Antiderivatives

22. Antiderivatives

If F′(x) = f(x), then F is called an antiderivative of f.

EXAMPLE 22.1:

x 3 is an antiderivative of 3x 2, since D x(x 3) = 3x 2. But x 3 + 5 is also an antiderivative of 3x 2,

since D x(5) = 0.

(I) In general, if F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), then F(x) + C is also an antiderivative of f(x),
where C is any constant.
(II) On the other hand, if F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), and if G(x) is any other antiderivative
of f(x), then G(x) = F(x) + C, for some constant C.

Property (II) follows from Problem 13 of Chapter 18, since F′(x) = f(x) = G′(x).

From Properties (I) and (II) we see that, if F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), then the
antiderivatives of f(x) are precisely those functions of the form F(x) + C, for an arbitrary constant
C.

Notation: will denote any antiderivative of f(x). In this notation, f(x) is called the
integrand.

Terminology: An antiderivative is also called an indefinite integral.

An explanation of the peculiar notation (including the presence of the differential dx)
will be given later.

EXAMPLE 22.2:

(a) ; (b) .

22.1. Laws for Antiderivatives

Law
1. .
Law
2. .

Law
3. .

Law
4. 1.
for any rational number r

1.
(4) follows from the fact that for r

Law
5. .

Note that .
Law
6. .

Note that

.
Law
7. .

Note that

EXAMPLE 22.3:

(a) by Law (4).

(b) by Law (4).

(c) by Laws (5), (4).

(d) by Laws (6), (4), and (2).

(e)

.
EXAMPLE 22.4:

Laws (3)–(7) enable us to compute the antiderivative of any polynomial. For instance,

Law (8). (Quick Formula I)

For verification,

by the power Chain Rule.

EXAMPLE 22.5:

To see this, let and r = 5 in Quick Formula I.

EXAMPLE 22.6:

In this case, we had to insert a factor of 2 in the integrand in order to use Quick Formula I.

Law (9). Substitution Method

where u is replaced by g(x) after the right-hand side is evaluated. The “substitution” is carried
out on the left-hand side by letting u = g(x) and du = g′(x) dx. (For justification, see Problem 21.)
EXAMPLE 22.7:

(a) Find .Let u = x 2. Then du = 2x dx. So, . By

substitution,

(b) Find .Let u = x/2. Then . So, dx = 2 du. By

substitution,

Observe that Quick Formula I is just a special case of the Substitution Method, with u = g(x).
The advantage of Quick Formula I is that we save the bother of carrying out the substitution.

The known formulas for derivatives of trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions yield
the following formulas for antiderivatives:
22.2. SOLVED PROBLEMS

In Problems 1–8, evaulate the antiderivative.

1. [Law (4)]

2. [Law (4)]

3. [Law (4)]

4. [Law (4)]
5.
[Law (3)–(7)]
6.

7.
Note that it would
have been easier to use Quick Formula I:

8.

Use Quick Formula I in Problems 9–15.

9.
10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

In Problems 16–18, use the Substitution Method.

16. .Let . Then . So, .
Thus,

17. .Let u = 4x 2 5. Then du = 8x dx, .

Thus,

18. .Let u = x + 1. Then du = dx and x = u

1. Thus,

19. A stone is thrown straight up from the ground with an initial velocity of 64 ft/sec. (a) When
does it reach its maximum height? (b) What is its maximum height? (c) When does it hit the
ground? (d) What is its velocity when it hits the ground? In free-fall problems, and

because and . Since a = 32 ft/sec 2

,

Letting t = 0, we see that C 1 = v 0, the initial velocity at t = 0. Thus, v = 32 t + v 0. Hence,

Letting t = 0, we see that C 2 = s 0, the initial position at t = 0. Hence

In this problem, s 0 = 0 and v 0 = 64. So,

(a) At the maximum height, . So, 32 t + 64 = 0 and, therefore, t = 2 seconds.

2
(b) When t = 2, s = 16(2) + 64(2) = 64 ft, the maximum height.
(c) When the stone hits the ground, 0 = s = 16 t 2 + 64t. Dividing by t , 0 = 16 t + 64 and,
therefore, t = 4.
(d) When t = 4, v = 32(4) + 64 = 64 ft/sec.

20. Find an equation of the curve passing through the point (3, 2) and having slope 5x 2 x+1
at every point (x, y). Since the slope is the derivative, dy/dx = 5x 2 x + 1. Hence,
Since (3, 2) is on the curve, . So, . Hence, an
equation of the curve is

21. Justify the Substitution Method: . Here, u = g(x) and du/dx

= g′(x). By the Chain Rule,

22.3. In Problems 22–44, evaluate the given antiderivative.

22. .
Ans
.

23.
Ans

.
24.
Ans
.

25.
Ans
. sec y + C

26. (Hint: Multiply numerator and denominator by 1 cos x.)

Ans
. cot x + csc x + C
27.
Ans
. tan 2x + sec 2x x+C

28.
Ans

29.
Ans
.

30. (Hint: Factor 16 out of the radical.)

Ans

31. (Hint: Either factor 4 out of the denominator or make the substitution u =
2x.)
Ans

32. (Hint: Either factor 4 out of the radical or make the substitution u = 2x.)
Ans

33. (Hint. Substitute u = x 3.)

Ans
.

34. (Hint: Substitute u = x 2.)

Ans

35.
Ans

36.

Ans

37.

Ans

.
38.

Ans
.

39.

Ans

40.

Ans

41.

Ans

42.
Ans

43.
Ans

44.

Ans

In Problems 45–52, use Quick Formula I.

45.
Ans
.
46.

Ans

47.

Ans
.
48.

Ans
.
49.

Ans
.
50.

Ans
.
51.

Ans
.

52.

Ans
.

In Problems 53–64, use any method.

53.
Ans
.
54.
Ans
.
 55.
Ans
.

56. Ans.

Click to load video

Schaum's Calculus Supplementary Problem 22.56 Video Solution

This video presents the solution to a problem on integrating a function. The video demonstrates
how to use the substitution method to find an antiderivative, or indefinite integral, of a function.

David Rader, Associate Professor of Mathematics, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

2011

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57.
Ans
.
58.
Ans
.
59.
Ans
.
60. Ans.
61. Ans. tan x x+C
62. Ans.

63.
Ans

64. Ans.
65. A stone is thrown straight up from a building ledge that is 120 ft above the ground, with an
initial velocity of 96 ft/sec. (a) When will it reach its maximum height? (b) What will its
maximum height be? (c) When will it hit the ground? (d) With what speed will it hit the
ground?
Ans.

(a) t = 3 sec;
(b) 264 ft;
(c)

;
(d) ~129.98 ft/sec

2
66. An object moves on the x axis with acceleration a = 3t 2 ft/sec . At time t = 0, it is at
the origin and moving with a speed of 5 ft/sec in the negative direction. (a) Find a formula for
its velocity v. (b) Find a formula for its position x. (c) When and where does it change
direction? (d) At what times is it moving toward the right?
Ans.

(a) ;
(b) ;

(c) ;

(d) or

67. A rocket shot straight up from the ground hits the ground 8 seconds later. (a) What was its
initial velocity? (b) What was its maximum height?
Ans.

(a) 128
ft/sec;
(b) 256 ft

68. A driver applies the brakes on a car going at 55 miles per hour on a straight road. The
brakes cause a constant deceleration of 11 ft/sec 2. (a) How soon will the car stop? (b) How far
does the car move after the brakes were applied?
Ans.

(a) 5 sec;
(b) 137.5
ft
69. Find the equation of a curve going through the point (3, 7) and having slope 4x 2
3 at (
x, y).
Ans
.