Mount Hill Social Studies 8 2 Key Book

Chapter 1

Muslim invasion in the subcontinent

(Part-1)
A Answer the following questions.
Q1. What were the circumstances due to which Muslims
invaded subcontinent?
Ans. In 711 AD a ship was taking the Muslim women and
children from Sri Lanka to Iraq. It was attacked near
Sindh. Women and children were taken prisoners by the
pirates. Hajjaj Bin Yousaf the governor of Baghdad, asked
the ruler of Sindh to recover the people, but he took no
action. Hajjaj Bin Yousaf sent an army to Sindh. The
commander of this army was Imad-ud-Din Muhammad
Bin Qasim.
Q2. Write a note on Muhammad Bin Qasim and his army.
Ans. Muhammad Bin Qasim was born on 31 December 695
AD. He was only sixteen years old when he was sent to
conquer Sindh. He departed from Shiraz with an army
of 6000 Syrian cavalry. At the borders of Sindh he was
joined by 6000 guards and camel riders. The governor of
Makran directly sent reinforcements to Debal (port of
Sindh) along with five catapults. Muhammad Bin Qasim
fought well and defeated Raja Dahir. He was able to take
control as far as Multan.
Q3. Write about first three rulers of slave dynasty.
Ans. Qutubuddin Aibak became the first ruler of slave dynasty
after the death of Muhammad Ghauri. He became the
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sultan of the land, with Delhi as his Capital in 1208. He
died in 1210 as a result of falling off his polo pony.
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish son-in-law of Qutubuddin
Aibak succeeded him as 2nd ruler of slave dynasty in
1229 after defeating all of the challengers. Iltutmish
extended his rule to even larger area than Qutubuddin.
Razia Sultana the daughter of Iltutmish succeeded him.
All the provinces stood against her but she fought them
bravely. She was murdered in 1240.
Q4. What kind of man was Alauddin Khilji?
Ans. He was a cruel ruler towards his enemies and the people.
He applied heavy taxes and price control on products to
control inflation.
Q5. Who was the first Tughlaq? How his rule came to an
end?
Ans. Ghazi Khan took the title of Ghias-ud-Din Tughlaq Shah
in 1320 and became the first Tughlaq. He ruled for only
five years as he was killed along with his son.
Q6. Who was the first pathan ruler of Dehli?
Ans. Bahlol Khan Lodhi was the first pathan ruler of Dehli.
B Fill in the blanks.
1. A ship was taking Muslim women and children from
Sri Lanka to Iraq.
2. Hajjaj Bin Yousaf sent an army to Sindh through
Balochistan.
3. Muhammad Bin Qasim was able to take control as far as
Multan.
4. Muhammad Ghauri appointed Qutubuddin Aibak the
Governor of Lahore.
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5. Juna Khan shifted the capital from Dehli to Deogiri.
6. Bahlol Khan Lodhi was the first Pathan sultan of Dehli.
7. Timur was known to the West as the Tamerlane.
8. Daulot Khan Lodhi was the governor of Lahore.
9. Razia Sultana was the daughter of Iltutmish.
10. Sabuktagin was the first Muslim to enter subcontinent
through the Khyber Pass.

C Complete the table.

Family of Ruled Ruled
Ruler
Rulers From To
Ghaznavids Sabuktagin 977 997
Ghaznavids Mahmood Ghaznavi 997 1030
Ghaznavids Masud 1030 1040
Ghaznavids Maudud 1040 1050
Ghaznavids Abdal Rashid 1050 1052
—— Toghrul 1052 1053
Ghaznavids Farrukhzad 1053 1059
Ghaznavids Ibrahim 1059 1099
Ghaznavids Masud-III 1099 1115
Ghaznavids Arslan Shah 1116 1117
Ghaznavids Bahram Shah 1117 1157
Ghaznavids Khusru Shah 1157 1160
Ghaznavids Khusru Malik 1160 1185
Ghauri Muhammad Ghauri 1186 1205
Slave dynasty Qutubuddin Aibak 1205 1210
Slave dynasty Shams-ud-din Iltutmish 1210 1236
Slave dynasty Razia Sultana 1236 1240
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 5 Key Book

Family of Ruled Ruled

Ruler
Rulers From To
Slave dynasty Bahram Shah 1240 1242
Slave dynasty Alauddin Masud 1242 1246
Slave dynasty Nasiruddin Mahmud 1246 1266
Slave dynasty Balban 1266 1285
Khiljis Jalauddin Firoz 1290 1296
Khiljis Alauddin Khilji 1296 1316
Khiljis Mubarak 1316 1320
Khiljis Khusru Khan 1320 1320
Tughlaqs Ghazi Khan 1320 1325
Tughlaqs Juna Khan 1325 1351
Tughlaqs Firoz Khan 1351 1388
Tughlaqs Tughluq Khan 1388 1389
Tughlaqs Abu Bakr Khan 1389 1390
Tughlaqs Muhammad Shah 1390 1394
Tughlaqs Humayun Khan 1394 1394
Tughlaqs Nusrat Khan 1394 1398
Tughlaqs Mahmud Shah 1398 1398
Timur Timur 1370 1405
Sayyids Khizr Khan 1414 1421
Sayyids Mubarak Shah 1421 1434
Sayyids Muhammad Shah 1434 1445
Sayyids Shah Alam 1445 1451
Lodhis Bahlol Khan Lodhi 1451 1488
Lodhis Sikander Shah 1488 1517
Lodhis Ibrahim lodhi 1517 1526
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 6 Key Book
D Find out date of birth, father’s name and date of all the
rulers mentioned in this chapter.
Date of Date of
Ruler Father’s Name
Birth Death
Sabuktagin —— 942 997
Mahmood
Sabuktagin 971 1030
Ghaznavi
Mahmood
Masud 998 1040
Ghaznavi
Maudud Masud —— 1050
Mahmood
Abdal Rashid —— 1052
Ghaznavi
Toghrul —— —— 1053
Farrukhzad Masud 1025 1059
Ibrahim Masud 1033 1099
Masud-III Ibrahim ——
Arslan Shah Masud-III —— 1118
Bahram Shah Masud-III 1084 1157
Khusru Shah Bahram Shah —— ——
Khusru Malik Khusru Shah —— ——
Muhammad Ghauri Baha al-din 1141 1206
Qutubuddin Aibak —— —— 1210
Shams-ud-din
—— —— 1236
Iltutmish
Shams-ud-din
Razia Sultana 1205 1240
Iltutmish
Shams-ud-din
Bahram Shah —— 1242
Iltutmish
Alauddin Masud Rukn ud din Firuz —— 1246
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 7 Key Book

Date of Date of
Ruler Father’s Name
Birth Death
Nasiruddin Shams-ud-din
1246 1266
Mahmud Iltutmish
Balban —— 1200 1285
Jalauddin Firoz —— —— 1296
Alauddin Khilji —— —— 1316
Mubarak Alauddin Khilji —— 1320
Khusru Khan —— —— 1320
Ghazi Khan —— —— 1325
Juna Khan Ghazi Khan —— 1351
Firoz Khan Rajab 1309 1388
Tughluq Khan Firoz Khan —— 1389
Abu Bakr Khan Zafar Khan —— 1390
Muhammad Shah Firoz Khan —— 1394
Humayun Khan Muhammad Shah —— 1394
Nusrat Khan Fatah Khan —— 1398
Mahmud Shah Muhammad Shah —— 1398
Timur Taraqai 1336 1405
Khizr Khan Malik Sulaiman —— 1421
Mubarak Shah Khizr Khan —— 1434
Muhammad Shah —— —— 1445
Shah Alam —— —— ——
Bahlol Khan Lodhi —— —— 1488
Sikander Shah Bahlol Khan Lodhi —— 1517
Ibrahim lodhi Sikander Shah —— 1526
Mount Hill Social Studies 88 Key Book
E Who is the best ruler and why?
Ans. Muhammad Bin Qasim was the best ruler as he was
methodical, disciplined, shrewd and humane individual.
He was a great General, a far sighted statesman and was
tolerant to the subjects.
F Who is the worst ruler and why?
Ans. Juna Khan or Muhammad Tughlaq was the worst ruler.
He was considered monster for killing his brother and
father. He raised taxes on agricultural land. He even
shifted the capital from Dehli to Deogiri, which proved
to be a fatal mistake. Due to his bad management, he was
even forced to pay large sum of money to Mughals for
not attacking Dehli.
G Who is the most successful ruler and why?
Ans. In 1210, Qutubuddin Aibak died as a result of falling
off his polo pony. He was succeeded by his son-in-law
Shama-ud-din Iltutmish. It was not till 1229 he became
the sultan of Dehli. During this time he was challenged
by other Ghauri rulers. He defeated all of them. After
he became sultan, the Khilji ruler of Bihar, Ali Mardan
Khan declared himself independent of the sultanate.
Iltutmish defeated the Khilji army and extended his rule
to even larger area that was controlled by Qutubuddin
Aibak.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 9 Key Book

Chapter 2

Fresh Water
A Answer the following questions.
Q1. Write a note on quantity of fresh water found on earth.
Ans. Water is abundant on earth. In fact, 97.5 per cent of the
water is found in the oceans. But ocean water cannot be
used by living things because it has salt in it. The fresh
water makes up to 2.5 per cent of the earth’s water. But
most of the fresh water is locked as ice, mainly near the
North Pole, South Pole and in glaciers. It means for all
the water available in the world only 0.0045 percent of
water is available for living things.
Q2. Explain the hydrological cycle.
Ans. Most of the fresh water is found as moving water and
standing water. Rivers and streams are moving water.
Ponds, lakes and wetlands are standing water. Water
moves among these sources of fresh water, the salty
oceans, the air and the land in an endless cycle, known as
water cycle. This water cycle is also called the hydrologic
cycle. Three main steps make up the water cycle i.e.
Evaporation, Condensation and Precipitation.
Q3. Write in detail on all processes of water cycle.
Ans. Water cycle is completed through the following three
steps:
Evaporation
The heat energy of the sun causes the water on the surface
of the earth to change into vapour or gas. This process is
called evaporation. The water is then carried by winds
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 10 Key Book
over the land and oceans.
Condensation
Condensation is a process by which water vapour
changes back into the water in cool air. These droplets of
water form clouds.
Precipitation
When the water droplets that form clouds become too
numerous and too heavy to remain floating in the air.
Water then falls to the earth in the form of rain, snow or
hails. This process is called precipitation.
Q4. Write down all forms of fresh water found on earth.
Ans. Frozen water:
The snow is a solid form of water. When more and more
snow is piled up on the top of the old snow, some of the
snow changes into ice. A glacier is thus formed. A glacier
is a large mass of moving ice and snow. Large chunks of
ice often break off from the glaciers and drift into the sea.
These are called icebergs.
Running water:
The water entering rivers and streams after a heavy
rainfall or melting of snow is called surface runoff or
running water.
Standing water:
When the running water is caught in low places, standing
bodies of fresh water are formed in the shape of lakes,
ponds and reservoirs.
Ground water:
Some of the water that falls to the earth as rain, snow
and hail soaks into the ground. The water stored in the
ground is known as ground water. This ground water
Mount Hill Social Studies 811 Key Book
moves downwards into different zones.
Q5. What is water table? Explain in detail.
Ans. The surface between the zone of saturation and zone of
aeration is an important boundary. It marks the level
below which the ground is saturated or soaked with
water. This level is called water table. This level of water
table may vary from place to place.
Q6. How caverns are formed?
Ans. As water moves down through the soil it combines with
carbon dioxide to form a weak acid that can dissolve
limestone. When this weak acid enters cracks in the
limestone, the cracks gradually get wider. If this process
goes on long enough, underground passages big enough
to walk through may be formed.
B Multiple Choice Questions.
1. Ocean water cannot be used by living things because it
has:
☐ fish ☑ salt ☐ toxic chemicals
2. A process by which vapour changes back into water is
called:
☐ evaporation ☑ condensation ☐ precipitation
3. A process by which water changes into vapour is called:
☑ evaporation ☐ condensation ☐ precipitation
4. A process by which water comes back to earth is called:
☐ evaporation ☐ condensation ☑ precipitation
5. A large mass of moving ice and snow is called:
☐ iceberg ☑ glacier
☐ continental glacier
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 12 Key Book
6. Continental glacier moves slowly in:
☐ North South direction
☐ East West direction
☑ in all directions
7. The water entering rivers and streams after a heavy
rainfall or melting of snow is called:
☑ surface runoff ☐ runoff water ☐ runoff
8. A well from which water flows on its own without
pumping is called:
☐ geyser ☐ hot spring
☑ an artesian well
9. The surface between the zone of saturation and zone of
aeration is called:
☐ water cycle ☑ water table ☐ water front
10. When valley glaciers move, some of the ice begins to
melt. This water is called:
☑ melt water ☐ cold water ☐ runoff water
C Complete the table with information about Pakistan.
Rivers Lakes Glaciers
Indus Manchar Baltoro
Jhelum Hunza Batura
Chenab Kallar Kahar Skora
Ravi Keenjhar Biafo
Sutlej Kachura Passu
Kabul Saiful Muluk Hispar
Swat Satpara Rupal
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Mount Hill Social Studies 8 Key Book
D Complete the table with information about the
world.
Rivers Lakes Glaciers
Nile Baikal Biafo
Amazon Victoria South Cascade
Yangtze Kivu Greenland Ice
Mississipi Malawi Columbia
Ganges Superior Fox
Congo Ontario Siachen
Mekong Huron Aletsh
E Give names and their locations.
1. Largest glacier in the world.
Name: Lambert
Location: East Antarctica
2. Longest river in the world.
Name: Nile
Location: Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Congo
3.
Largest lake in the world.
Name: Caspian Sea (considered as a lake)
Location: Russia, Iran, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan,
Kazakhstan
4. Deepest lake in the world.
Name: Baikal
Location: Russia
5. Largest dam in the world.
Name: Three Gorges Dam
Location: China
6. Most active geyser in the world.
Name: Steamboat Grand
Location: U.S.A
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 14 Key Book

Chapter 3

Miracles of the Holy Quran

A Answer the following questions.
Q1. State the Sura Nur Verse 40 and explain.
Ans. “… like the darkness of a fathomless sea which is covered
by waves, above which are waves above which are clouds
…” (Sura Nur-40)
The above verse draws our attention to another miracle of
the Holy Quran. Scientists have only recently discovered
that there are sub-surface waves, which occur on the
basis of density. Deep water has a higher density than the
water above it. The statement in the Holy Quran shows
once again that the Holy Quran is the word of Allah.
Q2. Explain the development of the human senses.
Ans. According to Dr. Keith Moore, the eye begins to form
after the inner ear has assumed its first form. After the
ear and the eye, brain begins its development.
Q3. What are the benefits of honey?
Ans. Honey is a “healing for men” as stated in the Holy Quran
(16:69). The benefits of honey are:
Easily digested
Honey is easily digested because sugar molecules in it
convert into other sugars e.g fructose to glucose. It also
helps kidneys and intestines to function better.
Rapidly diffuses through the blood
The honey diffuses into the bloodstream in just seven
minutes. Its sugar free molecules make the brain function
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 15 Key Book
better since the brain is the largest consumer of sugar.
Q4. Why is pork harmful to our health?
Ans. The pig is not by nature a clean-living animal. It plays
in, and, even eats its own waste. Biologically the pig
produces higher levels of antibodies in its body. Its meat
contains high levels of cholesterol and lipids. All these
are a serious threat to human health.
Q5. Why do we need oxygen cylinders to survive after we
reach the top of the high mountain?
Ans. As elevation rises, atmospheric pressure goes down.
Therefore, the amount of oxygen entering the blood
stream declines and it becomes difficult to breathe. That
is why human beings need oxygen cylinders at high
elevations.
Q6. Explain with an example that our ears are active during
our sleep.
Ans. The ear is the only sensory organ active while a person
is sleeping. We usually set alarms to wake up in the
morning, we hear the alarm sound during our sleep and
wake up.
B Multiple Choice Questions.
1. There is no light below the depth of:
☑ 1,000 meters ☐ 1500 meters ☐ 2,000 meters
2. Every person who is alive or who has ever lived in this
world has a set of unique:
☐ nose ☐ eyes ☑ fingerprints
3. Pig produces much higher levels of:
☐ proteins ☑ antibodies ☐ carbohydrates
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 16 Key Book
4. The Moon moves with the Earth around the Sun in a
pattern resembling the letter:
☐C ☐O ☑S
5. The word “urjoon” in the Holy Quran refers to a:
☑ thin and twisted date branch
☐ long and fat apple branch
☐ long and thin date branch
6. Any excess iron consumed is stored in the:
☐ heart ☐ brain ☑ liver
7. The temperature of the space is:
☐ 270°C ☑-270°C ☐ 0°C
8. The atmosphere filters the light rays coming from:
☐ space ☐ moon ☑ sun
C Write the Sura and verse number of the following
verses:

1. Yes, we are able to put together in perfect

75:4
order the very tips of his fingers.

2. It is the star that pierces through

86:3
darkness!

3. And horses, mules and donkeys both to

ride and for adornment and he creates 16:8
other things you do not know.

4. We made the sky a preserved and

protected roof yet still they turn away 21:32
from Our Signs.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 17 Key Book

5. He has let loose the two seas, converging

together, with a barrier between them 55:19-20
they do not break through.

6. So we sealed their ears [with sleep] in the

18:11
cave for a number of years.

D Write and explain at least 3 miracles of the Holy Quran

other than those in the chapter:
1. Verse:
“Did we not make the earth receptacle?”
(Surat-al-Musalat, 25)
Explanation:
The Earth’s Gravitational Force: “Kifatan” the Arabic
word translated as “receptacle” means living things being
gathered together and protected in their places.
2. Verse:
“By heaven furnished with paths,”
(surah-adh-dhariyat, 7)
Explanation:
The Arabic word “alhubuki” translated as “furnished
with paths” comes from the word “hubeke” meaning “to
weave closely” . The universe is intertwined.
3. Verse:
The sun will expire: “And the sun runs to a fixed resting
place”. (Surah Ya Sin, 38)
Explanation:
At a moment determined by Allah in the future the Sun
will lose all its energy and finally go out.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 18 Key Book
E Give one word answer.
1. Number of paras in the Holy Quran.
30
2. Number of suras in the Holy Quran.
114
3. Number of verses in the Holy Quran.
6666
4. Which prophet received the Holy Quran?
Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH)
5. Which angel delivered the Holy Quran?
Hazart Gabriel (A.S)
6. In which month was the Holy Quran Delivered?
Ramadan
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 19 Key Book

Chapter 4

Motions of the Oceans

A Answer the following questions.
Q1. Name and define three basic motions of the oceans.
Ans. There are three basic motions of ocean water:
1. Waves 2. Currents 3. Tides
Waves:
Waves are pulses of energy that move through ocean.
Waves are set in motion by winds, earthquakes and
gravitational pull of the moon.
Currents:
Water below the surface of an ocean also moves. This
water moves in streams called currents.
Tides:
Tides are the regular rise and fall of the ocean water
caused by the gravitational attraction among the earth,
the moon and the sun.
Q2. What are the factors which make waves?
Ans. Ocean waves begin as wind stirs ripples on the water
surface. As more energy is transferred from wind to the
water, the waves look like great surges of rapidly moving
water.
Q3. What is tsunami?
Ans. Some waves are caused by earthquakes. These waves
are called tsunamis. Tsunamis are largest waves in the
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 20 Key Book
ocean. They carry huge amount of energy. This energy
can produce waves as high as 35 metres or more.
Q4. Write a note on currents and their types.
Ans. Water below the surface of an ocean also moves. This
water moves in streams called currents. There are two
types of currents:
1. Surface currents 2. Deep currents
Surface currents:
Currents caused by wind patterns are called surface
currents. These currents usually have depth of several
hundred metres. There are long distance and short
distance currents and their range is from few hundred to
thousands kilometers.
Deep currents:
The currents mainly caused by difference in water density
are called deep currents. Most deep currents flow in the
opposite direction of the surface currents.
Q5. Name types of tides and explain their difference.
Ans. Tides are the regular rise and fall of the ocean water
caused by the gravitational attraction among the earth,
the moon and the sun. There are two types of tides:
1. Spring tides 2. Neap tides
Spring tides:
When the moon is at its full and the new moon phases,
the earth has higher tides. These higher tides are called
spring tides.
Neap tides:
When the moon is at its first and last quarter phases its
gravitational pull is canceled by the sun’s gravitational
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 21 Key Book
pull. It results in lower tides and these tides are called
neap tides.
B Multiple Choice Questions.
1. Waves are pulses of:
☐ heat ☑ energy ☐ current
2. The most common source of energy for waves is:
☑ wind ☐ fish ☐ both
3. The wave energy passes:
☐ forward ☐ downward
☑ in both directions
4. The highest point of a wave is called the:
☑ crest ☐ peak ☐ high top
5. The height of surface waves depends on:
☐ two factors ☑ three factors ☐ four factors
6. The water that moves in streams is called:
☐ electricity ☑ current ☐ fast water
7. Tides are the regular rise and fall of the ocean water
caused by the gravitational attraction among:
☐ the earth and the sun
☐ the earth and the moon
☑ the earth, the sun and the moon
8. The lowest point of a wave is called the:
☑ trough ☐ torch ☐ down under
9. When waves reach near the shore they:
☑ slow down ☐ get closer ☐ both
10. The water that flows back into the ocean is called:
☐ underarm ☑ undertow ☐ underhand
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C Give one word answer.
1. What is the highest point of the wave called?
Crest
2. What is the lowest point of the wave called?
Trough
3.
What is the horizontal distance between two consecutive
crests or two consecutive troughs called?
Wavelength
4.
What is the vertical distance between a crest and a trough
called?
Wave height
5. What is the surging water onto the shore called?
Longshore currents
6. What is the retreating water from the shore called?
Undertow
7. What is the name of the wave caused by an earthquake?
Tsunami
8. Name the currents caused by wind patterns.
Surface currents
9.
What is the moving water in oceans in form of streams
called?
Current
10. What is the surface water current that travels thousands
of kilometers called?
Long distance surface current
11. What is the surface current that travels a short distance
called?
Short distance surface current
12. What is the large pile of sand near the shoreline called?
Sand bar
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13. What is the current that returns to the ocean in a powerful
narrow flow called?
Rip current
14. What is the current caused by the difference in the
salinity called?
Deep current
15. What is another name for higher tides?
Spring tides
D Label the diagrams.

 
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Chapter 5

Topography of the ocean floor

A Answer the following questions.
Q1. What is meant by topography? Write a short note on
the topography of the ocean floor.
Ans. Topography is the science of drawing maps and charts,
representing the physical features of an area.
Ocean floor topography refers to the different forms
in which the ocean floor bottom can exist. The ocean
floor topography starts with the outer continental shelf
followed by the continental slopes, and subsequently
the ocean floor. The ocean floor has higher mountains,
deeper canyons, and larger plains than the earth's
surface. The ocean floor has more volcanoes than the
earth’s surface.
Q2. Name the different features of the topography of the
ocean floor.
Ans. On a continent there is a boundary where the land and
the ocean meet. This boundary is called a shoreline.
Ocean floor has the following features:
▶ Continental margin
1. Continental shelf
2. Continental slope
3. Continental rise
▶ Submarine canyons
▶ Abyssal plains
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▶ Seamounts and guyots
▶ Trenches
▶ Mid ocean ridges
▶ Rift valleys
▶ Reefs
1. Fringing reefs
2. Barrier reefs
3. Atoll
Q3. Explain the features of the continental shelf.
Ans. The flat part of the continental margin that is covered
by shallow ocean water is called a continental shelf. It
usually slopes less than 1.2 metres for every 100 metres
from the shoreline. The width of the continental shelf
varies. The waters over this area are the best for fishing.
Q4. What is the continental rise made of? Explain.
Ans. A continental rise is made of large amount of sediments.
These sediments are composed of small pieces of rocks,
plants and animal remains.
Q5. What is the difference between seamounts and guyots?
Ans. Seamounts are volcanic mountains that rise more than
100 metres above the ocean floor. Some seamounts reach
above the surface of the ocean to form island. Scientists
discovered that many seamounts do not rise to a peak.
Instead they have a flat top. These flat topped mounts are
called guyots.
Q6. What is the Challenger Deep? Explain.
Ans. The Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean contains the
deepest spot. This spot is called Challenger Deep.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 26 Key Book
Q7. Write a note on coral reefs.
Ans. In the tropical waters near a continental shelf, unusual
looking volcanic islands can be seen. These structures
contain limestone and shells of animals and are called
coral reefs. There are three types of coral reefs:
1. Fringing reefs 2. Barrier reefs
3. Atoll
B Multiple Choice Questions.
1. On a continent there is a boundary where the land and
the ocean meet. This boundary is called:
☑ shoreline ☐ coastline ☐ borderline
2. The area where the underwater edge of a continent meets
the ocean floor is called a:
☐ continental coastline
☑ continental margin
☐ continental shoreline
3. The flat part of the continental margin that is covered by
shallow ocean water is called a:
☑ continental shelf
☐ continental margin
☐ continental slope
4. The part of a continental margin that drops steeply is
known as:
☐ continental drop ☐ coastal slope
☑ continental slope
5. A turbidity current is like an underwater:
☐ earthquake ☑ avalanche ☐ flood
6. Large flat areas on the ocean floor are called:
☑ abyssal plains ☐ flat lands
☐ abyssal flat lands
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7. Challenger Deep is over:
☐ 2000 metres ☐ 8000 metres ☑ 11000 metres
8. The mountain ranges under the ocean are called:
☐ ocean ridges ☑ mid ocean ridges
☐ below ocean ridges
9. The limestone structure containing shells of animals is
called:
☑ coral reefs ☐ coral barriers ☐ tropical reefs
10. Reef building organisms cannot live in water colder than:
☑ 18°C ☐ 10°C ☐ 0°C
11. Barrier reefs are separated from the shore by an area of
shallow water called:
☐ a canal ☑ a lagoon ☐ a swamp
12. A ring of coral reefs is called:
☐ a barrier reef ☐ a fringing reef ☑ an atoll
13. A flat top mountain under the oceans is called:
☐ seamounts ☑ guyots
☐ volcanic mountains
14. The deepest parts of the ocean are:
☐ rift valleys ☐ abyssal plains ☑ trenches
15. Where ocean life is not abundant the ocean floor is
covered with sediments called:
☐ blue clay ☐ white clay ☑ red clay
C Do you know?
1. Where is the largest coral reef in the world? What is it
called?
Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 28 Key Book
2. Where is the deepest trench in the world? What is it
called?
Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean
3. Where is the highest seamount in the world? What is it
called?
Hawaii's Mauna Kea
4. Where is the longest mountain range in the world under
the ocean? What is it called?
Mid Ocean Ridge, Atlantic Ocean (60,000
kilometers)
5. Name at least one barrier reef, fringing reef and atoll.
The Great Barrier Reef, Fringing Reef of Eilat and
Kaafu Atoll.
6. Name the deepest underwater canyon.
Mariana Trench
D Label the diagram.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 29 Key Book

Chapter 6

Disasters
A Answer the following questions.
Q1. Explain different kinds of disasters.
Ans. There are two kinds of disasters natural disasters and
human-made disasters:
Natural disasters are the consequence when a natural
hazard affects humans. They are considered acts of God.
Human-made disasters are caused by human actions,
negligence, error or involving the failure of a system.
These disasters are categorized as technological or
sociological.
Q2. What is the difference between cyclone and tornado?
Ans. Cyclone Tornado
1. Cyclones are formed 1. Tornadoes are formed
over water (hot and over land.
cold).
2. Cyclones are measured 2. Tornadoes are
from center to outer measured from their
boundary (radius). outer boundary
to outer boundary
(diameter).
3. Cyclones in the 3. They can rotate in
northern hemisphere any direction unlike
rotate counter clockwise cyclones.
and in the southern
hemisphere clockwise.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 30 Key Book

4. Cyclones are much 4. They are much

larger than tornadoes. smaller than cyclones.
The biggest one was The biggest one was
recorded 888 kilometers recorded 4 kilometers
from the center to outer across the surface of
boundary. the earth.
Q3. What is the difference between cyclone and hurricane?
Ans. Cyclones and hurricanes are the same thing the only
difference is in their size. The hurricane is smaller than
cyclone. The hurricane is considered cyclone when its
size becomes larger than 222 kilometers from its center
to outer boundary.
Q4. What is flood? What is the major reason for it?
Ans. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that
submerges land. Among natural factors heavy rains and
rapid melting of snow on mountains are the reasons of
floods. Among human made factors, deforestation is the
major cause of floods.
Q5. What are the human and natural factors of famine?
Ans. The natural factor of famine is dry season or a long period
of time without rain. Among human-made factors over
population is a primary factor.
Q6. What is the difference between earthquake and
tsunami?
Ans. Earthquake takes place with the movements of the
tectonic plates. When the boundaries of these tectonic
plates collide or rub against each other, the stress on the
boundaries causes movement in the earth’s crust. Such
a movement is called the earthquake. The earthquake
underwater in the sea or ocean causes big waves, and it
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 31 Key Book
is called tsunami.
Q7. Explain volcanic eruption and lahars.
Ans. A volcanic eruption is an opening in a planet’s surface
which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape
from below the surface. In some cases, ice on the
mountain melts or rain mixes with the ash to form a
lahar. A lahar is a type of landslide composed of volcanic
ash and water.
Q8. What are the landslides and avalanches?
Ans. Landslides are movement of earth’s surface which can be
in the shape of mud and rocks. In case of avalanches the
surface remains the same but ice on the surface moves
at a great speed. This takes place on snow-covered
mountains.
Q9. What is the difference between hailstorm and blizzard?
Ans. Hail is a form of rain which consists of balls or irregular
lumps of ice (hailstones). A blizzard is a severe winter
storm. This condition has low temperature, strong winds
and heavy blowing snow.
Q10. Explain types of epidemics. What are the factors behind
their outbreak?
Ans. Epidemics are classified in two types:
1. Attack of some unknown disease.
2. Attack of known disease at rapid speed over large area.
The factors behind their outbreak are:
1. Dense population in a small area
2. Hospitals and medical procedures
3. Diseases being immune to former treatments
4. Contamination of water supplies and food sources
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 32 Key Book
5. International travel and trade
6. Climate change
7. Poor urban planning
B Complete the table.
Disasters Natural Human Both
Famine a
Floods a
Northern Mountain Barrier a
Twister and tornadoes a
Meteoroids a
Landslides and avalanches a
Volcanic eruption and lahars a
Earthquakes and tsunami a
Solar flares a
Deforestation and forest fires a
Hailstorms and blizzards a
Epidemics a
Nuclear leaks a
Oil spills a
Heat wave a
C Multiple Choice Questions.
1. Human-made disasters are categorized as:
☐ technological ☑ technological and sociological
☐ sociological
2. Technological disasters are the results of:
☑ failure of technology ☐ terrorism
☐ mishandling of business
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 33 Key Book
3. Cyclones in the northern hemisphere rotate:
☐ clockwise ☑ counter clockwise ☐ both ways
4. Cyclones are known to go inland as deep as:
☑ 40 kilometres ☐ 80 kilometres ☐ 120 kilometres
5. The power of cyclone is measured according to the size
of the cyclone from its:
☑ radius ☐ diametre ☐ wind speed
6. Tornadoes are in the form of a visible:
☐ tunnel ☐ cave ☑ funnel
7. Deforestation is the major cause of:
☐ cyclones ☑ floods ☐ twister
8. The natural factor of famine is:
☑ dry season ☐ over cultivation ☐ heavy rainfall
9. A meteoroid is a small particle of debris in the:
☐ river ☐ ocean ☑ solar system
10. Earthquake takes place with the movement of the:
☐ waves ☑ tectonic plates ☐ wind
11. A lahar is a type of landslide composed of volcanic ash
and:
☑ water ☐ lava ☐ mud
12. A solar flare is a violent explosion in a:
☐ water ☐ cave ☑ star
13. Blizzards are formed when a high pressure system
interacts with:
☐ another high pressure system
☑ a low pressure system
☐ cold or hot winds
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 34 Key Book
14. Hail is a form of rain which consists of balls or irregular
lumps of:
☐ stone ☐ debris ☑ ice
15. An oil spill is the release of petroleum into the:
☐ ocean ☐ tanker ☑ environment
D Complete the table. Which is the biggest disaster
recorded in the human history?
Disasters When Where No. of deaths
Famine 1962-63 China 43 million
2.5 to 3.7
Floods 1931 China
million
Twister and
1989 Bangladesh 1300
tornadoes
Meteoroids —— South Africa ——
Landslides and
1920 China 180,000
avalanches
Volcanic
eruption and 1815 Indonesia 92,000
lahars
Earthquakes and
1556 Shaanxi China 830,000
tsunami
Solar flares varies varies varies
Deforestation
1871 U.S.A 1200-2400
and forest fires
Hailstorms and
1972 Iran 4000
blizzards
Epidemics 1338-51 Europe & Asia 100 million
Nuclear leaks 1986 Ukraine 6000
Oil spills 1991 Kuwait & Iraq ——
Heat wave 2003 Europe 70,000
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 35 Key Book

Chapter 7

Muslim Invasion in the Subcontinent

(Part-2)
A Answer the following questions.
Q1. Write a note on Babar.
Ans. Babar was born in 1483 in Central Asia. He entered in
subcontinent through Khyber Pass in 1516. He moved
along the River Indus to Sargodha District. He then
captured the area around River Chenab and returned to
Kabul. In 1526 he returned and defeated Ibrahim Lodhi
in the famous battle ground of Panipat. Babar proceeded
to Dehli and defeated Rajputs. In 1530 he died at the age
of 48 and was buried in Kabul.
Q2. Why do you think Humayun was unlucky?
Ans. Humayun Literally means fortunate, but his luck
remained against him. Soon after he ascended to the
throne, he had to face rivalry on various fronts including
his brother Kamran. He remained fugitive for fifteen
years till he got back his throne in 1555. In 1556 he
tripped on his robe on the steps of the library at Purana
Qila in Dehli and died.
Q3. Write a note on the conquests of Akbar.
Ans. The two major threats to Akbar’s throne were Afghans
and Rajputs. Akbar raised an army and fought the battle
at Panipat. He won the battle and re-captured Dehli.
Later Akbar was able to defeat bulk of Muslims army led
by Uzbeks and Afghans. He also fought the rebellious
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 36 Key Book
Hindu chiefs and eventually was successful. Akbar also
added Kashmir and Sindh to his empire.
Q4. What was the reason for tension between Shah Jahan
and Nur Jahan?
Ans. Tension between Nur Jahan and Shah Jahan had been
uneasy from the start. Shah Jahan resented the influence
that Nur Jahan held over his father and was angered at
having to play a second fiddle to her favorite, Shehriyar.
When the Persians tried to capture Kandahar, Nur Jahan
was at the helm of affairs. She ordered Shah Jahan to
defend Kandahar, but he refused. There is no doubt that
Shah Jahan’s refusal was due to her behavior against him.
Q5. How did Shah Jahan become an emperor?
Ans. After the death of Jahangir, Nur Jahan tried to appoint
Shehriyar her son-in-law the emperor. She asked her
brother Asaf Khan to help her. Asaf Khan wanted Shah
Jahan to be the emperor because Shah Jahan was Asaf
Khan’s son-in-law. The combined forces of Shehriyar
and Nur Jahan were easily defeated by Asaf Khan and
Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan became emperor on February
1628.
Q6. How did Aurangzeb treat his brother?
Ans. When Aurangzeb assumed the title of Alamgir, Shuja
tried to raise an army against him but was killed by the
local tribe loyal to Alamgir. Dara Shikoh was defeated in
Ajmer, captured and was sentenced to death. With the
death of two elder brothers Aurangzeb did not require
the alliance of Murad. He was arrested and sent to
Gwalior Fort where he was executed.
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Mount Hill Social Studies 8 Key Book
Q7. How many Mughal kings came after Aurangzeb?
Ans. There came 11 Mughal kings after Aurangzeb till 1857.
Q8. Write a note on the final days of the last Mughal
Emperor.
Ans. When the victory of the British became certain,
Bahadur Shah (the last Mughal Emperor) took refuge in
Humayun’s Tomb but the forces surrounded the tomb
on 20th Sep, 1857 and compelled his surrender. Many
male members of his family were killed, imprisoned and
exiled. Bahadur Shah was exiled to Rangoon, Burma in
1858. His departure marked the end of more than three
centuries of Mughals reigning in India.
B Fill in the blanks.
1. Babar was born in 1483 in Central Asia .
2. Humayun was the eldest among four sons of Babar .
3. In January 1556 Humayun tripped on his robe on the
steps of the Library at Purana Qila, Dehli and died.
4. The accession of Akbar to the throne took place when he
was only 13 years old.
5. Jahangir faced his first rebellion from his own son Prince
Khusrau .
6. Shah Jahan had four sons Murad , Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb
and Dara Shikoh.
7. In 1738 Nadir Shah attacked Muhammad Shah for
sheltering fugitives from Persia.
8. In 1758 Ahmad Shah lost Lahore and Dehli to Marathas.
9. In 1803 British were able to defeat Shah Alam II and
took over Dehli.
10. Bahadar Shah II remained king till 1857 and was finally
exiled to Rangoon (Burma).
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 38 Key Book
C Complete the table.
Family of rulers Rulers From To
Mughal Babar 1526 1530
Mughal Humayun 1530 1540
Suri Sher Shah Suri 1540 1555
Mughal Humayun 1555 1556
Mughal Akbar 1556 1605
Mughal Jahangir 1605 1627
Mughal Shah Jahan 1627 1658
Mughal Aurangzeb 1658 1707
Mughal Bahadur Shah 1707 1712
Mughal Jhandar Shah 1712 1713
Mughal Muhammad Shah 1719 1739
Nadir Shah 1739 1739
Mughal Muhammad Shah 1739 1748
Mughal Ahmad Shah 1748 1754
Ahmad Shah Abdali 1756 1758
Marathas 1758 1761
Mughal Alamgir II 1754 1759
Mughal Shah Alam II 1759 1803
British 1803 1806
Mughal Akbar II 1806 1838
Mughal Bahadur Shah II 1838 1857
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 39 Key Book
D Find out date of birth, father’s name and date of death
of all the rulers mentioned in the chapter.
Date of Date of
Name of Ruler Father’s Name
Birth Death
Babar Umar Shaikh 1483 1530
Mirza II
Humayun Babar 1508 1556
Sher Shah Suri Hasan Khan Sur 1486 1545
Humayun Babar 1508 1556
Akbar Humayun 1543 1605
Jahangir Akbar 1569 1627
Shah Jahan Jahangir 1592 1666
Aurangzeb Shah Jahan 1618 1707
Bahadur Shah Aurangzeb 1643 1712
Jhandar Shah Bahadur Shah 1661 1713
Muhammad Shah Jahan Shah 1702 1748
Nadir Shah Emam Qoli 1688 1747
Muhammad Shah Jahan Shah 1702 1748
Ahmad Shah Muhammad Shah 1725 1775
Ahmad Shah Abdali Timur Shah 1722 1773
Durrani
Alamgir II Jhandar Shah 1699 1759
Shah Alam II Alamgir II 1728 1806
Akbar II Shah Alam II 1760 1838
Bahadur Shah II Akbar II 1775 1862
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Mount Hill Social Studies 8 Key Book
E Who is the best ruler and why?
Ans. Aurangzeb was the best Mughal ruler as he ruled over
most of the Indian subcontinent. He was among the
wealthiest of the Mughal rulers. He was a pious Muslim
and his policies partly abandoned the legacy of Akbar’s
secularism, he was a strong and effective ruler.
F Who is the worst ruler and why?
Ans. Muhammad Shah was the worst ruler. He could not
defend his land against the Persians. The reason Persians
attacked was Muhammad Shah sheltered the fugitives
from Persia. Nadir Shah of Persia entered Afghanistan
and was able to capture Ghazni, Kabul and Peshawar.
Later he was able to capture Lahore and Dehli. He left
after looting everything. After Nadir Shah, Afghan
General Ahamd Shah Abdali attack Muhammad Shah.
Muhammad Shah was not able to defend his land
once again. Afghan general was able to capture Kabul,
Peshawar and Lahore.
G Who is the most successful ruler and why?
Ans. Akbar was the most successful Mughal ruler, expanding
the empire, integrating the Hindus and reforming the
government. He created a strong central government,
earning the title "Akbar the Great". By recognizing India’s
diversity, he placed Mughal power on firm footing. To
improve government he modernized the army; he used
paid officials in place of hereditary office-holders.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 41 Key Book

Chapter 8

Rocks

A Answer the following questions.

Q1. Write a short note on rocks.
Ans. There are many different types of rocks on the earth.
Rocks are naturally occurring solid materials made of
one or more than one minerals. Most of these minerals
are composed of eight elements. These elements are
oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium,
potassium and magnesium.
Q2. Explain types of igneous rocks. How are they formed?
Ans. Igneous rocks are formed from magma. There are two
types of igneous rocks.
1. Intrusive rocks
2. Extrusive rocks
Intrusive Rocks: When magma cools and hardens
beneath the surface of the earth, it forms a kind of
igneous rocks known as intrusive rocks.
Extrusive Rocks: When magma reaches the surface it is
called lava. Igneous rocks formed from lava at the earth’s
surface are called extrusive rocks.
Q3. What do you know about texture and rock cooling rate?
Ans. Igneous rocks form when the mineral in magma
crystallizes or hardens. The igneous rocks consist of
tightly interlocking crystals; the size of the crystals in
an igneous rock is called its texture. The texture of an
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 42 Key Book
igneous rock depends on the time it takes the rock to
cool and harden. This time is called the rock’s cooling
rate.
Q4. Explain the process of compaction.
Ans. The sediments pile up in layers many hundreds of meters
thick. Lower layers are pressed together more and more
tightly under the weight of the layers above. The pressure
on the lower sediments changes them into rocks. This
process is called compaction.
Q5. What are sediments? How are sedimentary rocks
formed?
Ans. Sediments are small pieces of rocks, shells or the remains
of plants and animals. Sedimentary rocks are formed
through the process of compaction in which thick layers
of sediments are formed. The weight of the upper layers
presses the lower layers and the pressure changes them
into rocks.
Q6. Name different types of clastic rocks.
Ans. Clastic rocks are classified according to the size and
shape of fragments in them, these are:
1. Conglomerate rocks
2. Breccia
3. Sandstones
4. Mud rocks
Q7. Explain the process of metamorphism.
Ans. When already existing rocks are buried deep within the
earth, tremendous heat, great pressure and chemical
reaction cause them to change into different rocks. The
process of changing one type of rock into another type of
rock due to heat and pressure is called metamorphism.
 43
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 Key Book
B Multiple Choice Questions.
1. Rocks are naturally occurring solid materials made of
one or more than one:
☑ minerals ☐ gems
☐ dead plants & animals
2. Igneous rocks form when mineral in magma:
☐ crystallizes ☐ hardens
☑ crystallizes or hardens
3. Mud is made of tiny fragments of:
☐ dead plants & animals
☑ clay minerals ☐ rocks
4. Sand is made of somewhat larger grains of:
☐ rocks ☐ limestone ☑ quartz
5. Gravel is made of even larger pieces of broken:
☑ rocks ☐ minerals ☐ gems
6. Seventy five percent of the rocks on the earth’s surface
are:
☐ igneous rocks ☑ sedimentary rocks
☐ metamorphic rocks
7. Slate is used to make:
☐ rubber ☐ sharpener ☑ black boards
8. Marble is formed from:
☑ limestone ☐ clay mineral ☐ white clay
9. Foliated rocks form when mineral crystals in the original
rock:
☐ flattened under pressure
☐ re-crystallize
☑ re-crystallize or flatten under pressure
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 44 Key Book
10. Some chemical rocks are formed when water evaporates
and leaves behind mineral deposits. The rocks formed in
this way are called:
☑ evaporates ☐ boiled ☐ cooked
C Complete a table showing kinds of rocks.
ROCKS

IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE FOLIATED TEXTURE

ORGANIC CLASTIC CHEMICAL

D Do you know?
1. Scientists who study rocks are called petrologists.
2. Scientists who study minerals are called mineralogists.
3. Scientists who study climate are called climatologists.
4. Scientists who study weather are called meteorologists.
5. Scientists who study oceans are called oceanographers.
6. Scientists who study toxic chemicals are called
toxicologists.
7. Scientists who study fossils are called palaeontologists.
8. Scientists who study solid and liquid matters of the earth
are called Physicists.
9. Scientists who study ecology are called ecologists.
10. Scientists who study human behaviour are called
psychologists.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 45 Key Book

Chapter 9

Mineral
A Answer the following questions.
Q1. What are minerals? Also scientifically define a mineral.
Ans. Minerals are naturally occurring substances formed
under the surface of the earth. A mineral may be made
of single element, such as copper or gold. Or it may be
made of two or more substances chemically combined
to form a compound, for example “halite” which is
made of the elements sodium and chlorine. Mineral
can scientifically be defined as “a mineral is a naturally
occurring inorganic solid that has a definite chemical
structure and crystal shape”.
Q2. Write at least three properties of minerals.
Ans. Minerals
1. The first property of a mineral is that it is an inorganic
substance. Inorganic matters are not formed from
living things or the remains of living things. Most
commonly, oil and coal are considered minerals yet
both of these substances are formed from decayed
plants and animals. Thus they are formed from
organic matters, therefore they are not minerals.
2. The second property of a mineral is that it occurs
naturally in the earth, steel and cement are
manufactured substances. So they are not minerals
but gold and silver are minerals.
3. The third property of a mineral is that it is always
solid. Gold, silver and diamond are all found in solid
form.
Mount Hill Social Studies 846 Key Book
Q3. Explain the formation of minerals.
Ans. There are places inside the earth where rocks will melt.
Melted rocks are called molten rocks or magma. Magma
is a mixture of molten substances. Minerals form when
magma and lava cool. This magma mixture changes over
time as different minerals crystallize out of magma. A
very small amount of water is mixed with magma. It also
contains rare chemicals.
Q4. Write down the factors that help to identify minerals.
Ans. Minerals have different physical and chemical properties.
We can identify them through their colour, luster,
hardness, streak and density.
Colour The colour of the mineral can easily
be observed. But colour can help us in
identifying only those minerals that
always have their own colour.
Luster The luster of a mineral describes the way
mineral reflects light from its surface.
They may have metallic or dull luster.
Hardness The ability of a mineral to resist being
scratched is known as its hardness.
Mohs, a mineralogist, worked out a
scale of hardness from 1 to 10. One
number is for the softest mineral and 10
for the hardest.
Streak The colour of the powder left by a
mineral when it is rubbed against a hard
and rough surface is called its streak.
Density Density is the amount of matter in a
given space. Each mineral has its own
density.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 47 Key Book

Cleavage Cleavage is a property of a mineral if it

and fracture breaks with smooth surface. Fracture
is a property of a mineral in which the
broken side is rough or jagged.
Q5. Write special properties of a few minerals.
Ans. Some minerals have special properties which are used to
identify them. Magnetite is a mineral which is naturally
magnetic. Fluorite is a chemical which glows when
exposed to ultraviolet light. Halite is also known as
table salt has a special taste. Jade makes sound when it is
tapped.
B Multiple Choice Questions.
1. A mineral is a ________ substance.
☑ natural ☐ artificial ☐ manufactured
2. A mineral is an:
☐ organic substance
☑ inorganic substance ☐ both
3. A mineral is:
☑ always solid ☐ always liquid ☐ can be both
4. The repeated pattern of atoms forms a solid called a:
☐ rock ☐ mineral ☑ crystal
5. The size of the mineral's crystals depends upon how and
where:
☐ core is closer ☑ magma cools
☐ earthquakes take place
6. Crystals may form from a mineral dissolved in:
☑ liquid ☐ water ☐ butter
7. These two elements make up almost 75 percent of the
earth’s crust:
☑ oxygen and silicon ☐ oxygen and hydrogen
☐ silicon & natural gas
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 48 Key Book
8. The luster of a mineral describes the way a mineral
reflects:
☐ sunlight from its surface
☐ moonlight from its surface
☑ light from its surface
9. The ability of a mineral to resist being scratched is known
as its:
☑ hardness ☐ stubbornness ☐ impurity
10. Density is the amount of matter in a given:
☐ container ☑ space ☐ none of these
11. Magnetite is a mineral which is naturally:
☐ soft ☐ elastic ☑ magnetic
12. Jade makes a sound like ringing bell when it is:
☐ heated ☑ tapped ☐ put in water
13. Halite is also known as:
☐ sugar ☐ pepper ☑ salt
14. Cleavage is a property of a mineral if it breaks with:
☑ smooth surface ☐ a sound of a bell
☐ shatter into small pieces
15. Abestos fractures into:
☐ pieces that look like broken glass ☑ fibers
☐ jagged surface
C Draw Moh’s table of mineral hardness.
Mineral Hardness Field Test
Talc 1 Easily scratched by a fingernail
Gypsum 2 Can be scratched by a
fingernail
Calcite 3 Barely scratched by a copper
penny
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 49 Key Book

Mineral Hardness Field Test

Fluorite 4 Easily scratched by a steel knife
blade
Apatite 5 Can be scratched by a steel
knife blade
Feldspar 6 Easily scratches glass
Quartz 7 Easily scratches glass and steel
Topaz 8 Scratches quartz
Corundum 9 No simple test
Diamond 10 No simple test

D Write special properties of at least five minerals other

than this chapter.
Special Properties
Minerals Moh's
Colour Streak Luster Cleavage
Hardness
colourless
pearly to
Muscovite when cut white perfect 2.5 - 3
vitreous
into sheets
gray to crystal
Galena lead gray metalic 2.5 - 3
black cubes
greenish breaks
black to with a
Pyrite brass yellow metalic 6 - 6.5
brownish conchoidal
black fracture
four
Fluorite various white vitreous directions 4
of perfect
dull
Graphite black black perfect 1-2
metalic
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 50 Key Book

Chapter 10

Ecosystem

A Answer the following questions.

Q1. What is an ecosystem? What is it composed of?
Ans. An ecosystem is a complex set of relationships among
the living resources, habitats and residents of an area.
It includes plants, trees, animals, fish, birds, micro-
organisms, water, soil and people. Everything that lives
in an ecosystem is dependent on the other species and
elements.
Q2. Give an example that a change in an ecosystem can not
only affect organisms living in that ecosystem but it can
also destroy an entire ecosystem.
Ans. In 1955 the World Health Organization used the
pesticide DDT to kill malaria spreading mosquitoes to
relieve the malaria problem on the island of Borneo. But
it also started an undesirable chain of reaction on the
island.
First the thatch roofs started collapsing as the DDT had
killed the wasps that ate thatch eating caterpillars. The
DDT also affected the cockroaches. The cockroaches
were eaten by geckoes (lizards). The geckoes suffered
nerve damage and their reflexes got slower as a result
they were eaten by cats. After the cats ate affected geckoes
they died in great number. Without the cats around, the
rats started to move in from forests. On the rats came
flies that carried the bacteria that cause the plague. This
unforeseen chain of events occurred because the living
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 51 Key Book
things on the island were connected to each other in an
ecological network called an ecosystem.
Q3. Can an organism of one ecosystem survive in another
ecosystem?
Ans. Every organism lives in an ecosystem. This ecosystem
is its natural habitat. This is where the basic needs of
the organism to survive are met. Such as food they eat,
shelter they require to survive the weather and place to
breed its young. The physical appearance of an organism
also helps him to survive in his habitat. All organisms
need all these properties to adapt to their habitat to be
able to survive. Some animals, like the apple snail, can
survive in different ecosystems- from swamps, ditches
to lakes and rivers but the organisms cannot survive
outside its natural habitat.
Q4. Name different types of interactions among species.
Ans. Species within an ecosystem can affect each other both
positively and negatively. There are five major types of
species interactions: predation, competition, parasitism,
mutualism and commensalism.
Q5. Explain the difference between predation and
competition.
Ans. Predation is predator/prey relationship. One specie
(a predator) hunts and eats another specie (a prey).
Examples of predation include lions feeding on zebras,
cougars eating deer, snakes consuming mice and birds
eating insects.
Competition is when species compete for the same
resource (e.g food or shelter). When hyenas fight
with lions over the same animal carcass, they are in
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 52 Key Book
competition for food.
Q6. What is the difference between mutualism and
commensalism?
Ans. The difference between mutualism and commensalism
is that mutualism is a relationship between two species
in which both species benefit and commensalism is
a relationship between two organisms in which one
organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
B Fill in the blanks.
1. The environment is very complex and interconnected.
2. An ecosystem is composed of both biotic and abiotic
factors.
3. Biotic factors are the living parts of an ecosystem.
4. Abiotic factors are the non living parts of an ecosystem.
5. The organism that is eaten is called a prey.
6. The organism, the parasite takes its nourishment from is
known as the host.
7. The relationship between you and your intestinal bacteria
is known as mutualism.
8. Commensalism is the relationship in which one specie
benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.
C Complete the table.
Predators Prey Predators Competition
Lions Zebra Lions Hyenas
Cougars Deer Cheetahs Lions
Snakes Mice Coyotes Bobcats
Birds Insects Cockerelli Red Ants
Whales krill Grizzlies wolves
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 53 Key Book

Host Parasitism Host Mutualism

Humans, Hook
Flowers Butterflies
cats, dogs worms
Dogs Fleas Plants Ants
Whales Barnacles Plants Bees
Cows, pigs, Tapeworms
Fungus Algae
Humans
Plants Aphids Crab Sea anemones

Host Commensalism
Horse crab Flat worm
Sharks Pilot fish
Mollusk Barnacles
Tigers Golden Jackals
Livestock Cattle egrets

D Identify the relationship.

Mutualism Commensalism Commensalism

Mount Hill Social Studies 8 54 Key Book

Chapter 11

Kinds of Ecosystem
A Answer the following questions.
Q1. What are biomes? Name different types of biomes
found in the world?
Ans. Earth is covered by hundreds of types of ecosystems.
Ecologists have divided these into few biomes. Biomes
are areas that have distinctive climate and organisms.
The major biomes of the world are:
1. Forests 2. Grasslands 3. Deserts
4. Tundra 5. Freshwater 6. Marine
7. Polar
Q2. Write a note on the most favorable biome in the world
of plants.
Ans. Tropical rainforests occur in a belt around the earth near
equator. They are always humid and warm and get about
250 cm of rain a year. The climate is ideal for growing
plants. In fact, there are more different species of plants
growing in tropical forests than in any other biome on
earth. While 1 hectare of temperate forest contains about
10 species of trees the same area of tropical rainforest
may contain 100 species.
Q3. What kind of biome is taiga? How animals adapt
themselves in such climate?
Ans. In taiga the terrain is rough and the forest floor is
sparsely vegetated. Taiga is the northern coniferous
forest. It stretches in a broad band across the northern
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 55 Key Book
hemisphere just below the Arctic Circle. Animals like
hares have adapted to avoid predation by wolves and
foxes by shedding their brown summer fur and growing
white fur that camouflage them against the snow.
Q4. Which land is called tropical savannas? How plants
and animals adapt in tropical savannas?
Ans. The West African plains are called tropical savannas.
Tropical savannas are found in the tropics near
the equator. Savanna trees and grasses have large
underground root systems. This helps them to survive
fire. It also helps plants re-grow quickly after fire. Large
grazing herbivores have adopted a migratory way of life.
They follow the rains to areas of newly sprouted grass.
Many savanna animals give birth only during rainy
season, when food is most abundant.
Q5. Name some desert animals and their ways of surviving
in extreme climate of deserts.
Ans. Reptiles, such as lizards and snakes have dry scaly skin
that prevents water loss. Amphibians such as spadefoot
toads survive scorching desert summers by burying
themselves in the ground. Desert insects and spiders are
covered with thick body armor that helps them to retain
water.
Q6. What is the difference between rivers and wetlands?
Ans. The rivers originate from mountains. As they tumble
down the mountains a river may broaden and slows
down. Its properties may change according to the land
and the climate through which it flows. Wetlands are
areas of land that are covered with water for sometime
during the year. They also control flooding by absorbing
extra water.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 56 Key Book
Q7. Explain the difference between coral reef and estuaries.
Ans. Coral reefs are limestone islands in the sea that are built
by coral animals, whereas the estuary is an ecosystem in
which fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from
the ocean.
B Multiple Choice Questions.
1. Earth is covered by hundreds of types of:
☑ ecosystems ☐ biomes ☐ physical features
2. Biomes are named according to their:
☐ animal life ☑ plant life ☐ both
3. Tropical rainforests occur in a belt around the earth near
the:
☐ Arctic ☐ Antarctica ☑ equator
4. There are three layers of plants in:
☑ tropical rainforests
☐ temperate deciduous forests ☐ taiga
5. A conifer is a tree whose seeds grow in:
☑ cones ☐ flowers ☐ branches
6. Savanna trees and grasses have large:
☐ stems ☐ leaves
☑ underground root systems
7. Temperate grasslands are found in the interiors of:
☐ deserts ☑ continents ☐ islands
8. Desert is defined as areas that receive less than 25 cm of
precipitation:
☐ daily ☐ monthly ☑ yearly
9. Tundra is a biome without:
☐ animals ☑ trees ☐ both
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 57 Key Book
10. A lake with a large amount of plant nutrients is known as
a:
☑ eutrophic lake ☐ Baikal Lake ☐ europhic lake
11. The bottom of a body of water which is inhabited by
decomposers, insect larvae and clams is known as:
☐ inhabited zone ☑ benthic zone ☐ heavy zone
12. Coral reefs are:
☐ silicon islands ☑ limestone islands
☐ mineral islands
13. Corals can only live in:
☑ warm water ☐ cold water
☐ cold and warm water
14. The open ocean is one of the:
☐ most productive ecosystem
☐ less productive ecosystem
☑ least productive ecosystem
15. The polar caps at the north and south poles are:
☑ very different from each other
☐ somewhat same
☐ absolutely same
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 58 Key Book

Chapter 12

First Aid
A Answer the following questions.
Q1. What is first aid?
Ans. First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or
injury.
Q2. Write a note on food poisoning.
Ans. Badly prepared or stored food produces bacteria and
toxins which cause inflamation of the gut. Symptoms
of food poisoning are abdominal cramps, vomiting,
dehydration, chills and fever. The patient should be re-
hydrated by giving plenty of fluids and rest.
Q3. What are the causes of nose bleeding? What precautions
should be taken to stop nose bleeding?
Ans. Causes
1. Sneezing and blowing
2. Infection
3. High blood pressure
4. Head injury
Precautions
1. Ask the causualty to sit down, leaning forward.
2. Pinch the soft part of their nose for 10 minutes and
ask to breathe through mouth.
Q4. Distinguish between sting and bites.
Ans. Some insects and animals sting/bite as a defense
mechanism. Sting usually relates to insects like wasps,
bees etc. Bite usually relates to snakes or animals like
dogs etc.
Mount Hill Social Studies 859 Key Book
Q5. Explain the difference between the treatment of snake
bite and animal bite.
Ans. In case of a snake bite the casualty is asked to lie down
and keep him/her still and quite. Emergency service
number be called. The heart should be kept higher than
the level of bite. This bite area be washed with soap and
water then a dressing be placed. In case of some animal
bite contrary to the snake bite situation the casualty’s
bitten limb be kept above the level of heart. For more
serious bites pressure to the wound be applied to stop
bleeding.
B Multiple Choice Questions.
1. If a casualty loses consciousness, the tongue may:
☑ fall back into throat
☐ fall out of the mouth ☐ disappear
2. The severity of bleeding depends on the:
☐ location, size and colour of blood
☑ location, size and depth of the wound
☐ location, size and colour around the wound
3. In case of bleeding raise wound above the level of
casualty’s:
☑ heart ☐ stomach ☐ head
4. Casualty should seek medical help if the bruise is around
his/her:
☐ mouth ☐ heart ☑ eyes
5. Bruises normally fade within a:
☐ few weeks ☑ few days ☐ few months
6. Burns are caused by:
☑ dry heat ☐ wet heat ☐ stings
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 60 Key Book
7. Scalds are caused by:
☐ dry heat ☑ wet heat ☐ sunburn
8. Sunburn is caused by overexposure to:
☐ light ☐ moonlight
☑ ultraviolet rays
9. Symptoms for food poisoning are:
☑ abdominal cramps and vomiting
☐ sunburn and bruises
☐ nose bleeding and vomiting
10. Some insects and animals sting:
☐ as habit
☑ as a defense mechanism ☐ for fun
C Join them.

Nose bleeding

Sunburn

Sting

Snake bite
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 61 Key Book

Model Paper
1st Term (Paper 1)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. What were the circumstances due to which Muslims
invaded subcontinent?
2. Write a note on Muhammad Bin Qasim and his army.
3. Write a note on quantity of fresh water found on earth.
4. Explain the hydrological cycle.
5. Explain the development of the human senses.
Q.2. Fill in the blanks. 5×4
1. A ship was taking Muslims women and children from
__________ to __________.
2. Muhammad Bin Qasim was able to take control as far as
__________.
3. The water cycle has __________ main steps.
4. In the polar region, thick sheets of ice are called
__________ or __________.
5. Senses are always referred in a specific order in the Holy
Quran: __________, __________, __________ and
__________.
Q.3. Tick (✓) the correct option. 5×4
1. Ocean water cannot be used by living things because it
has:
fish / salt / toxic chemicals
2. A process by which vapour changes back into the water
is called:
evaporation / condensation / precipitation
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 62 Key Book
3. There is no light below the depth of:
1,000 metres / 1,500 metres / 2,000 metres
4. Every person who is alive or who has ever lived in this
world has a set of unique:
nose / eyes / fingerprints
5. In 1526 after the battle of Panipat Babar defeated and
killed:
Razia Sultana / Alauddin khiliji / Ibrahim Lodhi
Q.4. Complete the table with information about Pakistan.
20

river lakes glaciers

Q.5. Who is the most successful ruler and why? Or who is

the worst ruler and why? 10
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 63 Key Book

Model Paper
1st Term (Paper 2)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. Write about first three rulers of slave dynasty.
2. What kind of man was Alauddin Khiliji?
3. Write on all processes of water cycle.
4. Write down all forms of fresh water found on earth.
5. What are the benefits of honey?
Q.2. Fill in the blanks. 5×4
1. Muhammad Ghauri appointed QutubuddinAibak
________.
2. Juna Khan shifted the capital from Dehli to ________.
3. The first step of water cycle is called ________.
4. As water moves down through the soil it combines with
________ to form a weak ________.
5. Honey helps ________ and ________ to function better.
Q.3. Tick (✓) the correct option. 5×4
1. A large mass of moving ice and snow is called:
ice berg / glacier / continental glacier
2. The water entering rivers and streams after heavy rainfall
or melting of snow is called:
surface runoff / runoff water / runoff
3. Pig produces much higher levels of:
proteins / antibodies / carbohydrates
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 64 Key Book
4. The moon moves with the Earth around the Sun in a
pattern resembling the letter:
C/O/S
5. Mahmood Ghaznavi was the son of:
Muhammad Ghauri / Sabuktagin / Qutubuddin Aibak
Q.4. Give names and their location. 5×4
1. Largest glacier in the world. ________________
2. Longest river in the world. ________________
3. Largest lake in the world. ________________
4. Deepest lake in the world. ________________
5. Most active geyser in the world. ________________
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 65 Key Book

Model Paper
1st Term (Paper 3)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. Who was the first Tughlaq? How his rule came to an
end?
2. Who was the first pathan ruler of Dehli?
3. What is water table? Explain in detail.
4. How caverns are formed?
5. Why is pork harmful to our health?
Q.2. Fill in the blanks. 5×4
1. Razia Sultana was the daughter of _________.
2. _________ was the first Muslim to enter subcontinent
through the Khyber Pass.
3. The second step of the water cycle is called _________.
4. Eating pork is _________ to health.
5. _________ is preserved undamaged in the body.
Q.3. Tick (✓) the correct option. 5×4
1. A well from which water flows on its own without
pumping is called:
geyser / hot spring / an artesian well
2. The surface between the zone of saturation and zone of
aeration is called:
water cycle / water table / water front
3. The word ‘‘urjoon’’ in the Holy Quran refers to a:
thin and twisted date branch / long and fat apple branch
/ long and thin date branch
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 66 Key Book
4. Any excess iron consumed is stored in the:
heart / brain / liver
5. Ghazi Khan was killed by his:
brother / son / father
Q.4 Give one-word answer. 5×2
1. Number of suras in the Holy Quran.
2. Which angel delivered the Holy Quran?
3. Which is the largest dam in the world?
4. What do we call a layer of rocks or sediments that allow
water to pass freely?
5. What was the title of first Tughlaq ruler Ghazi Khan?
Q.5. Tick (✓) the correct statement and cross (×) the false
statement. 5×2
1. Sultan Mahmood died in 1030 AD.
2. Water cycle is also called the hydrological cycle.
3. Large continent glaciers are found in Egypt and Sudan.
4. The material which does not allow water to pass quickly
is known as impermeable.
5. The pig by nature is a clean living animal.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 67 Key Book

Model Paper
1st Term (Paper 4)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. Write a note on Ghaznavi Dynasty.
2. Write a note on Tamerlane.
3. Write a note on geysers and hot springs.
4. Write a note on aquifers.
5. Explain with an example that our ears are active during
our sleep.
Q.2. Fill in the blanks. 5×4
1. Hajjaj Bin Yousaf sent army to Sindh through ________.
2. Doulot Khan Lodhi was the governor of ________.
3. The third step of the water cycle is called ________.
4. Ultraviolet rays are very important for the ________ of
plants.
5. As elevation rises, atmospheric ________ goes down.
Q.3. Tick (✓) the correct option. 5×4
1. When valley glaciers move, some of the ice begins to
melt. This water is called:
melt water / cold water / runoff water
2. A process by which water changes into vapour is called:
evaporation / condensation / precipitation
3. The temperature of the space is:
270oC / -270oC / 0oC
4. The atmosphere filters the light rays coming from:
space / moon / sun
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 68 Key Book
5. Qutubuddin Aibak died playing:
cricket / football / polo
Q.4. Write the sura and verse number of the following
verses. 5×4
1. It is the star that pierces through darkness!
2. Yes, we are able to put together in perfect order the very
tips of his fingers.
3. Se we sealed their ears (with sleep) in the cave for a
number of years.
4. We made the sky a preserved and protected roof yet still
they turn away from Our signs.
5. He has let loose the two seas, converging together, with a
barrier between them they do not break through.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 69 Key Book

Model Paper
2nd Term (Paper 1)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. Why do you think Humayun was unlucky?
2. Explain different kinds of disasters.
3. Name different features of the topography of the ocean
floor.
4. Name and define the three basic motions of the oceans.
5. Write and explain two verses of the Holy Quran.
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. Waves are pulses of:
heat / energy / current
2. On a continent there is a boundary where the land and
the ocean meet. This boundary is called a:
shoreline / coastline / borderline
3. Human-made disasters are categorized as:
technological / sociological / technological or sociological
4. An oil spill is the release of petroleum into the:
ocean / tanker / environment
5. A ring of coral reefs is called:
a barrier reef / a fringing reef / an atoll
6. The height of the surface waves depends on:
two factors / three factors / four factors
7. The water that moves in streams is called:
electricity / current / fast water
8. A turbidity current is like an underwater:
earthquake / avalanche / flood
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 70 Key Book
9. Large flat areas on the ocean floor are called:
abyssal plains / flat lands / abyssal flat lands
10. Barrier reefs are separated from the shore by an area of
shallow water called:
a canal / a lagoon / a swamp
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. Babar was born in 1483 in ________.
2. Humayun was the eldest among four sons of ________.
3. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively
________.
4. There are ________ types of coral reefs.
5. There are ________ kinds of tides.
Q.4. Label the diagram. 10
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 71 Key Book

Model Paper
2nd Term (Paper 2)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. What was the reason for tension between Shah Jahan
and NurJahan?
2. Explain volcanic eruption and lahars.
3. What is the difference between seamounts and guyots?
4. What are the factors that make waves?
5. State the SuraNur verse 40 and explain.
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. The most common source of energy for waves is:
wind / fish / both
2. The area where the underwater edge of a continent meets
the ocean floor is called a:
continental coastline /continental margin / continental
shoreline
3. Technological disasters are results of:
failure of technology / terrorism / mishandling of
business
4. Hail is a form of rain which consists of balls or irregular
lumps of:
stone / debris / ice
5. A flat top mountains under the oceans are called:
seamounts / guyots / volcanic mountains
6. Tides are the regular rise and fall of ocean water caused
by the gravitational attraction among:
the earth and the sun / the earth and the moon / the
earth, the sun and the moon
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 72 Key Book
7. The lowest point of a wave is called the:
trough / torch / down under
8. Challenger deep is over:
2000 meters deep / 8000 meters deep / 11000 meters
deep
9. The power of the cyclone is measured according to its:
radius / diameter / wind speed
10. Reef building organisms cannot live in water colder then:
18oC / 10oC / 0oC
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. In January 1556 Humayun tripped on his robe on the
steps of the _______ and died.
2. The accession of Akbar to the throne took place when he
was only _______ years old.
3. A blizzard is a severe _______ storm.
4. Tides are the regular rise and fall of the _______.
5. The large pile of sand near the shoreline in called ______.
Q.4. Give one word answer. 5×2
1. Who is the most successful ruler?
2. Flood is a natural disaster or a man-made disaster.
3. What is the moving water in oceans in forms of streams
called?
4. What is the retreating water from the shore called?
5. What is the name and location of the deepest trench in
the world?
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 73 Key Book

Model Paper
2nd Term (Paper 3)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. How did Aurangzeb treat his brothers?
2. What are the human and natural factors of famine?
3. What is a challenger deep? Explain.
4. Write a note on currents and their types.
5. What are icebergs? What attempts are being made to use
them?
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. The wave energy passes:
forward / downward / in both directions
2. The flat part of the continental margin that is covered by
shallow ocean water is called a:
continental shelf / continental margin / continental
borderline
3. Cyclones in the northern hemisphere rotate:
clockwise / counter clockwise / both ways
4. Blizzards are formed when a high pressure system
interacts with:
another high pressure system / a low pressure system /
cold or hot wind
5. The deepest parts of the ocean are:
rift valleys / abyssal plains / trenches
6. When waves reach near the shore they:
slow down / get closer / both
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 74 Key Book
7. The water that flows back into the ocean is called:
underarm / undertow / underhand
8. Tornadoes are in the form of a visible:
tunnel / cave / funnel
9. Deforestation is the major cause of:
cyclones / floods / twister
10. The limestone structure containing shell of animals is
called:
coral reefs / coral barriers / tropical reefs
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. Jahangir faced his first rebellion from his own son prince
_________.
2. Shah Jahan had four sons _________, _________,
_________ and _________.
3. A volcanic eruption is an opening in _________ surface.
4. In the Pacific Ocean the mountain belt is called the
_________.
5. Some currents are caused mainly by differences in water
density deep in the ocean. Such currents are called
_________.
Q.4. Give one word answer. 5×2
1. Bahadar Shah II remained king till which year.
2. Name the deepest under water canyon.
3. Which is the longest mountain range under the ocean?
4. Name of surging water onto the shore.
5. Name of the current that returns to the ocean in a
powerful narrow flow.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 75 Key Book

Model Paper
2nd Term (Paper 4)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. Write a note on Babar.
2. Explain types of epidemics. What are the factors behind
their outbreaks?
3. Write a note on coral reefs.
4. Name type of tides and explain their differences.
5. Write a note on Muhammad Bin Qasim and his army.
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. The highest point of a wave is called the:
crest / peak / high top
2. The part of continental margin that drops steeply is
known as:
continental drop / coastal slope / continental slope
3. Cyclones are known to go inland as deep as:
40 kilometers / 80 kilometers / 120 kilometers
4. A solar flare is a violent explosion in a:
water / cave / star
5. Where ocean life is not abundant the ocean floor is
covered with sediments called:
blue clay / white clay / red clay
6. In 1738 Nadir Shah attacked from:
Persia / Afghanistan / Russia
7. In 1675 Sikhs started a long guerrilla war against:
Shah Jahan / Jahangir / Aurangzeb
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 76 Key Book
8. The natural factor of famine is:
dry season / over cultivation / heavy rainfall
9. Earthquake takes place with the movement of the:
waves / tectonic plates / wind
10. The mountain ranges under the ocean are called:
ocean ridges / mid ocean ridges / below ocean ridges
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. In 1738 Nadir Shah attacked Muhammad Shah for
sheltering fugitives from _________.
2. In 1758 Ahmad Shah lost Lahore and Dehli to _________.
3. Heavy rains and rapid melting of snow on mountains are
reasons of _________.
4. Surface current that travels thousands of kilometers is
called _________.
5. The ocean floor has more _________ than the earth’s
surface.
Q.4. Give one word answer. 5×2
1. What was the name of NurJahan’s husband?
2. What is the name and location of the highest seamount?
3. What is the name and location of the largest coral reef in
the world?
4. What is the name of the wave caused by earthquake?
5. What is another name for higher tides?
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 77 Key Book

Model Paper
3rd Term (Paper 1)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. What are biomes? Name different types of biomes found
in the world.
2. What is ecosystem? What is it composed of?
3. What are minerals? Also scientifically define a mineral.
4. Write a short note on rocks.
5. How many Mughal kings came after Aurangzeb?
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. Earth is covered by hundreds of types of:
ecosystem / biomes / physical features
2. Biomes are named according to their:
animal life / plant life / both
3. A mineral is a:
organic substance / inorganic substance / both
4. A mineral:
is always solid / is always liquid / can be solid or liquid
5. Rocks are naturally occurring solid materials made of
one or more than one:
minerals / gems / dead plants and animals
6. Igneous rocks form when the mineral in magma:
crystallize / hardens / crystallize or hardens
7. A meteoroids is a small particle of debris in the:
river / ocean / solar system
8. The deepest parts of the ocean are:
rift valleys / abyssal plains / trenches
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 78 Key Book
9. The lowest point of a wave is called the:
trough / torch / down under
10. The atmosphere filters the light rays coming from:
space / moon / sun
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. The environment is very ________ and ________.
2. An ecosystem is composed of both ________ and
________ factors.
3. In the shallow areas to the shore of lakes and ponds,
aquatic life is abundant. This nutrient rich area is known
as ________.
4. Chalk is an ________ sedimentary rock.
5. Cold water is ________ than the hot water.
Q.4. Name five relationships animals have among
themselves. Give one example of each relationship. 10
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 79 Key Book

Model Paper
3rd Term (Paper 2)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. Write a note on most favourable biome in the world for
plants.
2. Give an example that a change in an ecosystem can affect
organisms living in that ecosystem but it can also destroy
an entire ecosystem.
3. Write at least three properties of minerals.
4. Explain types of igneous rocks. How are they formed?
5. Explain types of epidemics. What are the factors behind
their outbreak?
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. Tropical rain forests occur in a belt around the earth
near the:
Arctic / Antarctica / equator
2. There are three layers of plants in:
tropical rain forests / temperate deciduous forests / taiga
3. The repeated pattern of atoms forms a solid called a:
rock / mineral / crystal
4. The size of the minerals crystals depend upon how and
where:
core is closer / magma cools / earthquake takes place
5. Mud is made of tiny fragments of:
dead plants and animals / clay minerals / rocks
6. Sand is made of somewhat larger grains of:
rocks / minerals / gems
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 80 Key Book
7. A lahar is a type of landslide composed of volcanic ash
and:
water / lava / mud
8. Barrier reefs are separated from the shore by an area of
shallow water called:
a canal / a lagoon / a swamp
9. When valley glaciers moves, some of the ice begins to
melt. This water is called:
melt water / cold water / runoff water
10. The density is affected by:
temperature / salinity / temperature and salinity
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. Biotic factors are the ________ of an ecosystem.
2. Abiotic factors are the ________ of an ecosystem.
3. Frogs use the ________ on their toes to maintain stability
in turbulent waters.
4. Metamorphic rocks form as a result of changes that
occur in ________ rocks.
5. A continental rise is made of a large amount of ________.
Q.4. Draw mohs table of mineral hardness. 10
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 81 Key Book

Model Paper
3rd Term (Paper 3)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. What kind of biome in taiga? How animals adapt
themselves in such climate?
2. Can an organism of one ecosystem survive in another
ecosystem?
3. Explain the formation of minerals.
4. What do you know about texture and rock cooling rate?
5. What is the difference between seamounts and guyots?
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. A conifer is a tree whose seeds grow in:
cones / flowers / branches
2. Savanna trees and grasses have large:
stems / leaves / underground root system
3. These two elements make up 75 percent of the earth’s
crust.
oxygen and silicon / oxygen and hydrogen / silicon and
natural gas
4. The luster of a mineral describes the way a mineral
reflects:
sunlight from its surface / moonlight from its surface /
light from its surface
5. Seventy five percent of the rocks on the earth’s surface
are:
igneous rocks / sedimentary rocks / metamorphic rocks
6. Slate is used to make:
rubber / sharpener / blackboard
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 82 Key Book
7. Cyclones in the southern hemisphere rotate:
clockwise / counter clockwise / both ways
8. The great barrier reef of Australia is:
230 kilometer long / 2300 kilometer long / 3200 kilometer
long
9. There are two types of:
currents / reefs / waves
10. A large chunk of ice floating in an ocean is called:
a glacier / an iceberg / a continental glacier
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. The organism that is eaten is called a _________.
2. The organism the parasite takes its nourishment from is
known as the _________.
3. _________ is an ecosystem in which fresh water from
rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean.
4. Sedimentary rocks are formed from _________.
5. The largest hailstone had a diameter of _________inches.
Q.4. Complete the table showing kinds of rocks. 10
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 83 Key Book

Model Paper
3rd Term (Paper 4)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. Which land is called tropical savanna? How plants and
animals adapt in tropical savannas?
2. Name different types of interactions among species.
3. Write down the factors that help identify minerals.
4. Explain the process of compaction.
5. Who was the first Pathan ruler of Dehli?
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. Temperate grasslands are found in the interiors of:
deserts / continents / islands
2. Desert is defined as areas that receive less than 25 cm of
precipitation:
daily /monthly / yearly
3. The ability of a mineral to resist being scratched is known
as its:
hardness / stubbornness / impurity
4. Density is the amount of matter in a given:
container / space / none of the above
5. Marble is formed from:
limestone / clay mineral / white clay
6. Foliated rocks form when minerals crystals in the
original rock:
flattened under pressure / re-crystallize / re-crystallize
or flatten under pressure
7. Some chemical rocks are formed when water evaporates
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 84 Key Book
and leaves behind minerals deposits. The rocks formed
this way are called:
evaporates / boiled / cooked
8. Akbar’s last years were spent fighting against rebellious:
father / son / brother
9. The microscopic organisms form sediments called:
ooze / coral reefs / cavern
10. The largest waves in the ocean are:
surface waves / long distance waves / tsunamis
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. The relationship between you and your intestinal bacteria
is known as ____________.
2. Commensalisms are the relationship in which one specie
benefits and the other is neither ____________ nor
____________.
3. Coral reefs are built by ____________ animals.
4. Sedimentary rocks are classified according to their
___________ and ____________.
5. The new emperor Jahangir was prince ____________.
Q.4. Label the diagram. 10
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 85 Key Book

Model Paper
Final Term (Paper 1)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. What is first aid?
2. Explain the difference between the treatment of a snake
bite and an animal bite.
3. Name some desert animals and their ways of surviving
in extreme climate of deserts.
4. What is the difference between mutualism and
commensalism?
5. Explain the process of metamorphism.
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. If a casualty loses consciousness, the tongue may:
fall back into the throat / fall out of the mouth / disappear
2. The severity of bleeding depends on the:
location, size and colour of blood / location, size and
depth of the wound / location, size and colour around
the wound
3. Symptoms for food poisoning are:
abdominal cramps and vomiting / sunburn and bruises /
nose bleeding and vomiting
4. Corals can live only in:
warm water / cold water / cold and warm water
5. Tundra is a biome without:
animals / trees / both
6. Jade makes a sound like ringing bell when it is:
heated / tapped / put in water
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 86 Key Book
7. When magma cools and hardens beneath the surface of
the earth, it forms a kind of igneous rocks known as:
intrusive rocks / extrusive rocks / crystalized rocks
8. Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babar died at the age of:
48 / 50 / 52
9. Nuclear leak is a kind of disaster which is:
natural / human-made / both
10. An exposed area on the surface where water soaks in is
called:
recharges area / positive area / negative area
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. The Arctic Ocean is relatively ____________.
2. Abiotic factors are the ___________ of an ecosystem.
3. The organism that is eaten is called a _____________.
4. Dense population in a small area is a factor involving in
outbreak of _____________.
5. Caverns are formed when underground layers of
___________ dissolve.
Q.4. Write special properties of two minerals. 5×4
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 87 Key Book

Model Paper
Final Term (Paper 2)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. Write a note on food poisoning.
2. What is the difference between rivers and wetland?
3. Write special properties of a few minerals.
4. Write a note on final days of last Mughal emperor.
5. What is water table? Explain in detail.
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. In case of bleeding raise wound above the level of
casualty’s:
heart / stomach / head
2. Casualty should seek medical help if the bruise is around
their:
mouth / heart / eye
3. Some insects and animals sting:
as a habit / as a defense mechanism / for fun
4. Coral reefs are:
silicon islands / limestone islands / mineral islands
5. Asbestos fractures into:
pieces that look like broken glass / fibers / jagged surface
6. Magnetite is a mineral which is naturally:
soft / elastic / magnetic
7. Jahangir was buried at:
Lahore / Shahdra / Kasur
8. The largest oil spill in the history was:
grand oil spill / precious oil spill / prestige oil spill
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 88 Key Book
9. When a layer of limestone collapses near the surface:
a cavern is formed / a sinkhole is formed / a geyser is
formed
10. The thick sheets of ice are called:
valley glaciers / iceberg / continental glaciers
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. The bottom of the ocean is _________.
2. Biotic factors are the _________ of an ecosystem.
3. The organism the parasite takes its nourishment from is
known as the _________.
4. In 1758 Ahmad Shah lost Lahore and Dehli to _________.
5. Ice on the mountain melts or rain mixes with the ash to
form a _________.
Q.4. Do you know? 5×2
1. Scientists who study rocks are called _________.
2. Scientists who study minerals are called _________.
3. Scientists who study climate are called _________.
4. Scientists who study weather are called _________.
5. Scientists who study ocean are called _________.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 89 Key Book

Model Paper
Final Term (Paper 3)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. What are the causes of nose bleeding? What precautions
should be taken to stop nose bleeding?
2. Explain the difference between coral reef and estuaries.
3. What are sediments? How sediment rocks are formed?
4. Explain types of epidemics. What are the factors behind
their outbreak?
5. Explain with an example that our ears are active during
our sleep.
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 10×4
1. Bruises normally fade within a:
few weeks / few days / few months
2. Burns are caused by:
dry heat / wet heat / stings
3. The polar caps at the north and south poles are:
very different from each other / somewhat same/
absolutely same
4. The bottom of a body of water which is inhabited by
decomposers, insects larvae and clams is known as:
inhabited zone / benthic zone / heavy zone
5. Cleavage is a property of a mineral if it breaks with:
smooth surface / with a sound of a bell / shatter into
small pieces
6. The first type of metamorphism is called:
first metamorphism / contact metamorphism / regional
metamorphism
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 90 Key Book
7. Shah Jahan’s real name was:
Khurram / Shahab-ud-din /
Shahab-ud-din Muhammaad Khurram
8. Solar flares produce electromagnetic:
rays / radiation / light
9. As elevation rises, atmospheric pressure:
goes up /goes down / remain same
10. The water over continental shelf:
are best fishing ground / have large mineral deposits /
both
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. ________ fish use light for communication.
2. An ecosystem is composed of both ________and
________.
3. The relationship between you and your intestinal bacteria
is known as ________.
4. In 1803 British were able to defeat ________ and took
over ________.
5. ________ reefs are coral reefs that touch the shoreline of
a volcanic island.
Q.4. Complete the table showing kinds of rocks. 10
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 91 Key Book

Model Paper
Final Term (Paper 4)
Time Allowed: 3:00 Hours Total Marks: 100
Q.1. Answer the following questions. 5×8
1. Distinguish between sting and bites.
2. Explain the difference between predation and
competition.
3. Name different types of clastic rocks.
4. What is the difference between hail storm and blizzard?
5. What is challenger deep? Explain.
Q.2. Tick (✓) the correct option. 5×4
1. Scalds are caused by:
dry heat / wet heat / sunburn
2. Sunburn is caused by overexposure to:
light / moonlight / ultraviolet rays
3. The open ocean is one of the:
most productive ecosystem / less productive ecosystem /
least productive ecosystem
4. A lake with a large amount of plant nutrients is known as
a:
eutrophic lake / baikal lake / europhic lake
5. Halite is also known as:
sugar / pepper / salt
6. Some small plats that live in the ocean grow very small
crystals of:
calcium carbonate / limestone / slate
7. Last Mughal king was exiled to:
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 92 Key Book
Sri Lanka / Burma / Thailand
8. The natural factor of famine is:
dry season / less rain / land contamination
9. When forests are cut off,:
rain water rushes down / heavy rainfall take place /
volcano erupts
10. When magma reaches the surface it is called:
crystal / volcanic ash / lava
Q.3. Fill in the blanks. 5×2
1. Estuaries are among the ________ ecosystems.
2. The environment is very ________ and _____________.
3. Commensalisms are the relationship in which one
specie benefits and the other is neither __________ nor
________.
4. A mineral is a ________ substance.
5. The retreating water is called an ________.
Q.4. Complete the table. 10

Disasters When Where No. of deaths

Famine
Floods
Twister and tornadoes
Meteoroids
Landslides and avalanches
Volcanic eruption and
lahars
Earthquakes and tsunami
Solar flares
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 93 Key Book

Disasters When Where No. of deaths

Deforestation and forest
fires
Hailstorms and blizzards
Epidemics
Nuclear leaks
Oil spills
Heat wave
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 94 Key Book

Scheme of Study
34 weeks 5/6 days a week Three Terms
1st Term
WEEK UNIT # NAME of UNIT PAGE #
MUSLIM INVASION in the
SUBCONTINENT Part-I: Muhammad
Bin Qasim / Ghaznvi / Ghauri (Slave
Ist 1 5 to 13
Dynasty) / The Khilijis / The
Tughlaqs / Timur / The Lodhis /
Exercise / Activities
FRESH WATER: The Water Cycle /
Evaporation / Condensation /
2nd 2 14 to 25
Precipitation / Forms of Fresh Water
/ Exercise / Activities
Revision and Test of the above
3rd
topics (Units 1 & 2)
MIRACLES of the HOLY QUR'AN:
Darkness in the seas and internal
waves / The sequence in
development of human organs /
Formation of milk / Accuracy of
finger prints / Benefits of hony /
Pork and its harmful effects / Light is
given by sun / The voyage to the
4th 3 26 to 38
moon / The moon's orbit / Modern
means of transport / The miracle of
fire and wood / Fossilization and
iron content / The protected roof /
Chest contraction with increasing
height / The sea not mingling with
one another / The ears are active
during sleep / Exercise / Activities
MOTION of the OCEANS: Waves /
5th 4 Currents / Tides / Exercise / 39 to 47
Activities
Revision and Test of the above
6th
topics (Units 3 & 4)
7th Revision (Units 1 & 2) 5 to 25
8th Revision (Units 3 & 4) 26 to 47
9th Preparatory Tests's Week
1st Term Paper (Units 1 to 4)
10th
ORAL(optional)
1st Term Paper (Units 1 to 4)
11th
WRITTEN
 Activities
Revision and Test of the above
6th
topics (Units 3 & 4)
7th Revision (Units 1 & 2) 5 to 25
Mount Hill Social Studies 8(Units 395
8th Revision & 4) 26 toKey
47 Book
9th Preparatory Tests's Week
1st Term Paper (Units 1 to 4)
10th
ORAL(optional)
1st Term Paper (Units 1 to 4)
11th
WRITTEN

2nd Term
WEEK UNIT # NAME of UNIT PAGE #
TOPOGRAPHY of the OCEAN FLOOR:
Features of ocean floor / Shoreline /
Continental margin / Submarine
12th 5 canyons / Abyssal plains / 48 to 56
Seamounts and guyots / Trenches /
Mid ocean ridges / Rift valleys /
Reefs / Exercise / Activities
DISASTERS: Natural disasters /
13th 6 Human-made disasters / Exercise / 57 to
Activities
Revision and Test of the above
14th
topics (Units 5 & 6)
MUSLIM INVASION in the
SUBCONTINENT Part-II: Zahir-ud-Din
Muhammad Babar / Nasir-ud-Din
Muhammad Humayun / Jalal-ud-
Din Muhammad Akbar / Nur-ud-Din
15th 7 Salim Jahangir / Shahab-ud-Din 68 & 77
Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan /
Mohi-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb
Alamgir / Decline and fall of Muslim
rule in the subcontinent / Exercise /
Activities
ROCKS: Igneous rocks / Sedimentary
rocks / Metamorphic rocks / Types
16th 8 of metamorphism / Types of 78 to 87
metamorphic rocks / Exercise /
Activities
Revision and Test of the above
17th
topics (Units 7 & 8)
18th Preparatory Tests's Week
19th Preparatory Leave's Week
2nd Term Paper (Units 5 to 8)
20th
ORAL(optional)
2nd Term Paper (Units 5 to 8)
21st
WRITTEN
22nd "
 Revision and Test of the above
17th
topics (Units 7 & 8)
18th Preparatory Tests's Week
19th Preparatory Leave's Week
Mount 2nd Term
Hill Social Studies 8 Paper 96
(Units 5 to 8) Key Book
20th
ORAL(optional)
2nd Term Paper (Units 5 to 8)
21st
WRITTEN
22nd "
3rd Term
WEEK UNIT # NAME of UNIT PAGE #
MINERALS: Properties of minerals /
Formation of minerals /
23rd 9 Composition of minerals / 88 to 95
Identifying minerals / Special
properties / Exercise / Activities
ECOSYSTEM: What is an ecosystem?
/ Real life incident / Niche and
habitat / Interaction among species
24th 10 / Predation / Competition / 96 to 102
Parasitism / Mutualism /
Commensalisms / Exercise /
Activities
Revision and Test of the above
25th
topics (Units 9 & 10)
KINDS of ECOSYSTEM: Forests /
Grasslands / Deserts / Tundra /
26th 11 103 & 116
Freshwater / Marine / Polar /
Exercise / Activities
FIRST AID: Life saving techniques /
27th 12 117 to 128
Exercise / Activities
Revision and Test of the above
28th
topics (Units 11 & 12)
Preparatory Tests' Week (1st & 2nd
Term)

Preparatory Tests' Week (3rd Term)

29th Preparatory Test's Week

30th Preparatory Leave's Week
3rd Term Paper (Units 1 to 12)
31st
ORAL(optional)
3rd Term Paper (Units 1 to 12)
32nd
WRITTEN
Note: Teachers may synchronize this "Scheme of Study"
with our (Term Wise) "Model Papers", according to
their specific needs.
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 97 Key Book

Scheme of Study
40 weeks 5/6 days a week Four Terms
1st Term
WEEK UNIT # NAME of UNIT PAGE #
MUSLIM INVASION in the
SUBCONTINENT Part-I: Muhammad
Bin Qasim / Ghaznvi / Ghauri (Slave
Ist 1 5 to 13
Dynasty) / The Khilijis / The
Tughlaqs / Timur / The Lodhis /
Exercise / Activities
FRESH WATER: The Water Cycle /
Evaporation / Condensation /
2nd 2 14 to 25
Precipitation / Forms of Fresh Water
/ Exercise / Activities
Revision and Test of the above
3rd
topics (Units 1 & 2)
MIRACLES of the HOLY QUR'AN:
Darkness in the seas and internal
waves / The sequence in
development of human organs /
Formation of milk / Accuracy of
finger prints / Benefits of hony /
Pork and its harmful effects / Light is
given by sun / The voyage to the
4th 3 26 to 38
moon / The moon's orbit / Modern
means of transport / The miracle of
fire and wood / Fossilization and
iron content / The protected roof /
Chest contraction with increasing
height / The sea not mingling with
one another / The ears are active
during sleep / Exercise / Activities
MOTION of the OCEANS: Waves /
5th 4 Currents / Tides / Exercise / 39 to 47
Activities
6th Revision and Test of the above
7th Revision (Units 1 & 2) 5 to 25
8th Revision (Units 3 & 4) 26 to 47
1st Term Paper (Units 1 to 4)
9th
ORAL(optional)
1st Term Paper (Units 1 to 4)
10th WRITTEN
 5th 4 Currents / Tides / Exercise / 39 to 47
Activities
6th Revision and Test of the above
7th Revision (Units 1 & 2) 5 to 25
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 98 Key Book
8th Revision (Units 3 & 4) 26 to 47
1st Term Paper (Units 1 to 4)
9th
ORAL(optional)
1st Term Paper (Units 1 to 4)
10th WRITTEN

2nd Term
WEEK UNIT # NAME of UNIT PAGE #
TOPOGRAPHY of the OCEAN FLOOR:
Features of ocean floor / Shoreline /
Continental margin / Submarine
11TH 5 canyons / Abyssal plains / 48 to 56
Seamounts and guyots / Trenches /
Mid ocean ridges / Rift valleys /
Reefs / Exercise / Activities
DISASTERS: Natural disasters /
12th 6 Human-made disasters / Exercise / 57 to
Activities
Revision and Test of the above
13th
topics (Units 5 & 6)
MUSLIM INVASION in the
SUBCONTINENT Part-II: Zahir-ud-Din
Muhammad Babar / Nasir-ud-Din
Muhammad Humayun / Jalal-ud-
Din Muhammad Akbar / Nur-ud-Din
14th 7 Salim Jahangir / Shahab-ud-Din 68 & 77
Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan /
Mohi-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb
Alamgir / Decline and fall of Muslim
rule in the subcontinent / Exercise /
Activities
ROCKS: Igneous rocks / Sedimentary
rocks / Metamorphic rocks / Types
15th 8 of metamorphism / Types of 78 to 87
metamorphic rocks / Exercise /
Activities
16th Revision and Test of the above
17th Preparatory Leave's Week
2nd Term Paper (Units 5 to 8)
18th
ORAL(optional)
2nd Term Paper (Units 5 to 8)
19th
WRITTEN
20th "
 Activities
16th Revision and Test of the above
17th Preparatory Leave's Week
2nd Term Paper (Units 5 to 8)
Mount Hill Social Studies 8
18th
ORAL(optional)
99 Key Book
2nd Term Paper (Units 5 to 8)
19th
WRITTEN
20th "

3rd Term
WEEK UNIT # NAME of UNIT PAGE #
MINERALS: Properties of minerals /
21st 9 88 to 95
Formation of minerals /
ECOSYSTEM: What is an ecosystem?
22nd 10 96 to 102
/ Real life incident / Niche and
Revision and Test of the above
23rd
topics (Units 9 & 10)
KINDS of ECOSYSTEM: Forests /
Grasslands / Deserts / Tundra /
24th 11 103 & 116
Freshwater / Marine / Polar /
Exercise / Activities
FIRST AID: Life saving techniques /
25th 12 117 to 128
Exercise / Activities
26th Revision and Test of the above
27th topics (UnitsTest's
Preparatory 11 & 12)
Week
28th Preparatory Leave's Week
3rd Term Paper (Units 9 to 12)
29th
ORAL(optional)
3rd Term Paper (Units 9 to 12)
30th
WRITTEN

4th Term
WEEK UNIT # NAME of UNIT PAGE #
1st & 2nd
31st TERM UNITS 1 to 4 5 to 47
(REVISION)

32nd " UNITS 5 to 8 48 to 87

Preparatory Tests' Week (1st & 2nd
33rd Term)
3rd TERM
34th UNITS 9 & 10 88 to 102
(REVISION)

35th " UNITS 11 & 12 103 to 128

Preparatory Tests' Week (3rd Term)
36th
37th Preparatory Leave's Week
4th Term Paper (Units 1 to 12)
38th ORAL(optional)
4th Term Paper (Units 1 to 12)
 Preparatory Tests' Week (1st & 2nd
33rd Term)
3rd TERM
34th UNITS 9 & 10 88 to 102
(REVISION)
Mount Hill Social Studies 8 100 Key Book
35th " UNITS 11 & 12 103 to 128
Preparatory Tests' Week (3rd Term)
36th
37th Preparatory Leave's Week
4th Term Paper (Units 1 to 12)
38th ORAL(optional)
4th Term Paper (Units 1 to 12)
39th
WRITTEN
40th "
Note: Teachers may synchronize this "Scheme of Study"
with our (Term Wise) "Model Papers", according to
their specific needs.