PATTERNS OF

DEVELOPMENT
¢ A pattern of development in writing refers to the
particular strategy writers use to develop ideas.

¢ Whether you are aware of it or not, you already use

patterns of development to express yourself. When
you show someone how to make an omelette, change
a tire, or set up an instant messaging account, you
are using a pattern of development called "process
analysis“.

¢ when you describe what your roommate looks like

when she gets up in the morning you are using
"description"; when you offer several reasons why
you are late for an appointment, you are using cause
and effect; and when you tell the story of your first
date, you are using narration.
¢ Learning to use these patterns of
development in writing is not difficult:
you will need to familiarize yourself
with key transitional expressions that
send a signal to the reader that a
particular pattern is being used, and you
will need to make conscious decisions
about which strategies best develops
your ideas.
 Patterns of
Development in
Writing
 NARRATION
¢ from the root word narrate,
originated from the Latin word
narrare— which means related or
told.
¢ It gives a written account of an event
or story, or simply, storytelling.
¢ It usually contains the following: the
who, what and when.
THIS TYPE OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
REQUIRES THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS:

¢ Character
— protagonists
— antagonists
¢ Setting
¢ Plot

¢ Point-of-view
— First person POV
— Second person POV
— Third person POV
Third person
POV Narrator is
unspecified entity or
uninvolved in the
story.
¢A narrative paragraph contains action
verbs and transition words that indicate
time or sequence. The following are
some transition words used to signal time
or sequence order:
¢ First, second, etc.
¢ After, next, then, eventually, soon
¢ Meanwhile, a short time later
¢ During, at the same time, simultaneously
¢ Suddenly, instantly, momentarily
¢ The next day, following, thereafter
¢ In the end, ultimately
¢ Example:
Last night, I was walking on my way home when
it suddenly rained. I forgot to bring my umbrella,
so I ran to avoid getting completely soaked in the
rain. Not seeing where I was going, I fell into a
paddle of water. Then a guy helped me stand up.
When I looked up, I recognized him.
Momentarily, I forgot that I was soaking wet and
that I was very cold. He offered to walk me
home, and I just nodded. The next day, he and I
saw each other at school. At last, we talked like
old friends.
ASSIGNMENT!

Write a narrative text

about a time in your life
when you experienced an
emotion strongly. Try to
give much detail as
possible.
 DESCRIPTION
¢ Descriptive writing emphasizes a reader’s ability
to paint vivid pictures using words on a reader’s
mind. This relies on the writer’s ability to appeal
to his/her five senses: the sight, smell, touch,
taste, and hear.

¢ According to Dagdag (2010), there are two types

of description: objective and subjective.
¢ Example:

The tarsier has soft, grayish fur. It has

bat-like ears and a long, rat-like tail. It only
stands about 100 millimeters. It feeds on
insects like crickets, beetles, and termites;
and on small animals, too, like lizards,
frogs, and small birds. Also, it is capable of
turning its head 180 degrees and jumping
backward with accuracy.
ASSIGNMENT

¢Write a descriptive
paragraph about the
person who
influenced you the
most.
 DEFINITION
¢Aparagraph may seek to
define but it does not
necessarily have to follow the
dictionary definition of a
word. There are many ways
and strategies used by
writers to define a term.
 STRATEGIES
¢ 1. Denotation - the formal definition of a term, usually from the
dictionary or a source.
¢ 2. Connotation - on the other hand, does not follow the dictionary
definition of a word, but instead, relies on the author’s perspective and
experiences in shedding light on the term.
¢ 3. Comparison – this strategy associates the term at hand with
indirectly related words through analogy or figurative language.
¢ 4. Contrast – another technique in defining that makes the reader
understand the difference between two similar/related terms.
¢ 5. Etymology – shows the evolution of the word and how it was formed.
Dictionaries often include this for the user’s context of a word.
¢ 6. Intensive definition – “includes the term to be defined, the class to
which the term belongs, and the characteristic/s that make it different
from other members in the same class or species.” (Dagdag, 2010)
¢ 7. Extensive definition – by its root word, this extends the definition
formed in the intensive sentence into a paragraph using other
techniques in paragraph development such as description, comparison
and contrast, cause and effect and others.
¢ Example
The greenhouse effect is a natural
process. As the sun shines, Earth
absorbs some of its energy. Then the
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like
water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, and the ozone absorb and
emit that energy. This energy warms the
atmosphere as well as the Earth’s
surface. As a result, the process keeps
Earth warm.
 CLASSIFICATION
¢ Classification paragraphs group items
into categories, to establish a clear
distinction.
¢ Classification refers to sorting or
arranging subjects (e.g., persons, places,
things, ideas) into groups or categories
according to their common or shared
characteristic.
¢ The subjects can be grouped in many
different ways depending on your
purpose.
¢ The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) are
composed of the Philippine Army, the Philippine Air
Force, the Philippine Navy, and the Philippine Marine
Corps. The Philippine Army, the main and largest
branch, is responsible for ground warfare. It was
established on December 21, 1935, and it has 86,000
active personnel. The Philippine Air Force is the aerial
warfare service branch. It has 15,000 active personnel
and a total of 126 aircraft. It has been active since July
1, 1947. The Philippine Navy is the naval service
branch. It was founded on May 20, 1898 and has a total
of 101 ships and 24,000 active personnel. The
Philippine Marine Corps conducts amphibious and
expeditionary warfare as well as special operation
missions. It was established on November 2, 1950, and
it has 8,300 active personnel.
 EXEMPLIFICATION
¢shows, proves, or explains a general
idea or point by using examples.

¢the main idea is explained by giving

an extended example or a series of
detailed examples.
¢ Example:
Today, men and women of all ages undergo surgery to feel
good about themselves. Three of the most popular
surgical procedures are liposuction, facelifts, and hair
transplants. First, liposuction is a quick fix for those who
find good diet and exercise ineffective and time
consuming. Next, surgical facelifts promise men and
women a younger and fresher look. Lastly, hair
transplants are now possible, especially for balding men.
Thanks to medical advances, men can now avoid the
harsh reality of losing their hair by undergoing a long-
lasting hair transplant procedure.

¢ Source: Adapted from link (accessed on April 2, 2016)

 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
¢ According to Tiongson (2016),
this may also be used for plain
entertainment of the reader: to
let them discover the unlikely
similarities between two
completely different things or to
identify the striking differences
between two related or almost
similar subjects.
¢ COMPARISON
To compare persons, things, places, events,
situations or ideas is to show how they are alike.
The following are words that signal similarities:
¢ Also

¢ Like

¢ Both

¢ Similarly

¢ In similarly

¢ In the same way

¢ Equally important

¢ Likewise
¢ CONTRAST
To compare persons, things, places, events,
situations or ideas is to show how they are different
The following are words that signal contrast:
¢ But

¢ However

¢ Though

¢ On the other hand

¢ In contrast

¢ Nevertheless

¢ On the contrary

.
¢ Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo are
regarded as two of the greatest artists from the
Renaissance. Both were geniuses; they mastered
techniques that made them superior to their
contemporaries. Also, they were similarly
interested in anatomy, which helped them
produce highly realistic works. However, they
each had a distinct style. Da Vinci developed a
style that was feminine and full of light. On the
other hand, Michelangelo preferred his works to
be masculine and dark.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
A cause is simply “why something happens,” and
an effect is “what happens.”.

The writer can ex[lain how an event or action leads to

another.
The following words can be used to signal cause and effect.
¢ As a result

¢ Accordingly

¢ Because of (this)

¢ Due to (this)

¢ Hence/therefore/thus
There are three different ways
to use the cause-and-effect
pattern in writing:

¢Cause to effect
¢Effect to cause
¢Consecutive cause and effect
CAUSE TO EFFECT
¢ The cause, which can be an event or action, can be
stated right at the beginning of a paragraph, followed
by sentences stating the effects. This type of
organization is best for explaining a single cause with
different effects.
¢ Example:

¢ Salmonellosis is a type of food poisoning

caused by Salmonella enterica
bacterium. People who are infected with
such illness experience abdominal cramps,
fever, and diarrhea. Consequently, they
suffer from severe dehydration, vomiting,
headaches, and body aches. Furthermore,
salmonellosis can lead to complications,
such as Reiter’s syndrome (reactive
arthritis) and focal infection.
EFFECT TO CAUSE
¢ The effect can be stated at the beginning of the
text, followed by sentences and paragraphs that
expound on the causes. This type of organization is
best for presenting a single effect with different
causes.
Global warming, the increase of Earth’s average surface
temperature, is happening. One of its major causes is the
buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Those gases
trap heat in the atmosphere, which keeps the Earth warm.
However, burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas
produces more carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the
atmosphere. Thus, more heat is trapped in the atmosphere, and
the Earth gets warmer than usual.
Another major cause of the global warming is deforestation.
When forests are burned, large amounts of carbon are released
into the atmosphere. Likewise, when trees are cut down, much
carbon dioxide from living things, some of which is absorbed
by the trees, goes to the atmosphere.
Moreover, nitrogen-based fertilizers are contributing to global
warming. They are used in farming to stimulate microbes in
the soil. At a very fast rate, the microbes convert nitrogen to
nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that can trap more heat than
carbon dioxide can. Also, it destroys the ozone, Earth’s defense
from ultraviolet light.
CONSECUTIVE CAUSE AND EFFECT
¢ In this type of organization, the causes, each with its
corresponding effect, are tackled one by one in a few
sentences or a paragraph. The writer explains each
cause and effect completely before moving on to the
next cause and effect.
Example:
¢ American women gained status during World
War II. Many of them took over men’s jobs in
factories and farms as men enlisted into the
military. As a result, they learned new skills
and experienced work outside of the home.
Also, women were allowed to serve in the
military following the bombing of Pearl
Harbor, so they felt the pride of being in the
military service. Lastly, because of the absence
of men, women made decisions for themselves
and their families.
 PERSUASION
Intends to convince readers to do or believe
in something.

There are three common techniques that

you can use in developing a persuasive
paragraph:
¢ Using evidence
¢ Giving examples

¢ Attacking an opposing view

Using Evidence
¢ You can use strong evidence such as facts and statistics,
statements of expert authorities, and research findings to create
impact and establish credibility. Readers will more likely be
convinced to side with your position or agree with your opinion if it
is backed up by verifiable evidence.
Example:
¢ The Philippine government should take measures to decrease
class sizes in public schools, as it is one of the biggest problems in
the Philippine education system. Class sizes have gone up to 75 or
80 students per class, and newspapers reported that of the 764
public schools in the metropolis, 82 percent had to resort to
conducting classes in two shifts, one that starts as early as 6 a.m.
and another that ends as late as 6 p.m. The shortage of school
classrooms and the large class sizes have a massive effect on
children’s education. According to the National Education
Research and Testing Center, only 68 percent of sixth-grade
students were able to achieve a passing score in science and
mathematics, and secondary students fared even worse, with only
barely 50 percent of students passing the same subjects. If the
government does not act on improving the class sizes in public
schools, we cannot expect public school students to fare better in
their academics.
Giving Examples
¢ Another technique to persuade readers is by giving
examples. Providing examples can enhance your idea or
opinion and make it concrete. These examples can be based
on observations or from your own personal experience.
When using examples, they must be concrete, relevant, and
reasonable.
Example:
¢ I think our employees should be required to undergo a
workplace sensitivity training. Disrespecting coworkers
based on appearance, gender, or beliefs can lead to loss of
employees. For instance, one of our best employees quit last
week because of derogatory remarks regarding his faith. We
also had a major incident last month involving verbal
aggression between two employees, which ended with both
parties resigning. If our employees are not made aware of
their bad actions and uncivil behavior toward others, there
may be more cases like these.
Attacking an Opposing View
¢ In this persuasive technique, you assert your opinion by
attacking or criticizing someone or an opposing idea.
Belittling someone’s idea, dismissing the credibility of
someone or an idea, and making fun of someone’s idea
are some forms of attack that can be used to strengthen
your opinion. However, this technique can insult or
alienate the readers if excessively done.
Example:
¢ Saying that Queen Elizabeth I of England is the
greatest monarch who ever lived is simply preposterous.
People often depict her as wise and just. However, they
seem to forget that her reign reflected violations of
human rights and social injustices. Her natural
charisma may have won her the love of the public, but
her government was highly corrupt. Queen Elizabeth I
is certainly far from the idealized queen that many
people continue to love.
THANK YOU!