Introduction to CLEWs

Hands-on lecture 7: Introducing new parameters

and the Water system
Abhishek Shivakumara,b,c, Vignesh Sridharand, Francesco Gardumie, Taco Nietf, Thomas Alfstada, Kane
Alexander cd

aUnited Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York

bUniversity College London, United Kingdom cLoughborough

University, United Kingdom dImperial College London, United

Kingdom eKTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden fSimon Fraser

University, Canada

V1.2.0

Revised by: Shravan Kumar Pinayur Kannan e, Roberto Herediae, Francesco Gardumie, Leigh
Martindalec, Abhishek Shivakumara,b,c, Thomas Alfstada

V1.3.0

Revised by: Kane Alexandercd , Leigh Martindalecd

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Cite as: K. Alexander, A. Shivakumar, V. Sridharan, F. Gardumi, T. Niet, T. Alfstad, ‘Introduction to

CLEWs Hands on lecture 7: Introducing new parameters and the water system’, Climate Compatible
Growth, 2023. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8340875.

Tags: CLEWs; Climate; Land; Energy; Water; Water system; Systems Modelling; Integrated; Policy
Coherence; Hands-on; Climate Compatible Growth; Open Source; Teaching Kit.

Useful links:
1) Discussion forum for CLEWs
2) Results from this Hands-on

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Pre-requisites:
1) Successful completion of Hands-on lecture 6

Learning outcomes
By the end of this Hands-on, you will be able to:

1) Understand the usage of parameters that facilitate the implementation of

capacity and activity constraints in the CLEW systems
2) Describe the key features of a water system
3) Create an engineering and simplified representation of a water system and its
linkages to the other CLEW systems

Overview
Until now, you have been building aspects of energy and land systems into the model.
In this hands-on exercise, you will create commodities and technologies to represent
the water system in the CLEWs model. Before representing the water system, we will
have a short overview of some new parameters that facilitate the implementation of
capacity and activity constraints. Following that, you will use these parameters in the
first activity to implement some constraints on some land cover types. The following
table presents four capacity- and activity-related parameters and their functionality.

Parameter Limit on? Description

Total annual capacity must be higher than this value
TotalAnnualMinCapacity Capacity

New annual capacity must be higher than this value

TotalAnnualMinCapacityInvestment Capacity

TotalAnnualMaxCapacity Capacity Total annual capacity cannot exceed this value

TotalAnnualMaxCapacityInvestment Capacity New annual capacity cannot exceed this value

TotalTechnologyAnnualActivityLowerLimit Activity Annual activity must be higher than this value

TotalTechnologyAnnualActivityUpperLimit Activity Annual activity cannot exceed this value

Annual activity in a specific mode must be higher than

TechnologyActivityByModeLowerLimit Activity this value

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 Annual activity in a specific mode cannot exceed this
TechnologyActivityByModeUpperLimit Activity value
Total activity over the entire model period must be
TotalTechnologyModelPeriodActivityLowerLimit Activity higher than this value
Total activity over the entire model period cannot
TotalTechnologyModelPeriodActivityUpperLimit Activity exceed this value

It must be taken into consideration that the parameters described above have
different indices. Some may be defined for each mode of operation, whereas some
may have to be defined for the technology as a whole. The table below gives the
indices of the respective parameters. An understanding of the indices will also help
in data-entry routines. It is also important to note that each of these parameters has
a ’default value’ in OSeMOSYS. This means that, if the parameters are not specified
explicitly, the default value is assumed. The table below also details the default value
of the parameters.

Default
Parameter Indices
Value

TotalAnnualMinCapacity Region, Technology, Year 0

TotalAnnualMinCapacityInvestment Region, Technology, Year 0

TotalAnnualMaxCapacity Region, Technology, Year 9999999

TotalAnnualMaxCapacityInvestment Region, Technology, Year 9999999
TotalTechnologyAnnualActivityLowerLimit Region, Technology, Year 0
TotalTechnologyAnnualActivityUpperLimit Region, Technology, Year 9999999
Region, Technology, Mode of
TechnologyActivityByModeLowerLimit 0
Operation, Year
Region, Technology, Mode of
TechnologyActivityByModeUpperLimit 9999999
Operation, Year

TotalTechnologyModelPeriodActivityLowerLimit Region, Technology 0

TotalTechnologyModelPeriodActivityUpperLimit Region, Technology 9999999

An explanation for the use of activity limits

• They can be used to restrict or force the annual activity of a technology. For
example, the maximum/minimum annual production capability (activity) of
a biodiesel plant can be implemented using the following parameters. These
parameters can be used to restrict the total activity of the technology. They
are mode-independent.

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 Parameter Y0 Y1 Y2 Yn

TotalTechnologyAnnualActivityUpperLimit ValueMax ValueMax ValueMax ValueMax

TotalTechnologyAnnualActivityLowerLimit ValueMin ValueMin ValueMin ValueMin

• They can be used to restrict or force the annual activity of the technology
in a certain mode of operation. For example, the following parameters can
determine the annual activity of a type of land cover. These mode-
dependent parameters need to be used carefully, as they may compete with
the technology activity limits.

Parameter Y0 Y1 Y2 Yn

Technology Activity By Mode Upper Limit ValueMax ValueMax ValueMax ValueMax

Technology Activity By Mode Lower Limit ValueMin ValueMin ValueMin ValueMin

• They can also be used to define a technology's maximum activity for the
entire model period. For example, suppose the exploitable quantity of oil
reserves in a country is fixed. In that case, this parameter can give a
maximum value for that number in a country. Similarly, the parameters can
also be used in need of a minimum activity constraint.

Parameter Model period

TotalTechnologyModelPeriodActivityUpperLimit ValueMax

TotalTechnologyModelPeriodActivityLowerLimit ValueMin

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 Activity 1 – Introducing activity
constraints for built-up land and
water bodies
In this activity, you will use the parameters introduced above to implement activity
constraints for built-up land and water bodies. You will work with mode-dependent
activity upper and lower limits as detailed below.

CRPMAI
LNDMAIHR

LNDRICHR CRPRIC

CRPMAI
LNDMAIHI
LND
MINLND
CRPRIC
LNDRICHI

LFOR
LNDFOR

LBLT
LNDBLT

LWAT
LNDWAT

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Let us assume that the land allocated to the built-up land category increases from 70
units in 2019 at an annual growth rate of 2% until 2022. i.e. the value in 2020 will
be 70 * 1.02, and the value in 2021 will be 70 * 1.02 * 1.02 and so on. You will have
to use the parameter “Technology Activity By Mode Lower Limit”. Additionally,
the land allocated to water bodies is expected to remain constant at 30 units from
2019 to 2022. Use the same parameter as the built-up land addition and add the
constant value of 30. When the changes mentioned above have been
implemented, kindly re-run the model on the online platform and visualize
the results.

Activity 2 – Introducing the water

system linkages - part 1
Kindly create a new version of the model by copying the last one.

Before jumping into the water system, we will have a brief overview of the
connections in the water system. At the end of this hands-on, you should have
represented the following setup inside the model.

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When it comes to the Water system, there are two main inputs and three main
outputs that interact with the land system. The classification of agricultural land is
actually a function of the type of water input. Based on whether or not there is
artificial supply of water, they are differentiated into irrigated or rainfed type land.

In this activity, we start by illustrating the case where there is no artificial water input
to the agricultural land. The figure below illustrates the linkages in this case, with the
example of Maize cultivation.

For this activity, we will need to add one new technology (MINPRC) and four new
commodities (WTRPRC, WTREVT, WTRGWT, WTRSUR). The unit of activity for the
water technologies and commodities will be billion m 3 (of water). Link the
technologies to the commodities based on the figure in the previous page.

Naming Entity Description

convention

MINPRC Technology Technology that produces

rain

WTRPRC Commodity Precipitation water

WTREVT Commodity Water that is

evapotranspirated

WTRGWT Commodity Water for groundwater

recharge

WTRSUR Commodity Water in surface water

sources

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You need to make sure that all the commodities are always linked to a technology at
their source. For example, the commodity WTRPRC in this model will have to be
produced by a technology (MINPRC). In this activity, we will add only the inputs from
precipitation and all the relevant outputs. The component for irrigated water is
discussed in the following activity. The following table provides the input for this
activity.

Technology Commodity Value Parameter

MINPRC WTRPRC 1 billion m3 / OutputActivityRatio

billion m3

As discussed above, you will first need to connect the commodity for precipitation
with its source using the parameter “OutputActivityRatio”. Following that, you will
have to input the necessary links for the water system for each land cover type
technology.

Input water Technology Output water commodities

commodities

WTRPRC WTREVT WTRGWT WTRSUR

1.2 0.4 0.08 0.72

LNDMAIHR

1.2 0.6 0.06 0.54

LNDRICHR

1.2 0.5 0.1 0.9

LNDMAIHI

1.2 0.75 0.09 0.81

LNDRICHI

1.2 LNDFOR 0.85 0.03 0.32

1.2 LNDBLT 0.75 0.04 0.41

1.2 LNDWAT 0.4 0.08 0.72

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There are many ways to input the above data into the model. The simplest is to enter
the data one commodity at a time. The unit for all the above inputs is billion m3 /
1000 sq. Km.

The above values are a simplified and averaged version of actual water balance data
for different land cover types under different water supply conditions. In reality, these
values would vary significantly by factors such as vegetation type, geographic
location, and climate pathway. The values used here broadly capture the relative
differences between the water balance components for each land cover type.

After adding all the inputs, run the model and visualize the results.
model and visualize the results.

Activity 3 – Introducing the water

system linkages – part 2
In this activity, you will introduce the water used for irrigation and include new
technologies and commodities to represent the amount of water used to meet the
public demand. You will also differentiate between surface and groundwater
resources. Your model structure for the land and water systems should look like the
diagram illustrated below at the end of the activity.

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Before starting the activity, we will go through some of the inputs and output
schematics to understand the linkages.

The commodity to represent the water for irrigation is called AGRWAT (Agricultural
Water). You will need to add this new commodity. AGRWAT can be obtained from both
surface water (WTRSUR) and groundwater (WTRGWT). Similarly, the water for public
consumption (PUBWAT) can also be satisfied by the same two sources. To account for
water consumption from different sources and differentiate the demands, we use four
new technologies.

Technologies DEMAGRSURWAT and DEMAGRGWTWAT cater to account for the

water used for irrigation. Technologies DEMPUBSURWAT and DEMPUBGWTWAT
account for the public water supply.

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By now, you must be proficient in adding new technologies and commodities. Kindly
add the following.

• New technologies: DEMAGRSURWAT, DEMAGRGWTWAT, DEMPUBSURWAT,

DEMPUBGWTWAT
• New commodities: AGRWAT, PUBWAT

When plants are irrigated, their yields increase, and at the same time,
evapotranspiration and other water outputs also increase. This can be observed in
the following illustration for irrigated maize land. The balance still has to be
maintained.

The following table provides the necessary ratios for AGRWAT input for the
irrigated Maize and Rice land. The new inputs needed are marked in red, with the

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previous inputs still present in this table. Once again, the unit for all the data in the
table is billion m3 / 1000 sq. km.

Input water Technology Output water commodities

commodities
WTRPRC AGRWAT WTREVT WTRGWT WTRSUR

1.2 LNDMAIHR 0.4 0.08 0.72

1.2 LNDRICHR 0.6 0.06 0.54

1.2 0.3 LNDMAIHI 0.5 0.1 0.9

1.2 0.45 LNDRICHI 0.75 0.09 0.81

1.2 LNDFOR 0.85 0.03 0.32

1.2 LNDBLT 0.75 0.04 0.41

1.2 LNDWAT 0.4 0.08 0.72

You will have to include the AGRWAT inputs for the respective technologies.
Additionally, you will also implement a new demand for public water. The parameter
“AccumulatedAnnualDemand” will be used for this purpose. It is expected that
the public water demand (PUBWAT) increases from 12 billion cubic meters (BCM) in
2019 at an annual growth rate of 2% until 2022. You will also need to make the
connections between the water supply technologies and the demand centres. The
following table details all the inputs and outputs that need to be established.

Once all the data entry is complete, kindly re-run the model and visualize
the results using the online platform.

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Own reflection

Optional (no deliverable needed)

• What are the potential benefits and drawbacks of this simplified representation
of the water cycle?

• Could there be other approaches and tools to model a water system and its
links with the land system, from your experience?

• What technologies and commodities in this model now represent final water
uses?

• Look at your results from Activity 3: is the water balance respected?

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