AnGeom_Q4_Module 2_Polynomial Function
AnGeom_Q4_Module 2_Polynomial Function
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Quarter 4: Module 2
Polynomial Functions
1
What I Need to Know
This module is consisting of one (1) lesson which is entitled Polynomial Functions.
What I Know
Read and understand each question. Write the correct answer in the space provided.
B. x + 2 x − x − 2 = 0 D. x + 2 x + x + 2 = 0
3 2 3 2
n−2
__________4. What is the degree of the polynomial function defined by f ( x) = 3x + 2 x3n−5 − 4 x 2 n+1
if n = 3 ?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 7 D. 10
__________5. Which of the range of the given function, f ( x ) = ( x + 5 ) − 1 ?
3
C. i ( x ) = 2 ( x − 1)
1 4
A. g ( x ) = 3 x 4 + 1 B. h ( x ) = 2 x 2 D. j ( x ) =
4
x −1
2
2
__________7. Which of these graphs is the result of translating f ( x ) = 1 − 2 x 6 , two (2) units
downward?
A. g ( x ) = 1 − 2 ( x − 2 ) C. m ( x ) = 3 − 2 x 6
6
B. h ( x ) = 1 − 2 ( x + 2 ) D. n ( x ) = −2 x 6 − 1
6
A. f ( x ) = x ( x − 4 ) C. h ( x ) = − ( x − 4 )
2 42
B. g ( x ) = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) D. m ( x ) = ( x + 4 )
3
What’s In
Answer the crossword puzzle. Supply the correct terms describe in each given.
What’s New
Ms. Rina decides to use a 30cm by 24cm cardboard to make a box where she
can store her journal accessories. By cutting out squares of the same size from each
corner and bending the sides up, she wants to form a box that can occupy a space
of 1400cm . How large a square should be cut from each corner?
3
Solution:
What is It
From the given word problem, let x represent the side of the square to be cut in cm . The
volume y = f ( x ) of the box is the product of the height, length, and width.
y = f ( x ) = x ( 30 − 2 x )( 24 − 2 x )
f ( x ) = 720 x − 108 x 2 + 4 x 3
3
The height, x , that will give a volume of 1400 cm is the solution of the equation
1400 = 720 x − 108 x 2 + 4 x3
Solving for x , using the synthetic division, we have x = 5 cm . To check, substitute 5 on the
variable x in 1400 = 720 x − 108 x + 4 x , which is equal to 1400 and making the statement true.
2 3
4
The volume y is a function of the height x in y = f ( x ) = 720 x − 108 x 2 + 4 x 3 . This is an
example of a polynomial function.
In the previous years of your study of Algebra, you sketched accurate graphs of polynomial
functions of degrees 0 , 1 , and 2 . The table below summarizes these graphs.
5
A second-degree function in one variable, ( x ) , or also known
as quadratic function can be described as a parabola
opening upward or downward.
Example 1: Using the GeoGebra application graph the following pairs of functions.
a. f ( x ) = x3 and g ( x ) = x 5
b. h ( x ) = x 4 and i ( x ) = x 6
Solution: The following are the graphs of the given pairs of functions.
a. f ( x ) = x3 and g ( x ) = x 5 b. h ( x ) = x 4 and i ( x ) = x 6
Using the given graphs, the first pair, f ( x ) = x3 and g ( x ) = x 5 , are both
symmetric with respect to the origin. It can be also proved that the given functions
are symmetric with respect to the origin when solved algebraically by letting x = − x
and f ( x ) = y = − y . Meanwhile, h ( x ) = x 4 and i ( x ) = x 6 are both symmetric with
respect to the y − axis. Also, this can be solved algebraically by letting x = − x and
simplifying the given functions and resulting in the original given.
6
Example 2: Sketch the graph of the following functions using the GeoGebra application.
a. f ( x ) = − x3
b. g ( x ) = −2 x 3
1 3
c. c. h ( x ) = − x
2
1
Notice that the coefficients are −1 , −2 , and − , all negative. Thus, compared
2
1
to the positive coefficients 1 , 2 , and , their graphs are inverted over the x − axis.
2
1 3
Moreover, the graph of h ( x ) = − x , is wider than the graph of f ( x ) = − x3 . While the
2
graph of g ( x ) = −2 x 3 is narrower than the graph of f ( x ) = − x3 .
Example 3: Sketch the graph using the GeoGebra. Identify the domain and range.
f ( x ) = 1 − x3 and g ( x ) = − x 3 b. h ( x ) = x 4 and i ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) − 3
4
a.
Solution: The following are the graphs of given pairs of functions.
After this, translate y = x one (1) unit upward, for f ( x ) = 1 − x3 . From the given
3
graph, the domain and the range can be determined as the set of real numbers.
b. The graph of y = ( x + 2 ) (
or y = x − ( −2 ) )
4 4
can be obtained by translating
7
The values of h and k denotes translation on the graph of f ( x ) = ax n . The graph of
f ( x ) = ax n + k is translated k units up if k 0 and k units down if h 0 . Hence, k denotes the
vertical translation or shifting. Meanwhile, the graph of f ( x ) = a ( x − h ) is translated h units to
n
the right if h 0 and h units to the left if h 0 . Hence, this is called the horizontal translation
Another property of the polynomial functions is the intercepts. On the previous module,
intercepts are defined as the points where a given curve crosses the coordinate axes.
b. g ( x ) = −2 x ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1)
2 3
8
The multiplicity of a root or zero is found in the exponent of the factor containing it.
This indicates how many times the expression is taken as a factor. The following are
the graphs of the functions using the GeoGebra, respectively.
f ( x ) = x 2 ( x − 1) b. g ( x ) = −2 x ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1)
3 4 5
a.
Notice that the graph crosses the x − axis at ( a, 0 ) , when a is a zero of the odd multiplicity
and vice versa.
The graph only touches the x − axis at ( a, 0 ) , if a is a zero of even multiplicity, and vice
versa.
Aside from these, the relative maximum and minimum points are also considered turning
points.
Looking at the provided examples, the polynomials can be grouped with the same end
behaviors. The table below summarizes the polynomial functions in each group that have the same
sign in their leading coefficients and have the same degree form, that is, it can have either all odd
or all even.
Equation End Behavior
Sign of Leading Example
Degree Left Arrow Right Arrow
Coefficient
9
Odd Negative Up Down
Even Positive Up Up
With all these pieces of information provided by the examples presented, graphing a
polynomial function will be more comprehensive and a comprehensive graph of the polynomial
function has x − intercepts (if any), y − intercept, the multiplicity of zeros, and end behavior.
Example 6: Graph f ( x ) = x 4 − 12 x 2 + 16 x .
Solution: To find the zeros, solve the equation x − 12 x + 16 x = 0 . Find out the factors of the
4 2
(
given function. Factor out x , the common factor, x x 3 − 12 x + 16 = 0 . Using the )
rational root theorem, list the possible rational roots of ( x 3
− 12 x + 16 ) = 0 .
The possible divisors of 16, the constant term, are a = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and the
possible divisors of 1, the coefficient of x , are d = 1 .
3
(
Hence, the possible rational roots of the equation x 3 − 12 x + 16 = 0 are )
a
= 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
d
Check these values for a zero of P ( x ) = x 3 − 12 x + 16 .
P ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) − 12 ( −2 ) + 16 = 32
3
P ( −4 ) = ( −4 ) − 12 ( −4 ) + 16 = 0
3
Thus, we have
10
x 4 − 12 x 2 + 16 x = 0
x ( x3 − 12 x + 16 ) = 0
x ( x + 4) ( x2 − 4x + 4) = 0
x ( x + 4 )( x − 2 ) = 0
2
Location on the
Regions Critical Points Value of the P ( x )
x − axis
A −5 245 above the x − axis
11
What’s More
Sketch and discuss the following properties of each polynomial function.
1. P ( x ) = x + 2 x + 5 x + 1
3 2
a. x − intercept/s:
b. y − intercept/s:
c. domain:
d. range:
e. symmetry:
Value of Location
Critical
Regions on the
Points the P ( x )
x − axis
2. P ( x ) = ( x + 4 ) ( 3 − x )
4 3
a. x − intercept/s:
b. y − intercept/s:
c. domain:
d. range:
e. symmetry:
Value of Location
Critical
Regions on the
Points the P ( x )
x − axis
12
What I Have Learned
You are assigned to have a video presentation on the definition, properties, and graph of a
polynomial function. On the scroll below, write the brief script of your report that discusses the
definition, properties, and graph of a polynomial function.
What I Can Do
Birthday Polynomial Project
1. Write your birthday in the form of MM-DD-YYYY.
2. Use these digits to create your one (1) polynomial
function.
Example: December 20, 1993 12201993
The polynomial function can be
12 x 4 + 20 x3 + 19 x2 + 9 x + 3 = 0 or
12 x5 + 20 x3 + 19 x2 + x + 93 = 0 or any
polynomial that uses the same digits.
3. Graph manually your birthday polynomial and discuss its properties.
a. intercepts b. scope c. end behaviors
13
Rubric for grading:
Fairly Needs
Excellent Satisfactory
Criteria Satisfactory Improvement
5pts 4pts
3pts 2pts
All of the digits are The digits of the The digits of the The digits of the
Transforming
correct. student’s birthday student’s birthday student’s birthday
the birthday to contain one (1) contain two (2) contain three (3)
digits error. errors. errors.
The student The student The student The student
created a correct created a created a created a
Creation of polynomial polynomial polynomial polynomial
Polynomial function from the function from the function from the function from the
Function provided digits. provided digits provided digits provided digits
with one (1) error. with two (2) errors. with three (3)
errors.
The student The student The student The student
Graph of the correctly graphed graphed the graphed the graphed the
Birthday the function function with (one) function with two function with three
Polynomial manually cleanly 1 minor error (2) minor errors (3) minor errors
Function and neatly. manually cleanly manually cleanly manually cleanly
and neatly. and neatly. and neatly.
Discussion of The student The student The student The student
discussed the discussed the discussed the discussed the
the Properties
intercepts, scope, properties of the properties of the properties of the
of the Birthday
and end behaviors polynomial polynomial polynomial
Polynomial of the polynomial function with one function with two function with three
Function function correctly. (1) error. (2) errors. (3) errors.
Assessment
Read and understand each question. Write the best answer in the space provided.
__________1. Which of the following is true about an n degree polynomial?
A. It has n number of y − intercept.
B. It has at least n − 1 turning points.
C. It has exactly one x − intercept.
D. It may or may not have an x − intercept.
__________2. Which of the following is a polynomial function?
1
A. f ( x ) = x + 1 B. g ( x ) = x −1 C. m ( x ) = D. n ( x ) = x 2 − 1
x +1
__________3. Which of the following is the factored of P ( x ) = x 3 − 2 x 2 + x ?
A. P ( x ) = x ( x + 1)( x − 1)
B. P ( x ) = x ( x − 1)
2
C. P ( x ) = x ( x + 1)
2
D. P ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2
14
__________5. If x − 3 is a factor of a polynomial f ( x ) , which of the following is NOT necessarily
true?
A. f ( 3) = 0 C. f ( −3) = 0
B. 3 is a root of f ( x ) D. The graph contains ( 3, 0 ) .
Additional Activities
Sketch the graph of each polynomial function. Show your complete solutions.
f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x + 2)( x + 4) 2. f ( x) = x + 6 x + 9 x + 6
3 2
1.
Solutions:
SUMMATIVE TEST
Read and understand each question. Write the best answer in the space provided.
C. P ( x ) = x ( x + 1)
2
D. P ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2
B. x + 2 x − x − 2 = 0 D. x + 2 x + x + 2 = 0
3 2 3 2
n−2
__________9. What is the degree of the polynomial function defined by f ( x) = 3x + 2 x3n−5 − 4 x 2 n+1
if n = 3 ?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 7 D. 10
__________10. Which of the range of the given function, f ( x ) = ( x + 5 ) − 1 ?
3
C. i ( x ) = 2 ( x − 1)
1 4
A. g ( x ) = 3 x 4 + 1 B. h ( x ) = 2 x 2 D. j ( x ) =
4
x −1
2
__________12. Which of these graphs is the result of translating f ( x ) = 1 − 2 x 6 , two (2) units
downward?
A. g ( x ) = 1 − 2 ( x − 2 ) C. m ( x ) = 3 − 2 x 6
6
B. h ( x ) = 1 − 2 ( x + 2 ) D. n ( x ) = −2 x 6 − 1
6
16
__________13. In which of these intervals is the graph of P ( x ) = ( 2 − x )( x − 3)( x + 2 ) above the x −
axis?
A. ( −,1) B. (1, 2 ) C. ( 2, 3 ) D. ( 3, )
__________14. Which of the following is the y − intercept of f ( x ) = ( 2 − x )( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) ?
A. −4 B. −2 C. 4 D. 16
__________15. Which of these polynomials has a graph that crosses the x − axis at ( 4, 0 ) ?
A. f ( x ) = x ( x − 4 ) C. h ( x ) = − ( x − 4 )
2 42
B. g ( x ) = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) D. m ( x ) = ( x + 4 )
3
References:
Basic Knowledge about Polynomial Function. Retrieved from
https://www.mathplanet.com/education/algebra-2/polynomial-functions/basic-knowledge-of-
polynomial-functions. May 28, 2021.
Birthday Polynomial Function. Retrieved from
https://www.chino.k12.ca.us/cms/lib8/CA01902308/Centricity/Domain/2515/Polynomial%20
PROJECT%20birthdaygraph.pdf. May 30, 2021.
Nivera, Gladys C. and Lapinid, Minie Rose C. (2013) Mathematics Patterns and Practicalities.
Makati City: Salesiana Books by Don Bosco Press, Inc. ppg 158 – 162.
Polynomial Function. Glencoe Algebra 2 – Virginia Edition. Retrieved from
https://www.augusta.k12.va.us/cms/lib01/va01000173/centricity/domain/766/chap07.pdf.
May 31, 2021.
Polynomial Function. Retrieved from https://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-
polynomial-2009-1.pdf. May 27, 2021.
Polynomial Functions – Properties, Graphs, and Examples. Retrieved from
https://www.storyofmathematics.com/polynomial-functions. May 26, 2021.
Quirino, Dean Demetrio A. and Mijares, Jose M. (1964) Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry. Quezon
City, Philippines: Royal Publishing House, Inc.
Riddle, Douglas R. (2013). Analytic Geometry 6th Edition. Ortigas Avenue, Pasig City: Cengage
Learning Asia Pte Ltd (Philippine Branch).
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Development Team of the Module
Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Dominador J. Villafria
Education Program Supervisor-Mathematics
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