inductors, transformers, and actuators in which
the magnetic fields vary frequently.
• Hard materials or sometime called as permanent magnets
are used to generate static magnetic fields in electric
motors.
Origin of magnetisation in materials

• The magnetisation in a material substance is associated with atomic current


loops generated by two principal mechanisms:
(1) orbital motions of the electrons around the nucleus and similar motions of
the protons around each other in the nucleus and
(2) Spinning motions of the electrons around its own axis.

The magnetic moment of an electron is due to


❑ the combination of its orbital motion around nucleus and spinning motions
around its own axis.
❑ Similarly, the magnetic moment of the nucleus also consist of the orbital
and spin magnetic moments, which are much smaller than that of the
electron.
• This is because the mass of the nucleus is larger than the mass of electron.
Thus, the total magnetic moment of an atom is usually assumed to be
calculated by the vector sum of the magnetic dipole moments of its
electrons.
The average magnetic dipole moment
per atom 𝜇ҧ
• If N is the number of atoms per unit volume,
the magnetization per unit volume, M is
defined as
𝑀=𝑁 𝜇ҧ
2
• 𝜇:
ഥ 𝐴. 𝑚
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
• 𝑁: 3
𝑚
• 𝑀: 𝐴/𝑚 ( the same as the units of (H))
The magnetic moment per atom

Before we go through this let’s revise some


concepts.
Torque on a current loop

• Torque on a current loop. A current-carrying loop of


wire attached to a vertically rotating shaft feels
magnetic forces that produce a clockwise torque as
viewed from above (In this case).
• Let us examine the force on each segment of the loop
in to find the torques produced about the axis of the
vertical shaft.
• (This will lead to a useful equation for the torque on the
loop.)
• We take the magnetic field to be uniform over the
rectangular loop.
• The loop has width 𝑤 and heigh 𝑙. (vertical side
parallel to the shaft)

.
The normal vector n

• To define the orientation of the loop in a magnetic field, we


use a normal vector 𝑛 that is perpendicular to the plane of
the loop.
• The figure shows a right-hand rule for finding the direction of
𝑛. Point or curl the fingers of your right hand in the direction
of the current at any point on the loop. Your extended thumb
then points to the direction of the normal vector 𝑛.
Torque

Where 𝑟 is the distance from the pivot that the force is applied.
𝜃 is the angle between the normal and the field.
Note:
❑ The forces on the top and the bottom segments are vertical
and parallel to the shaft therefore, produce no torque.
The two forces (vertical forces) are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction so they produce no net force on the loop
View the loop from above:

The net force is zero but zero but the clockwise torque on each
vertical segment is
𝑤
𝜏 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
And the net torque is:
𝑤 𝑤
𝜏 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑤𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 2
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿𝑤𝑠𝑖𝑛 = BIA sinθ
Energy difference in case of complete misalignment to
complete alignment
Into the atom
Vector model of the atom
Orbital angular momentum
Example (electron in d subshell)
magnetic flux density B and magnetic field
strength H
• Magnetic field strength H - a physical quantity used as
one of the basic measures of the intensity of magnetic
field.

• The unit of magnetic field strength


is ampere per metre or A/m.
• Electric current I produces around itself
magnetic field strength H, whose
amplitude is independent of the type of a
continuous isotropic medium (regardless if
it is non-magnetic, magnetic, non-linear,
etc.)
• Magnetic flux density B - a physical
quantity used as one of the basic
measures of the intensity of magnetic field.
• The unit of magnetic flux density
is tesla or T.
• Magnetic field strength H can be thought
of as excitation and the magnetic flux
density B as the response of the medium.
Relationship of magnetization vector M,
magnetic flux density B, and permeability 
The next section will show how magnetization is measured

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