DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION ● ways of life, arts, beliefs, institutions of a population that are passed down

communication according to the perception of the linguistics: from generation to generation

Infante and Womach - 1990 Lasswell’s Model
● stimulation of meaning through exchange of shared symbols ● developed in 1948
Rogers - 1996, 2000 ● most influential communication models
● participants create information to reach mutual understanding ● used to analyze and understand mass communication
Berelson and Steiner - 1964 ○ 3 functions for the society
● transmission of information, ideas, skills, use of symbols-words, pictures, ■ surveillance of the environment
figures, graphs, etc. ■ correlation of the components of society
■ cultural transmission between generation
FIVE ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION ● Who
Message ○ control analysis
● set of verbal or nonverbal symbols sent to a receiver ○ communicator
Channel ● Says What
● message conveyed from source to a receiver ○ content analysis
Receiver ○ message
● destination of the message ● In Which Channel
Feedback ○ media analysis
● verbal or nonverbal reactions ○ medium
Transactional Process ● To Whom
● dimensions of relationship, content, and context ○ audience analysis
○ receiver
○ Communication is affected by interpersonal, small group, ● With What Effect
organizational, public, mass, and intercultural situations ○ effect analysis
○ message
COMMUNICATION MODELS & THEORIES
WITH
WHO SAYS IN TO WHAT
WHAT WHICH WHOM EFFECT
vocabulary terms:
Model
● general picture of particular circumstances in the communication process
Shannon & Weaver’s Model
Source
● Sender
● place, person, or thing which something can be obtained
○ origin of information
Culture
 ● Encoder ● Source
○ transmitter ○ origin of information
○ message converted into signals ■ Communication Skills
○ written to oral ● can make an impact to the audience
● Decoder ● knows when or when not to speak
○ reception place of signal ● emphasizing specific words or phrases
○ oral to written ● correct pronunciation
● Receiver ● an observer to listeners
○ destination of the message ■ Attitudes
● Noise ● positive attitudes towards life
○ distraction ■ Knowledge
NOISE ● clarity and depth of information
● knowledgeable to answer audience’s question
■ Social System
● social set up
● awareness regarding values, sentiments, cultural beliefs,
SENDER ENCODE CHANNE DECODE RECEIV religious feelings of the audience
■ Culture
● cultural background of the community
● Message
FEEDBACK
○ conversion of thoughts into words - encoding
■ Content
● backbone of communication
● careful in words
■ Elements
● hand movements, gestures, posture, facial expression,
body movement, vocal variety
■ Treatment
● message should be presented in most appropriate form
Berlo’s Model ■ Structure
● for communication to take place source and receiver needs to be on the same ● arrangement of their message to have a good impact
level ■ Code
 ● accurate body language and movements in conveying ■ Schramm’s first model is similar to that of Shannon’s wherein
speaker’s message information gets encoded and decoded
● Channel MESSAGE
○ medium of how information flows with the help of 5 senses
■ hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch
DECODER
● Receiver ENCODE
○ reaction and or response of audience - decoding R
INTERPRETER
INTERPRETER
encodes decodes
SOURC MESSA CHANN RECEIV ENCODE
DECODER R
MESSAGE
Communicati Content Hearing Communicati
on Skills on Skills ■ Schramm’s Second Model
Elements Seeing
Attitudes Attitudes encodes decodes
Treatment Touching SOURC MESSA CHANN RECEIV
Knowledge Knowledge
Structure Smelling
Social System Social System Communicati Content Hearing Communicati
Code Tasting on Skills on Skills
Culture Culture
Elements Seeing
Attitudes Attitudes
Treatment Touching
Knowledge Knowledge
Structure Smelling
Social System Social System
Culture Code Tasting
Culture

feedback

Schramm’s Model
■ Third Model
● founder of communication studies
● considers human communication as interaction between two individuals SENDE ENCODIN MESSA MEDIA DECODIN RECEIVE
 ○ study of language as a body of words that
exhibit regularity of structure and arrangement
into sentences
○ system of rules used by speakers of a language
for making sentences
● proper application of the rules of language
● master the rules on grammar to formulate coherent and
intelligent speech
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEAKING ● review the basic grammar lessons
○ subject-verb agreement
Stage Presence ○ tenses
● being present on stage ○ connecting sentences w. Paragraphs
● powerfully established their presence in the room ○ parts of speech or sentence :verb, noun,
● everyone feels their existence pronoun, adjective, preposition, adverb,
● a commanding stage presence is a requirement conjunction, interjection
○ Command ○ Pronounce the words correctly
■ make audience feel their time as if the speaker is announcing ■ Pronunciation
that they’re the one in control at the moment ○ production of speech sounds
○ Usage of sophisticated audio and video facilities ○ correctly producing the sounds of the words
○ Begins in the heart of the speaker ○ Avoid using fillers
○ The internal process of cultivating interest in the topic is expressed ● wastes time
through the speaker’s voice and body movements ● distracting and annoying
○ Right balance between being too intellectual and emotional ● the time utilized is more than twice as much when
■ can only be developed through experience fillers are eliminated
● as skills are being perfected, stage presence becomes more dominant Modulation
Articulation ● Vocal Variety
● distinct utter of words when spoken ○ varying use of volume, pitch, tone, and rate to produce contrast in vocal
● spoken with clarity, words correctly, produce speech clearly projection
● able to string your words using correct grammar ○ prevents monotonous speaking
○ Apply good grammar ● Voice Modulation
○ derivative of vocal variety, fine-tunes these elements to enable the speaker to
■ Grammar change pitch, volume, and tone in harmonic progression improving overall
voice quality
 ○ skill acquired and developed through proper training ○ must be at side when not busy
● Vocal Variety is the outline of the speech while Voice Modulation acts like ○ certain hand movements must be avoided unless they’re part of the
transitional words or phrases presentation
Voice Elements ● Feet and Torso Movement
● Pitch ○ to break predictability and monotony of performance
○ lowness and highness of voice used in melody ○ feet movements adds visual variety
○ proper blending will produce sound variety that gives life to ● observe proper stage blocking - determine the best time
presentation to move;how many steps needed
● Tone ● always begin and end at the center of the stage
○ emotional shade to pitch ● feet movements should be purposeful - moving
○ defines which emotion is portrayed aimlessly reduces power of message
● Volume ● focus on being grounded - move with a sense of
○ loudness and softness of voice security
○ depends on the size of the audience and venue ● maintain right pace - don’t be hurried or sluggish; be
● Rate calm but energetic
○ number of words spoken per minute ● do not stand one legged
○ 126 - 160 words ● do not cross your ankles
Body Language ● get close to audience but not too close as to make them
● Facial Expression uncomfortable
○ combined movements of eyes, brows, and mouth can powerfully ● avoid rocking movement
express emotions of the speaker ● stand erect
■ Eyes ● do not turn your back on the audience
● acknowledge the presence of people seated in front of How to manage nervousness
you and glance at left and right ● Practice speech ahead of schedule
● do not overdo eye contact ● Dress comfortably and appropriately
■ Brows ● Arrive an hour early at the venue
● adds emphasis to the language of eyes ● Exercise your jaw
● neutral, raised, converging ● Don’t drink caffeine
■ Mouth ● Don’t cram or rehearse your speech
● always keep a smile on your face ● Drink water before going to the speaking area
● gives an impression that the speaker is confident Rapport
● Hand Gestures ● a relationship one of mutual trust and harmony
○ choose only important words needing emphasis ● initiate trust relationship
 ○ Before Presentation ■ use flip charts, manila paper, or kraft paper, draw diagrams and
■ Analyze your audience graphs, or paste pictures ahead of them
■ Work on your credibility as a speaker ● don’t hold props longer than necessary
■ Be physically attractive ■ whiteboards or blackboards - key points you want to emphasize or
■ Don’t be late enumerate before explaining them
■ Engage in small conversations before the talk begins ○ Technical glitches
○ During Presentation ■ continue with your speech as if everything is running normally
■ Keep a smile throughout the speech unless your message calls for a ■ you should be able to present without using the slides
different facial expression ■ prepare for possible technical glitches
■ Extend courtesy by giving a warm greeting ○ Practice using Visual aids
■ Begin with something positive ■ position your props where they will not obstruct your movements yet
■ Infuse light-hearted humor still accessible
■ Don’t brag your accomplishment ■ make sure that your shadow is not visible
■ Be aware of how the audience is receiving your message Using the microphone
■ Be ready to answer questions ● Wired-handheld and Wireless
○ After Presentation ○ do not hold wires
■ Don’t discourage listeners from asking questions ○ avoid cupping the mic mouthpiece
■ Graciously accept hands that will congratulate you; Be humble ○ keep the mic ball below your mouth
■ If given a chance mingle with the audience ○ hold the mic firmly with only one hand
Public Speaking Implements ● Lapel
● Incorporating Visual aids ○ great deal of movement on stage
○ used during speech presentation to help make your audience understand your ○ check its distance from your mouth before using it
message better ● Freestanding
○ increases retention of ideas and draws attention ○ stand behind it at a distance and height enough for your mouth to be closer to
○ intended to complement a speaker’s presentation the mic ball
■ using powerpoint slides - don’t fix your eyes on the screen ● Lectern
● letters should be large enough for the audience to read ○ adjust the mic according to their height to make sure that their voice will be
● fonts should be easily seen adequately amplified
● contrast Speaking Behind the Lectern
● don’t write whole paragraphs ● Lectern
● main points and specific points can be written as bullets ○ desk-on stand placed on stage slanted to securely hold speaker’s materials
● simple picture with a short title in bullets ○ limit your use of the lectern
○ do not use it as a shield to cover you from audience
 ○ do not grip onto the sides nor reset your elbows or grab any edges
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES
Intimate Style
● Introduced by Martin Joos
○ extraction; grammar intonation
○ uses jargons
○ has its own conventional formula
○ positively abolished the role of public information
○ absence of guardedness between speaker and listener
● most informal
○ extreme structural simplicity
○ characterized by jargons
○ public information is abolished
○ no guardedness because speaker and listener know each other inside
and out
Casual Style
● informal and conversational
Consultative Style
● responds with information or advice but not to make decisions
○ Consultative Selling - two way process done by one or two more
people
Formal Style
● formal and majestic language
● parallel pattern and repetition for coherence and emphasis