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9 views

IAI UNIT 6

Uploaded by

sunnyreddy670
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Semantics of Bayesian Networks in AI (Brief Explanation)

Bayesian networks represent a probabilistic graphical model that encodes the dependencies

among a set of variables. Their semantics explain the meaning of the graph structure and the
probabilities involved.

Key Concepts
1. Graph Structure:

◦ Represented as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG).


◦ Nodes represent random variables.
◦ Edges represent direct dependencies between variables.
2. Conditional Independence:

◦ A variable is conditionally independent of its non-descendants given its parents in


the graph.
◦ This reduces the complexity of calculating joint probabilities.
Purpose of Semantics

• Simpli es computations by leveraging conditional independence.


• Encodes relationships between variables clearly and concisely.
• Supports inference to predict or explain outcomes based on observed data.
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Ef cient Representations of Conditional Distributions in AI

Conditional distributions describe the probability of one variable given others. In AI, representing
these explicitly can be infeasible due to high dimensionality. Ef cient representations make
computation and storage manageable while retaining accuracy.

Challenges with Explicit Representations

1. Exponential Growth:
For a variable with n parents, its Conditional Probability Table (CPT) grows exponentially
2. High Dimensionality:
◦ Large systems require massive storage and computation.
3. Redundancy:
◦ Many probabilities are unnecessary or repetitive.

Ef cient Representation Methods

1. Factored Representations:
◦ Decompose joint distributions into smaller, local conditional probabilities using
Bayesian Networks.
2. Noisy-OR and Noisy-AND Models:

◦ Approximate binary dependencies, e.g., modeling symptoms caused by diseases


without enumerating all combinations.
3. Decision Trees:

◦ Use conditions on variables to partition probabilities ef ciently.


4. Logistic Regression Models:

◦ Represent probabilities with a simple mathematical formula for continuous or large


variables.
5. Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs):

◦ Extend Bayesian Networks for temporal data.


6. Tabular Reduction:
◦ Compress CPTs by grouping similar probabilities or exploiting independencies.

Applications

1. Medical Diagnosis:
◦ Ef ciently model symptoms given diseases.
2. Speech Recognition:
◦ Manage large-scale dependencies between phonemes and words.
3. Robotics:
◦ Simplify probabilistic reasoning for sensor data and actions.
4. Natural Language Processing:
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◦ Handle complex conditional probabilities in language models.

Advantages

1. Scalability:
◦ Works well for large systems.
2. Ef ciency:
◦ Reduces computation and storage costs.
3. Simpli ed Inference:
◦ Speeds up probabilistic reasoning.
4. Flexibility:
◦ Adapts to both discrete and continuous variables.
Ef cient representations are crucial in AI, enabling large-scale systems to operate effectively
without overwhelming computational resources.

Approximate Inference in Bayesian Networks in AI

In Bayesian networks, approximate inference refers to estimating probabilities when exact


computation is infeasible due to high complexity. Bayesian networks are powerful tools for
reasoning under uncertainty, but as the number of variables increases, the exact inference becomes
computationally expensive. Approximate methods trade some accuracy for ef ciency, making them
practical for large-scale problems.

Why Use Approximate Inference?

1. Complex Networks:

◦ The size of the state space grows exponentially with the number of variables, making
exact inference impractical.
2. Dynamic Environments:

◦ Real-world applications often require quick responses, which are better served by
approximate methods.
3. Ef ciency:

◦ Approximation avoids the computational cost of exact methods, such as variable


elimination or belief propagation in complex networks.

Methods of Approximate Inference

1. Sampling-Based Methods:

◦ Estimate probabilities by generating random samples from the network.


2. b. Importance Sampling:

◦ Focus on sampling the most important regions of the state space by weighting
samples based on their likelihood.
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4. c. Gibbs Sampling:

◦ A speci c type of sampling where one variable is updated at a time based on its
conditional probability given the others.
5. Variational Inference:

◦ Approximate the true distribution with a simpler one to make computations easier.
6. a. Mean Field Approximation:

◦ Assumes variables are independent and approximates probabilities under this


assumption.
7. b. Expectation Propagation:

◦ Iteratively re nes the approximation for better accuracy.


8. Loopy Belief Propagation:

◦ An extension of belief propagation for networks with cycles (loops).


◦ Uses iterative message passing to estimate probabilities, even in complex networks.
9. Cutset Conditioning:

◦ Simpli es the network by temporarily xing certain variables, reducing the problem
into smaller, manageable parts.

Applications of Approximate Inference

1. Medical Diagnosis:

◦ Estimating the probability of diseases given symptoms when exact calculations are
too slow.
2. Robotics:

◦ Making quick decisions about the robot’s position and actions based on noisy sensor
data.
3. Natural Language Processing (NLP):

◦ Handling uncertainties in language models, such as predicting the next word in a


sequence.
4. Recommendation Systems:

◦ Estimating user preferences with limited data.

Advantages

1. Scalability:
◦ Works ef ciently for large networks.
2. Speed:
◦ Delivers results faster than exact inference methods.
3. Flexibility:
◦ Can be adapted for both discrete and continuous variables.

Limitations
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1. Accuracy:

◦ May not provide exact results, especially if the network is highly complex.
2. Convergence Issues:

◦ Some methods, like Gibbs sampling, may require many iterations to stabilize.
3. Implementation Complexity:

◦ Advanced methods like variational inference require careful design and tuning.

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