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Minor_Unit1_Notes

3rd sem applied information technology

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Minor_Unit1_Notes

3rd sem applied information technology

Uploaded by

sahilsahil69221
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1: Introduction to Computing Paradigms

## Introduction to Computing Paradigms

### 1. High-Performance Computing (HPC)


High-Performance Computing involves using powerful systems, like
supercomputers and clusters, to process and analyze vast amounts
of data at high speeds.
- Key Features:
- Large-scale processing capabilities.
- Highly parallelized operations.
- Used for simulations, weather prediction, and scientific research.
- Example: Weather forecasting models use HPC to analyze
atmospheric data in real-time.

### 2. Parallel Computing


Parallel computing splits a large task into smaller sub-tasks that are
processed simultaneously on multiple processors.
- Types:
- Shared Memory Systems: All processors access a single shared
memory.
- Distributed Memory Systems: Each processor has its memory, and
communication happens via a network.
- Applications:
- Artificial intelligence, image rendering, and real-time simulations.
### 3. Distributed Computing
Distributed computing involves a group of independent computers
working collaboratively to achieve a common goal.
- Characteristics:
- Geographically dispersed nodes.
- Tasks are divided, processed independently, and results are
aggregated.
- Applications:
- Google Search engine and blockchain technology.
- Advantages:
- Cost-effectiveness, scalability, and fault tolerance.

### 4. Cluster Computing


Cluster computing connects multiple computers to work as a single
system. Each computer in the cluster is called a node.
- Advantages:
- Cost-efficient compared to supercomputers.
- High reliability; if one node fails, others take over.
- Examples:
- Scientific simulations and big data analytics.

### 5. Grid Computing


Grid computing links multiple distributed computers to function as a
single resource for solving complex problems.
- Key Points:
- It operates on a large scale, spanning organizations and locations.
- Requires middleware to manage resources and tasks.
- Applications:
- Protein folding in biology, financial modeling, and movie rendering.

### 6. Cloud Computing


Cloud computing offers on-demand delivery of IT resources via the
internet.
- Definition: A paradigm enabling access to shared resources
(servers, storage, applications) on a pay-as-you-go basis.
- Advantages:
- Reduced infrastructure costs.
- Easy scalability and accessibility.
- Enables remote work.
- Examples:
- Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud.

### 7. Bio-Computing
Bio-computing merges biology and computational methods to
address biological challenges.
- Applications:
- DNA sequencing, drug design, and personalized medicine.
- Advantages:
- Provides insights into biological processes.

### 8. Mobile Computing


Mobile computing allows data and computing services to be
accessed from mobile devices connected to wireless networks.
- Features:
- Portability and convenience.
- Continuous connectivity through wireless technologies.
- Applications:
- Banking, e-commerce, and GPS navigation.

### 9. Quantum Computing


Quantum computing leverages quantum mechanics to perform
computations that traditional computers cannot handle efficiently.
- Principles:
- Superposition: A quantum bit (qubit) can exist in multiple states
simultaneously.
- Entanglement: Qubits are interconnected, allowing simultaneous
processing of data.
- Applications:
- Cryptography, optimization, and material design.

### 10. Optical Computing


Optical computing uses light (photons) rather than electricity
(electrons) for data transmission and computation.
- Benefits:
- Faster data processing.
- Energy-efficient systems.
- Future Potential:
- High-speed signal processing and AI acceleration.

### 11. Nano-Computing


Nano-computing deals with computing systems and devices at the
nanoscale (1-100 nanometers).
- Applications:
- Nanorobots for drug delivery.
- Nano sensors in medical diagnostics.
- Challenges:
- Fabrication complexities and high costs.

### 12. Network Computing


Network computing involves sharing computational resources across
a network of computers to improve collaboration and efficiency.
- Examples:
- Distributed file systems and virtual desktops.
- Benefits:
- Resource sharing, reduced hardware costs.

## Cloud Computing Fundamentals

### 1. Motivation and Need


Cloud computing addresses challenges in traditional computing,
such as scalability, high costs, and maintenance overhead.
- Key Drivers:
- The growing demand for IT resources.
- Need for flexibility and reduced capital expenditures.

### 2. Definition of Cloud Computing


Cloud computing refers to delivering IT services (storage, servers,
applications) over the internet, eliminating the need for physical
infrastructure.

### 3. Principles of Cloud Computing

#### Five Essential Characteristics


1. On-demand Self-Service: Users can provision resources without
human interaction.
2. Broad Network Access: Resources are accessible over standard
networks.
3. Resource Pooling: Multi-tenant model with shared resources.
4. Rapid Elasticity: Resources scale up or down as needed.
5. Measured Service: Resource usage is monitored and billed
accordingly.

#### Four Cloud Deployment Models


1. Public Cloud: Accessible to the public, managed by a service
provider (e.g., AWS, Google Cloud).
2. Private Cloud: Exclusive to a single organization for added control
and security.
3. Community Cloud: Shared among organizations with common
requirements.
4. Hybrid Cloud: Combines public and private clouds for flexibility.

#### Three Service Models


1. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Virtualized computing resources
(e.g., storage, networking).
2. PaaS (Platform as a Service): Tools for application development
(e.g., Heroku).
3. SaaS (Software as a Service): Software delivered over the internet
(e.g., Microsoft Office 365).

### 4. Cloud Ecosystem


A cloud ecosystem includes service providers, consumers, brokers,
and auditors. It ensures seamless delivery and management of cloud
services.

### 5. Requirements for Cloud Services


- Scalability: Adapt to varying workloads.
- Security: Protect data and resources.
- Compliance: Meet regulatory standards.
- Reliability: Ensure high uptime and availability.

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