CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
DYNAMICS
Chapter Outlines
1.0 Introduction to dynamics (3 hours)

1.1 History and Modern Applications.

1.2 Basic Concepts in Kinematics and Kinetics, and Free Body Diagram.
1.3 Newton’s Laws, Units and Dimensions.
1.4 Method of Problem Solving.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this chapter, students will be able to:
1. Understand and apply the basic concepts in kinematics and
kinetics, and free body diagram.
2. State and apply the Newton’s Laws, Units and Dimensions.
3. Apply the method of problem solving
1.0 Introduction to Dynamics
Mechanics

Deformable-body Fluid
Particle/Rigid-body (any body that changes its shape and/or (Liquid/gas)
volume while being acted upon by any
kind of external force)

Dynamics
Static
Accelerated motion
Equilibrium body
body

Kinematics
(Geometric aspect of
motion)

Kinetics
(Analysis of force
causing the motion)
Mechanics
Mechanics is a branch of physical sciences that is concerned with
the state of rest or motion of bodies subjected to the action of forces
1.0 Introduction to Dynamics

DYNAMICS
The branch of mechanics that deals with the
motion of bodies under the action of forces.
1.1 History and Modern Applications.
• 6500 BC: Human using a log to moves heavy things.
• 3500 BC: A wooden wheel created for a cart by sumerians.
• 673 AC: First shipyard built in Egypt.
• 1690 AC: First bicycle invented in France by Livrac.
• 1800 AC: A steam locomotive was invented.
• 1839 AC : A rubber tire invented in US by Charles Goodyear.
• 1884 AC : Karl Benz created a petrol powered car.
• 1904 AC : First airplane flied by Wright brothers.
• 1925 AC: Diesel powered locomotive put on the track.
1.1 History and Modern Applications.
• Ibnu Haitham invented a magnifying lens which helps in camera invention.
• Al-Khazini study about gravity which is then enhanced by Isaac Newton (1642-
1727)
• Al-Battani created a “gnomon” to estimate the time.
• Nasiruddin Al-Tusi an astronomer involved in building an observatorium in
azerbaijan.
• Ibnu Yunus using a pendulum to measure time and followed by Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642) 600 years later.
• Others are Al-Khawarizmi, Umar khayyam, Al-Jabbar, etc.
 Ibnu Yunus Al- Khazini
Al- Battani

Al- Khawarizmi
Nasiruddin At-Tusi
Ibnu Haitham
1.1 History and Modern Applications.
Modern Applications
• Basic to the analysis and design of moving mechanisms or fixed
structures subjected to shock loads.
• To design robotic devices and manipulators.
• To study movement of rockets, missiles, spacecraft and other transport.
• To design machinery elements such as turbines, pumps, engines, gears,
machine tools, hoists, lifts etc.
• Help in failure and accident analysis.
• Used in sport engineering study to increase the athletes performance
• To enhanced comfort and quality of life.
1.2 Basic Concepts in Kinematics and Kinetics, and Free Body
Diagram

KINEMATICS
This is the study of the geometry aspect of motion. It
describes the motion of bodies without reference to the
forces which either cause the motion or are generated as a
result of the motion. It is used to relate position, velocity,
acceleration, and time without reference to the cause of the
motion.
1.2 Basic Concepts in Kinematics and Kinetics, and Free Body
Diagram

KINETICS
This is the study of the relation existing between the forces
acting on a body, the mass distribution of the body, and the
motion of the body. It is used to predict the motion caused
by given forces or to determine the forces required to
produce a given motion.
1.2 Basic Concepts in Kinematics and Kinetics, and Free Body
Diagram

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

FBD is a diagram showing all the external forces acting on an
object, the force's direction and its magnitude. Drawing a free
body diagram can help determine the unknown forces on,
moments applied to, and equations of motion of, the body and
thus help to analyze a problem in statics or dynamics.
Particle
A particle has a mass but negligible size and shape. The motion of
particle is characterized by the motion of its mass center and any
rotation is neglected

Rigid Body
In a rigid body, the distance between any two points is always
same, no matter what tape of force system acts on the body. The
motion of the rigid body is consisting of translation and rotation
1.3 Newton’s Laws, Units and Dimensions.

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Second Law:
First Law: If the resultant force on
A particle originally at the particle is not zero, Third Law:
rest, or moving in a the particle experiences
Mutual forces of action
straight line at constant an acceleration in the
and reaction between
velocity, will remain in same direction as the
two particles are equal,
this state if the resultant resultant force. This
opposite, and collinear.
force acting on the acceleration has a
particle is zero. magnitude proportional
to the resultant force.
1.3 Newton’s Laws, Units and Dimensions.

Units and Dimensions

• All physical quantities have units
• SI unit
• New SI system is divided into 3 classes
of units
❑Base Units
❑Supplementary Units
❑Derived units
• Prefixes are used to represent larger or
smaller values.
1.4 Method of Problem solving
Problem Analysis
• Before the solution to any problem is undertaken, a number of
important ideas must be considered.
• Ability to solve technical problems (involves a combination of art and
science)
• The art of problem solving is a skill developed with practice.
1.4 Method of Problem solving
Statement of Problem
Problem Includes given data, specification of what is to be determined, and a
figure showing all quantities involved.

Free-Body Diagrams
Statement of Problem
Create separate diagrams for each of the bodies involved with a clear
indication of all forces acting on each body
Free body Diagram (FBD) Equation Formulation and Solution

Write the relevant equations that expressing the conditions of rest or

motion at the bodies considered based on the fundamental principles of
Equation Formulation mechanics. Solve the problem by following strictly the usual rules of
algebra.

Error Checking
Solution
- Test for errors in reasoning by verifying that the units of the
computed results are correct,
Error Checking - always apply experience and physical intuition to assess whether
results seem “reasonable.
1.4 Method of Problem solving
Procedure/Method For The Solution Of Engineering Problems
• ANALYSIS–Carry through the analysis to the point where it is appropriate to
substitute numerical values.
• NUMBERS–Substitute numerical values (using a consistent set of units) to obtain
a numerical answer. The significant figures in the answer should be consistent
with the given data.
• CHECK–Check the answer and the assumptions made in the solution to make sure
they are reasonable. Check the units, if appropriate.
• LABEL–Label the answer (e.g., underline it or enclose it in a box).
Example:

Convert to 2 km/h to m/s.

Solution

2 km  1000 m  1 h 
2 km/h =    = 0.556 m/s
h  km  3600 s 
Examples:

1. (50kN) x (60nm)
2. (50mN) x (6GN)
3. (400mm) x (0.6MN)2
4. 144(109)m.N2 → convert to MN2
5. 45MN3/900(106)kg
Locomotive train