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 • CONTENTS •
THE AGE OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Liberals
Radicals
Conservatives

INDUSTRIES AND SOCIAL CHANGE

Socialism in Europe
Robert Owen
Louis Blanc
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels

SUPPORT FOR SOCIALISM

SDP (Social Democratic Party)
Labour Party in Britian
Socialist Party in France
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 THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
Economy and Society
Socialism in Russia
The Russian Socialist Democratic Labour Party
Division of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
THE 1905 REVOLUTION
Bloody Sunday
St. Petersburg
Father Gapon
Elected consultative Parliament or Duma
THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
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 THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION IN PETROGRAD
Events
Effects
OCTOBER REVOLUTION
Events
Effects
THE CIVIL WAR
Making a Socialist Society
Stalin and Collective Farming
GLOBAL INFLUENCE
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 Introduction
This lesson throws light on the
coming of Socialism in Europe and
the dramatic events that forced
the ruling monarch, Tsar Nicholas
II, to give up power. One can see
how the ideals of socialism
brought about Russian revolution.

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 THE AGE OF SOCIAL CHANGE
 The French Revolution opened
up the possibility of creating a
dramatic change in the society.
 People were ‘conservatives’,
‘liberals’ or ‘radicals’
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 Liberals
• Wanted secularism, safeguarding the rights of
individuals against governments and opposed the
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
• Argued for a representative, elected parliamentary
government.
• Wanted interpretation of the laws by a well-trained
judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
• Did not believe in the universal adult franchise and
wanted the right to vote for only the men of property.
• Did not support the granting of voting rights to
women.
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Radicals…
 Supported women’s suffrage
movements.
 Opposed the privileges of great
landowners and wealthy factory
owners.
 Disliked the concentration of power
in the hands of few but were not
against the existence of private
property.
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Conservatives
 They believed in the old order
and resisted change.
 After the revolution, they started
accepting change provided it
was slow and had links and
respected the past.
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 INDUSTRIES
AND
SOCIAL CHANGE
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• Industrialization brought men, women and children
to factories.
• Working hours increased and the wages decreased.
• Unemployment was rampant.
• No proper housing or sanitation existed.
• The liberals and the radicals encouraged trade and
believed in individual effort and labour enterprise.
• Some nationalists, liberals and radicals wanted
revolutions for removing the governments
established in Europe in 1815.
• Nationalists talked of revolutions that would create
‘nation ‘where all citizens would have equal rights.
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 SOCIALISM IN EUROPE

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 Socialist had different
visions of the future.
Robert Owen sought to
build a cooperative
community called New
Harmony in Indiana(USA)
 In France , Louis Blanc
wanted the government to
encourage cooperatives
and replace capitalist
enterprises
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 Socialists were against private property and
saw it as the root of social evils.
 Some believed in cooperatives, some
demanded that governments must encourage
cooperatives.
 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added that
industrial society was capitalist.
 Marx believed that a socialist society would
free the workers from capitalism.
 This would be a communist society
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 Karl Marx Friedrich Engels
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 Support for Socialism
 Socialists formed an organization called
‘Second International’ to spread socialist
ideas.
 Workers in Germany and England began
forming associations to fight for better living
conditions.
 They set up funds for members in distress,
reduction of working hours and right to vote
Support for Socialism.

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 THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

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 In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II ruled the
Russian empire

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Economy and Society …
 Russian population (about 85%) were an
agriculturalist.
 Industries were being set up which was the most
private property of industrialists.
 Workers were divided into groups but they did
unite to strike work when they were dissatisfied.
 Peasants had no respect for nobility, very unlike
the French peasant.
 Russian peasants were the only peasant
community which pooled their land and their
commune divided it.
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 SOCIALISM IN RUSSIA

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 All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914.
 The Russian Socialist Democratic Labour Party was
formed in 1898.
 It struggled to give peasants their rights over land that
belonged to nobles.
 As land was divided among peasants periodically which
makes them natural socialist and it was felt that peasants
and not workers would be the main source of the
revolution.
 But Lenin did not agree with this as he felt that peasants
were not one social group.
 The party was divided into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov.
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 THE 1905 REVOLUTION

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 Russia was an autocracy.
 The Tsar was not subject to the
parliament.
 Liberals wanted to end this state of
affairs.
 They worked towards demanding a
constitution during the Revolution of
1905.
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 BLOODY SUNDAY

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 Prices of essential goods rose so quickly by 1904 that
the real wages declined by 20%.
 During this time, four members of the Putilov Iron
Works were dismissed.
 The action was called for, over 110,000 workers in St.
Petersburg went on strike demanding a reduction in
working hours and increase in wages.
 The procession was led by Father Gapon.
 This procession was attacked by the police and
Cossacks.
 Over 100 workers were killed.
 Strikes took place as a reaction.
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 FATHER GAPON

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 People demanded a constituent
assembly. The Tsar allowed the
creation of an elected consultative
Parliament or Duma.
 The Tsar dismissed the first Duma
within 75 days and announced the
election of a second Duma.

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 THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE
RUSSIAN EMPIRE

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 In Russia, the war was initially very popular but
later the support grew thin.
 Anti-German sentiments ran high.
 Russian armies lost badly in Germany and
Austria.
 There were 7 million casualties and 3 million
refugees in Russia.
 The war also affected the industry.
 There was labor shortage, railway lines were
shut down and small workshops were closed
down.
 There was the shortage of grain and hence of
bread.
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 THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION IN
PETROGRAD
 EVENTS
 In the winter of 1917, Petrograd was grim. There was
the food shortage in the workers’ quarters.
 22 February: a lockout took place at a factory. Workers
of 50 other factories joined in sympathy.
 Women also led and participated in the strikes. This
came to be called the International Women’s Day.
 The government imposed a curfew as the quarters of
the fashionable area and official buildings were
surrounded by workers.
 On the 24th and 25th, the government called out the
cavalry and police to keep an eye on them.

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 On 25th February, the government suspended
the Duma and politicians spoke against this
measure. The people were out with force once
again.
 On 27th, the police headquarters were
ransacked.
 Cavalry was called out again however it
refused to fire on demonstrators.
 An officer was shot at the barracks of a
regiment and other regiments mutinied,
voting to join the striking workers gathered to
form a Soviet or council.
 This was the Petrograd Soviet.
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 A delegation went to meet the Tsar,
military commanders advised him to
abdicate.
 The Tsar abdicated on 2nd March.
 A Provincial Government was formed by
the Soviet and Duma leaders to run the
country.
 The people involved were the
parliamentarians, workers, women
workers, soldiers and military commanders.
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Effects
 Restrictions on public meetings and associations were
removed.
 Soviets were set up everywhere.
 In individual areas, factory committees were formed which
began questioning the way industrialists ran their factories.
 Soldiers’ committees were formed in the army.
 The provisional government saw its power declining and
Bolshevik influence grow. It decided to take stern measures
against the spreading discontent.
 It resisted attempts by workers to run factories and arrested
leaders.
 Peasants and the socialist revolutionary leaders pressed for a
redistribution of land. Land committees were formed and
peasants seized land between July and September 1917.
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 PETROGARD SOVIET MEETING

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 OCTOBER REVOLUTION
 16th October 1917 - Lenin persuaded the
Petrograd Soviet and Bolshevik Party to agree
to a socialist seizure of power.
 A Military Revolutionary Committee was
appointed by the Soviet to organize seizure.
 Uprising began on 24th October.
 Prime Minister Kerenskii left the city to
summon troops.

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 LENIN PRIME MINISTER KERENSKII

• lenin

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 Military men loyal to the government seized the
buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers. Pro-
government troops were sent to take over
telephone and telegraph offices and protect the
Winter Palace.
 In response, Military Revolutionary Committee
ordered to seize government offices and arrest
the ministers.
 The ‘Aurora’ ship shelled the Winter Palace.
Other ships took over strategic points.
 By night the city had been taken over and
ministers had surrendered.
 All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd
approved the Bolshevik action.
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 • Aurora’ ship

The Winter Palace

The ‘Aurora’ Ship

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  Heavy fighting in Moscow - by
December, the Bolsheviks
controlled the Moscow
Petrograd area.
 The people involved were
Lenin, the Bolsheviks, troops
(pro- government).
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Effects –
 Most industry and banks were nationalized in November
1917.
 The land was declared social property and peasants were
allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
 Use of old aristocratic titles was banned.
 New uniforms were designed for the army and officials.
 Russia became a one-party state.
 Trade unions were kept under party control.
 A process of centralized planning was introduced. This led to
economic growth.
 Industrial production increased.
 An extended schooling system developed.
 Collectivisation of farms started.
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THE CIVIL WAR …
 When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution, the
Russian army began to break up.
 Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals, and supporters of
autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising.
 Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals, and supporters of
autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising.
 They formed their troops and were called ‘Greens’
which would fight against Bolshevik ‘Red’.
 The pro-Tsar’ Whites’ controlled most of the Russian
empire.
 They were supported by French, American, British and
Japanese troops.
 All these fought a war with the Bolsheviks.
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MAKING A SOCIALIST SOCIETY …
 The Bolsheviks kept industries and banks
nationalized during the civil war.
 A process of centralized planning was
introduced.
 Rapid construction and industrialization
started.
 An extended schooling system
developed.
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Stalin and Collective Farming …
 Stalin believed that rich peasants and traders
stocked supplies to create the shortage of
grains.
 Hence, collectivisation was the need of the
hour.
 This system would also help to modernize
farms.
 Those farmers who resisted collectivization
were punished, deported or exiled.

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 Stalin

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 GLOBAL INFLUENCE
 By the 1950s, it was recognized in the country
and outside that everything was not in keeping
with the ideals of the Russian revolution.
 Though its industries and agriculture had
developed and the poor were being fed, the
essential freedom to its citizens was being
denied.
 However, it was recognized that social ideals still
enjoyed respect among the Russians.
 But in each country, the ideas of socialism were
rethought in a variety of different ways.
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