PHILOSOPHY -Human Wisdom requires

Science - objective, limited, looks at experience because from

partial reality. experience we gain knowledge.
Religion - accepts and believes, THE DIFFERENCE OF WISDOM
interpretation of the revelation from God. KNOWLEDGE
Philosophy - examines the fundamental - Wisdom is deeper than
nature of reality, existence, knowledge, knowledge.
values, and reason. Subjectives, based - Knowledge is gained
on experience, need conversation. based on experience.

PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE Nominal Definition of Philosophy

- Allegory means there is Pythagoras coined the word
SYMBOLISM “PHILOSOPHY”
- Reflections and sound Pythagoras defined philosophy as the
symbolises ILLUSIONS. And it is Olympic Games.
the perceptions of those who are a. Merchants - lovers of gain/ wealth
unenlightened b. athletes/politician - lovers of fame
- The caveman who was freed from c. Audience - lovers of spectacle
the cave represents She defines a philosopher as an
PHILOSOPHERS. The ultimate audience because philosophers have no
reality he saw is THE SUN and it interest in fame or gaining wealth.
symbolises TRUTH.
Lexical Definition of Philosophy
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY - Dictionary based. Defines that
REFLECTION by Gabriel Marcel. philosophy is the study of ultimate
- Primary Reflection has objective reality, causes and principles
and real meaning. Kung ano underlying being through the use
nakikita mo ayon na ‘yon. Ex: Si of human reason alone.
Karylle ay matangkad at maganda.
- Secondary Reflection is THE HOW IN PHILOSOPHY
subjective and personal meaning.. Ostensive Definition (ostendere) - to show
Ex: napaka busilak ng puso ni or to point out.
Karylle na parang isang hardin na Starting to point out of philosophy:
punong-puno ng mga bulaklak sa 1. Wonder of awe or curiosity
kagandahan. 2. Act of questioning

THE WHAT IN PHILOSOPHY Phenomenological

a. Epoche is the removal and
Etymological Definition of Philosophy bracketing of the biases.
- Philien means LOVE and Sophia b. Eidic Reaction comes from the
means WISDOM. The Greek word Greek word eidos which means
for love is EROS Philosophy shape or the essence.
means LOVE FOR WISDOM. c. Transcendental reduction is the
2 KINDS OF WISDOM very own experience of the
- Divine Wisdom is a gift from God. phenomenon.
DETERMINING TRUTH AND OPINION
To know is to have the truth. WHAT MAKES A HUMAN LIMITED AND
POSSIBLE
HOW TO THINK ABOUT THE TRUTH by According to Aristotle there are 3
MORTIMER ADLER kinds of soul.
1. SKEPTICISM - to know is to doubt. 3 LEVELS
2. RELATIVISM - truth is dependent 1. Vegetative Soul
on the person. Ex: the 6 or 9 2. Sentient Soul
meme. 3. Rational Soul
3. PRAGMATICISM - truth that works
Ex; Gravity VEGETATIVE - for plants, they grow,
4. REALISM - truth is what need sunlight, and also they reproduce.
corresponds from the mind with SENTIENT - for animals, they have
reality. sensation, they grow, and also they can
reproduce.
RATIONALISM RATIONAL - for humans, we are so-called
- Emphasises reason and intellect the superiors because we think, we
as a primary sources of knowledge reason out therefore we are rational
- It argues that some concepts or beings. We are capable of making
knowledge are inherent in the decisions. We are open to possibilities
human mind. because we have rationality. Human will is
- Philosophers associated with this free but should be used in a good way. We
are Rene Decartes, Baruch have power and intellect it is the capacity
Spinoza, and Gottfried Wilhelm to know and decide.
Leibniz.
- Independently on experience. CORPOREAL REALITY IS WHAT
EMPIRICISM MAKES HUMAN LIMITED AND IT'S OUR
- Empirical truth BODY.
- Argues that all knowledge is
derived from sensory Ratio means reason out
experiences.
- Tabula Rasa defines that humans WHAT MAKES BODY LIMITED
are born as blank state
1. Spatial Being - limited in space.
- Involves with this philosophical
We can't go to 2 places at once.
approach are John Locke, George
Berkeley, and David Hume. 2. Temporal Being - limited in time.
OPINION We are limited in existing.
- It may or not be true.
- Uses words like, i think, for HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED
example, etc. SPIRIT
TRUTH Plato (classical philosopher)
- SOCRATIC METHOD (socrates) DUALISTIC DEFINITION OF A MAN
there are 2 people, one is asking - Body is mortal it only wants
and the other one is answering pleasure and its evil
- METHODIC DOUBT (rene - Soul is imprisoned in the body. It
decartes) pagdudahan mo lahat will be free once a person dies. It is
even your own senses bcs it might
be fallible and not reliable.
 the hero, a good one, and ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS
immortal. - Branch of environmental
St Augustine (mediaeval period) science focuses on the
BODY IS THE TEMPLE OF THE HOLY philosophical understanding
SPIRIT therefore it rejects plato’s theory. of the beauty of the
How could the body be evil if it's the
environment.
temple of the holy spirit.

Manichaeism teaches an elaborate

GOD’S VIEW OF HIS CREATION
dualistic cosmology describing the 1. God appointed humans as
struggle between a good, spiritual world of stewards of his planet.
light, and an evil, material world of 2. Everything god made is good
darkness. 3. God loves the world he created
4. What God made belongs to
Celibacy no sec till marriage. It preserves him, not us.
purity and holiness. 5. God told the land and animals
to be fruitful and multiply not
Gabriel Marcel and Merleau Ponty just humans.
(contemporary period) 6. Everything was created to
Experience occurs due to our body and
glorify God
without it we have no experience at all.
7. God reveals himself through his
Without body, no reality, and no existence.
Subjectivity and body is one.
creation.
REDUCE WASTE
THE HUMAN PERSON AND ITS 1. Buy Less
ENVIRONMENT 2. Choose reusable options
The creationist recognizes that man was 3. Buy in bulk and reduce
originally created perfect and place in a packaging
perfect, friendly environment designed to 4. Recycle and repurpose
be his home. 5. When you buy, you buy quality
6. Buy and used instead of new
In this perspective, everything in 7. Reduce junk mail
creation is recognized as having its 8. Make your soil richer while
rightful place. reducing the amount of waste
that needs to be hauled away
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
from your home.
- The study of taking care of
9. Give away your money
environmental ethics in which
the human person is doing what
is good and avoiding what is
bad.
- STEWARDSHIP means we
must take care of nature.
 - Body is matter and the soul is
classical Medieval Modern Contem
form.
porary

reason religion Scienc Human THE MEDIAEVAL PHILOSOPHERS

e, ST. THOMAS AQUINAS (born 1226 AD) -
reason the angelic doctor. A philosopher and
Theologian during the Medieval Period.
cosmolo theologic scientifi Anthrop He was influenced by the philosophy of
gical al c/ration ological Aristotle.
al - Human person is the union of body
(matter) and soul (form)

THE CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHERS THE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

SOCRATES (470-399 BC) - he is known a. Logic (greek word is Logos) - the
as the greatest philosopher in the science of correct reasoning.
western civilization. b. Philosophy of Human Person
- Human person is a soul. (greek word is prosopon which
- The sustenance (food) as a human means person) the science of the
person, as a soul, is knowledge. study of a man in his relation to
- Knowledge is not for the sake of his own destiny, god and to his
knowledge, but knowledge for truth fellowmen, What is the meaning
about goodlife. of his life? Questions about death
- Living in truth is called wisdom. and freedom.
c. Cosmology (greekword is kosmos
PLATO (428-347 BC) - the brightest “world” and “logia” which means
student of socrates. He is one of the study of) - the science of
world's best known and widely read and inanimate objects.
studied philosopher. d. Metaphysics (greek word meta
- Dichotomy between the body and means beyond, upon or after and
the soul. Soul existed prior to the physika means physics) is the
body. The soul must exist before study of being.
he is incarcerated (put into prison) e. Ethics (greek word is ethikos
in the body. which means custom or character)
- He is known for his 2 kinds of - is the science of morality of
world: the world of forms and the human act.
world of senses. f. Aesthetics (greek word is
aisthetikos which means sensitive,
ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) - was a greek pertaining to sense perception) -
philosopher and scientist born in the city the science of art and beauty.
of stagira in the northern periphery of g. Psychology (greek word psyche
classical greece. He was the brightest which means breath, soul, or spirit,
student of Plato. and logos means study) - the
- hylemorphism the concept of science of human behavior.
matter and form. Hyle means h. Epistemology (greek word
matter or wood. Morphe is a Greek episteme means knowledge) -
word that means form. science of the theory of
- The 3 kinds of soul knowledge.
 i. Social Philosophy (greek word
koino nikos means group or
associate) is a science of
principles governing human
relation
j. Theodicy (theos means god and
dike means study) - study of God.

THE FIVE WAYS by St. Thomas Aquinas

discusses the proof of the existence of
god through the use of reason.
1. Argument from motion -
everything that is moving is moved
by another
2. Argument from efficient cause
(efficient means “the maker”)
nothing exists prior to itself.
3. Argument from possibility and
necessity - every being in this Goodluck po ! - Karylle 𐙚
world is composed of matter and
form.
4. Argument from gradation of
being - every being has a
gradation whether they are found
to be good, better or worse than
others.
5. Argument from design - every
being is directed towards its goal.

In Their Ultimate Cause

Goal means THE AIM OR THE
PURPOSE.

Aristotle discusses the 4 kinds or cause

cause explains the accounts for
something.
1. Material cause - refers to the
material composition of an object.
2. Formal cause - is a term
describing the pattern or form.
3. Efficient cause - this equivalent to
that which causes the change or
motion to start or stop.
4. Final cause - is defined as the
purpose, end, aim, or goal,
something.