Science Discoveries

That Transform The

World
POWERPOINT PROJECT BY RAJAYUUVAN , NATHAN MATHEW , AADHIN
V.R , ABDUR RAHMAN , ARUN BEN THOMAS , KESHAV SAIGAL , SHEIKH
MOHAMMAD AKBAR , ARYAN SWARNA

NASA has found a planet 138.5 light

years away from the Solar System
called, TOI-715 b. This discovery was
done on May, 10 2023. The super-
Earth TOI-715 b orbits a red dwarf
sun. The exoplanet has a mass of 3.02
Earths and was first found in 2023.
The same star system may also hold a
smaller, nearly Earth-sized. The
temperature is approximately 234K
(-39 °C). It is said to be able to
support life forms.
One day on TOI-715 b is equal to 19 days 3 hours on Earth. It could also contain water on its surface. TOI-715 b
completes one orbit around its star every 19 days. It revolves around a star called M-type star. Its parent star is a red
dwarf, smaller and cooler than our Sun. It was discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in
2023. The exoplanet is approximately 14 billion years old.
 UY Scuti is a red supergiant star or red
hypergiant star, located 5,900 light-years away
in the constellation Scutum. It is also a
pulsating variable star, with a maximum
brightness of magnitude 8.29 and a minimum
of magnitude 10.56, which is too dim for
naked-eye visibility. It is considered to be one
of the largest known stars. This star can be
found near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. It
is so huge that to fly around UY Scuti, it would
take you 1086 years. Still not impressed? Well,
light can travel around the Earth 7 times in one
second. But for light to travel around UY Scuti it
would take it 7.7 hours to travel all the way
around.
UY Scuti has a relatively modest mass. It's only about 7 to 10 times more massive than our sun. But its radius is about
1,700 times greater than the radius of our sun. That would make this star nearly 8 astronomical units across. So about
5 billion Suns could fit inside UY Scuti. UY Scuti is also a surprisingly young star, perhaps only 10-20 million years
old. This may sound a lot, but our Sun is estimated to be 4.6 billion years old. However, as UY Scuti burns through its
fuel so quickly, the star is likely ending its life cycle and may only have a few million years left.

Oct. 1, 2024 — Astronomers have discovered an

exoplanet orbiting the Barnard’s star, the closest
single star to our Sun. On this newly discovered
exoplanet, a year lasts just over three Earth
days, named Barnard b. The planet has a mass
at least 3.2 times that of Earth and orbits the
star with a period of 233 days at a distance of
about 60 million kilometers (37 million miles).
At 7–12 billion years of age. Barnard's star has
the largest proper motion of any known star—
10.39 seconds of arc annually. It is a red dwarf
star with a visual magnitude of 9.5 and thus is
too dim to be seen with the naked eye despite its
close distance; its intrinsic luminosity is only
1/2,600 that of the Sun.

After the triple star system Alpha Centauri, Barnard's star is the star nearest to the Solar System. Since Barnard's star is the
closest solo star and the second-closest stellar system to our planet, which is why experts were searching for Earth-like
worlds in its proximity. But before you get excited—no, the exoplanet, called Barnard b, is not habitable.
 LHS 3154 b is a Neptune-sized exoplanet
orbiting the red dwarf LHS 3154. It is located
about 50 light-years from Earth, in the
constellation of Herclues. As it is a massive
planet that orbits very close to a low-mass star,
it is challenging current models about
exoplanet formation, as it would require 10
times more mass than there was in
the protoplanetary disk where the planet
formed. The star that it orbits is smaller than
LHS 3154 b.

The discovery of LHS 3154 b raises doubts about the formation of planets, challenging current planetary
models, because such a massive planet was not expected to orbit such a small star, with just a ninth the
mass of the Sun, and currently it is the only short-period Neptune-mass planet to orbit a low mass star.
Although there are more massive exoplanets orbiting red dwarfs, such as TZ Arietis b and GJ 3512 b, they
have wide orbits, with periods longer than 200 days, and likely formed in a different way than LHS 3154 b,
such as gravitational instability within a massive gaseous outer disk.

The newly discovered world, named Gliese 12 b, orbits

every 12.8 days and is Earth's size or slightly smaller –
comparable to Venus. NASA says that Gliese 12 b, about 40
light years away, could help researchers understand the
habitability of other planets across the galaxy. NASA
announced the discovery of a planet 40 light years from
Earth that orbits every 12.8 days and is possibly even
habitable. However, experts think Gliese 12b could be the
right temperature to have some of the conditions needed
for life - like water - on its surface. Scientists are hoping to
use the planet to learn more about other, maybe closer
planets. Gliese 12b is pretty far away - 40 light years. And
that temperature means it could, conceivably, have liquid
water trickling over its surface. However, while exciting,
the discovery of such a potentially habitable world comes
with a caveat: Gliese 12 b may not have an atmosphere.
The exoplanet is located 40 light-years away, which translates to about 12 parsecs. Even with the fastest spacecraft currently
available, it would take approximately 225,000 years to reach Gliese 12b. It was discovered by Shishir Dholakia, a PhD
candidate in astrophysics at the University of Southern Queensland, is part of an international team that published the
discovery in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. He described the “Eureka moment” of finding the planet,
which has been named Gliese 12b.
TOI-733 b is a super Earth exoplanet that orbits a G-
type star. Its mass is 5.72 Earths, it takes 4.9 days to
complete one orbit of its star, and is 0.0618 AU from
its star. Its discovery was announced in 2023. The
density of the planet suggests two things – it's either
totally covered in water, or it's lost its atmosphere
altogether. Clues point to the idea of TOI-733b's
atmosphere slowly depleting. That's due to the
proximity of the planet to its star.

HD 21520 b is a Neptune-like exoplanet that orbits a

G-type star. Its mass is 17.7 Earths, it takes 25.1 days to
complete one orbit of its star, and is 0.1726 AU from its
star. Its discovery was announced in 2024. Its Parsecs
From Earth 79.208. Its alternate names are TOI-4320
b, TOI-4320.01. It is a non- habitable. The age of its
star is 5.3 billion
 HAT-P-2b is an extrasolar planet detected by the HAT Net
Project in May 2007. It orbits a class F star HAT-P-2, (bigger and
hotter than the Sun), located about 420 light-years away in the
constellation Hercules.
The planet is officially named Magor . The name was selected in
the NameExoWorlds campaign by Hungary, during the 100th
anniversary of the International Astronomical Union. Magor was a
legendary ancestor of the Magyar people and the Hungarian
nation, and brother of Hunor (name of the star HAT-P-2).

The planetary orbital period is 5 days 15 hours, and its inclination is such that it crosses directly in front of
the star as viewed from Earth. The orbit is very eccentric, ranging from 4.90 million to 15.36 million miles
from the star.
As of August 2008, the most recent calculation of HAT-P-2b's Rossiter–McLaughlin effect and so spin-orbit
angle was that of Winn in 2007 but Loeillet has in 2008 disputed it. For Winn, this is +1 ± 13 degrees. The
study in 2012 determined the planetary orbit is probably aligned with the equatorial plane of the star, with
misalignment equal to 9±10°.

TOI-1338 b is a Neptune-like exoplanet that orbits an F-

type star. Its mass is 33 Earths, it takes 95.2 days to
complete one orbit of its star, and is 0.4607 AU from its
star. Its discovery was announced in 2020. TOI-1338 is
a binary star system located in the
constellation Pictor, about 1,320 light-
years from Earth. It is orbited by two
known circumbinary planets, TOI-1338 b, discovered
by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey
Satellite (TESS)and BEBOP-1c, discovered by the
Binaries Escorted By Orbiting Planets project

The planet TOI-1338 b is between Neptune and Saturn in size, and has an orbit that is within ~1 °
coplanar with the binary. The most recent and precise estimate of its mass is roughly 11 times that of
Earth, indicating a low density similar to that of circumbinary planet Kepler-47c.The spin of the primary
star also aligns with the orbits of the binary and the planet. This is the second time the Rossiter–
McLaughlin effect was measured for a star hosting a circumbinary planet. Kepler-16 was the first system
with such a measurement. The measurement of the alignment for TOI-1338 suggests that the planet
formed from a single circumbinary disk.
 J0524-0336 contains 100,000 times more lithium than the
sun does at its current age. This amount challenges the
prevailing models of how stars evolve." Astronomers
have discovered a new star that is 30 times larger than the
sun and could force a major rethink of stellar evolution
theories. The star, designated J0524-0336 and located
around 30,000 light-years from Earth, has a shockingly
high concentration of the element lithium when compared
to the sun at its current age or other stars of similarly
advanced age.

This is an issue for our understanding of how stars forge heavier elements via nuclear fusion because lithium is a
light element; current models suggest light elements are lost through this process in favor of heavier elements
like carbon and oxygen.
Not only is J0524-0336 rich in lithium, but it also has a corresponding lack of heavy elements.

• THANK YOU
● Rajayuuvan
Nathan Mathew
Aadhin V.R
Arun Ben
Abdur Rahman
Keshav Saigal
Aryan Swarna
Sheikh Mohammad Akbar