1.

Object Detection in Computer Vision

Task: Identify and localize objects in images or videos.

Steps:

1. Input: An image or video is input into the system.

2. CNN for Feature Extraction: A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used to extract
high-level features from the image, such as edges, textures, and object outlines.

3. Region Proposal: Techniques like R-CNN propose regions of interest (bounding boxes)
that likely contain objects.

4. Classification and Localization: A fully connected layer classifies the objects (e.g., car,
pedestrian) and refines the bounding box coordinates.

5. RNN for Sequential Tracking (in videos): If applied to video, an RNN or LSTM helps
track the detected objects across multiple frames over time.

Example:

• Detecting pedestrians in a street scene, where CNN detects the objects, and RNN
ensures tracking consistency across video frames.

• Step 1: Input image.

• Step 2: CNN extracts object features.

• Step 3: Region proposals (bounding boxes).

• Step 4: Object classification and localization.

2. Automatic Image Captioning

Task: Generate a descriptive sentence for an image.

Steps:

1. Input: An image is fed into the system.

2. CNN for Image Features: A CNN (e.g., VGG or ResNet) processes the image to extract
spatial features such as objects and their relationships (e.g., "a dog," "sitting on a sofa").

3. RNN for Text Generation: The image features are passed to an RNN (usually an LSTM or
GRU), which generates words in sequence to form a caption.

4. Attention Mechanism: An attention mechanism ensures the model focuses on relevant

parts of the image at each step of the caption generation.

Example:

• For an image of a dog on a sofa, the system generates the caption: "A dog is sitting on a
sofa."

• Step 1: Input image.

 • Step 2: CNN extracts features like "dog" and "sofa."

• Step 3: LSTM generates caption step-by-step.

• Step 4: Attention mechanism highlights relevant image regions during each word
generation.

3. Named Entity Recognition (NER) in NLP

Task: Identify named entities (e.g., people, places, organizations) in text.

Steps:

1. Input: A sentence or text is tokenized into individual words.

2. Embedding Layer: Each word is mapped to a vector through word embeddings (e.g.,
Word2Vec or GloVe).

3. RNN (LSTM/GRU): The word vectors are passed into an RNN or LSTM, which processes
each word sequentially, capturing the context of words before and after.

4. Entity Classification: The RNN/LSTM outputs are classified into entity categories (e.g.,
PERSON, LOCATION).

Example:

• In the sentence, "Elon Musk is the CEO of SpaceX," the system identifies:

o "Elon Musk" → PERSON

o "SpaceX" → ORGANIZATION

• Step 1: Input sentence.

• Step 2: Word embedding of sentence.

• Step 3: LSTM processes context.

• Step 4: Output with labeled entities.

4. Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining

Task: Analyze text to determine the sentiment (positive, negative, neutral).

Steps:

1. Input: The input is a piece of text or review.

2. Embedding Layer: Each word is converted to a word vector using embeddings.

3. RNN (LSTM/GRU): The text is passed through an LSTM, which captures both short-term
and long-term dependencies in the text.

4. Sentiment Classification: The final hidden state of the LSTM is used to classify the
sentiment (positive, negative, or neutral).
Example:

• Input: "The movie was great, but the ending was disappointing."

o The system might classify the overall sentiment as neutral but note a positive
sentiment for "great" and negative sentiment for "disappointing."

• Step 1: Input review text.

• Step 2: LSTM captures sentiment over time.

• Step 3: Final sentiment output (e.g., positive, neutral, or negative).

5. Dialogue Generation with LSTM

Task: Generate responses in a dialogue based on previous context.

Steps:

1. Input: The user query is tokenized and passed to an encoder LSTM.

2. Encoder LSTM: The LSTM processes the query and converts it into a fixed-length context
vector.

3. Decoder LSTM: This context vector is passed to a decoder LSTM, which generates a
response word by word.

4. Response Generation: The decoder generates a coherent response, maintaining the

flow of conversation across multiple turns.

Example:

• Input: "Can I return the product?"

• Output: "Yes, you can return the product within 30 days."

• Step 1: Input query.

• Step 2: Encoder LSTM processes input.

• Step 3: Decoder LSTM generates response.

• Step 4: Output response.

6. Speech Recognition using RNNs

Task: Convert speech to text by processing sequential audio data.

Steps:

1. Input: An audio signal (e.g., spoken command) is fed into the system.

2. Pre-processing: The audio is converted into a spectrogram or feature representation.

3. RNN (LSTM/GRU): The RNN processes the sequential audio data, learning the temporal
patterns in the speech signal.
 4. Decoding: The RNN generates text output by mapping audio features to phonemes,
words, or characters.

Example:

• Input: Spoken command "Turn off the lights."

• Output: Text "Turn off the lights."

• Step 1: Input audio signal.

• Step 2: Audio features are extracted.

• Step 3: RNN processes sequential data.

• Step 4: Text output generated.

7. Face Recognition in Computer Vision

Task: Recognize faces in images or videos by processing spatial and temporal features.

Steps:

1. Input: An image or video sequence is input.

2. CNN for Feature Extraction: A CNN extracts facial features like eyes, nose, and mouth.

3. RNN for Temporal Data (in videos): If working with video, RNNs track face movements
across multiple frames.

4. Face Matching: The extracted features are compared to a database of known faces for
identification.

Example:

• Input: Video of a person walking through a security checkpoint.

• Output: The system identifies the person as "John Doe" based on facial recognition.

• Step 1: Input face image.

• Step 2: CNN extracts facial features.

• Step 3: RNN processes sequential frames in videos.

• Step 4: Face recognition output.

Recap of Techniques Used:

1. CNN for spatial feature extraction in images (object detection, face recognition, image
captioning).

2. RNN/LSTM for sequential data processing (speech recognition, video analysis,

dialogue generation).

3. Attention mechanisms for focusing on specific parts of inputs (image captioning, NER).
 4. Encoder-Decoder Architecture for tasks like dialogue generation and image
captioning.

I hope these detailed steps clarify the working of each task. Let me know if you'd like a
PowerPoint presentation created with this expanded information and diagrams!