Amc external

Chapt 1 evolution of modern mobile communication

Chapt 2 mobile network and transport and application layer

Chapt 3 advance mobile communication standards

Chapt 4 beyond 3G

Chapt 5 overview and channel structure of LTE

Chapt 6 smart Antena configuration

what is differnece between mobile communication and modern mobile communication?

Mobile communication refers to basic voice and SMS services of early generations, while modern
mobile communication includes high-speed, multi-functional services like 4G/5G, enabling internet,
IoT, and advanced applications.

2) what is frequcncy reuse ?

Frequency reuse is a method in mobile networks where the same frequencies are used in different
areas (called cells) that are spaced far enough apart. This prevents interference between cells and
allows more users to share the limited frequency spectrum efficiently.

3) what is spread spectrum ?

Spread spectrum is a technique in wireless communication where a signal's frequency is spread over
a wide range of frequencies to reduce interference, improve security, and increase resistance to
noise. Common methods include Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum (DSSS).

4) handoff stratergy ?

Handoff strategy in mobile communication refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or
data session from one cell or base station to another as a user moves, ensuring uninterrupted
service. Strategies include:

1. Hard Handoff: The connection is broken with the current cell before connecting to the new
cell.

2. Soft Handoff: The connection with the new cell is established before disconnecting from the
current cell.

3. Horizontal Handoff: Handoff occurs between cells in the same network technology (e.g., 4G
to 4G).

4. Vertical Handoff: Handoff occurs between different network technologies (e.g., 4G to Wi-Fi).

The choice depends on factors like network type, signal strength, and mobility.
5) what is reference model of mobile communication ?

The reference model of mobile communication outlines the key layers and components for
communication between mobile devices and networks. It is often based on the OSI model but
adapted for mobile systems. A simplified view includes:

1. Application Layer: Handles user services like messaging, browsing, and apps.

2. Transport Layer: Ensures end-to-end communication and reliability (e.g., TCP, UDP).

3. Network Layer: Manages routing, addressing, and mobility (e.g., IP, mobile IP).

4. Data Link Layer: Ensures error detection, correction, and frame synchronization (e.g., MAC
protocols).

5. Physical Layer: Handles actual transmission of data over the air (radio frequencies,
modulation).

Modern systems like LTE/4G and 5G adapt this model into protocol stacks for efficient wireless
communication.

6)mobile IP?

Mobile IP is a protocol that allows mobile devices to maintain a continuous internet connection
while moving between different networks. It uses a Home Address (permanent IP) and a Care-of
Address (temporary IP) when the device moves to a new network. The Home Agent in the home
network tracks the device's location and forwards data to the new address, ensuring uninterrupted
communication.

7) routing optimization ?

Routing optimization is the process of improving the efficiency and performance of routing in a
network. It involves selecting the best possible paths for data packets to travel from source to
destination, reducing delays, avoiding network congestion, and making the best use of available
resources like bandwidth. This ensures faster, more reliable communication with minimal resource
waste.

Key strategies include:

• Shortest Path Routing: Choosing the path with the fewest hops or least cost.

• Load Balancing: Distributing traffic across multiple paths to prevent congestion.

• Adaptive Routing: Dynamically adjusting routes based on real-time network conditions.

By optimizing routing, networks can achieve better speed, reliability, and overall performance.

8) what is bandwidth?

Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network or
communication channel in a given amount of time, usually measured in bits per second (bps). It
indicates the capacity of the network to carry data and is often described as the "width" of the
communication channel. Higher bandwidth allows for faster data transfer and better performance,
especially for activities like streaming, video calls, and downloading large files.

9) IEEE802.11 WLAN ?

IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for wireless local area networks (WLANs), commonly known as Wi-
Fi. It defines how devices communicate over wireless networks, specifying aspects like frequency
bands, data rates, security, and access methods.

• Frequency Bands: Primarily uses 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and recently 6 GHz.

• Data Rates: Ranges from 11 Mbps (802.11b) to up to 10 Gbps (802.11ax).

• Security: Includes standards like WEP, WPA, WPA2, and WPA3 for secure communication.

• Access Method: Uses CSMA/CA for managing access to the wireless medium.

• Evolution: Includes various standards such as 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and
802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) for faster speeds and better efficiency.

10) IEEE802.15 WPAN ?

IEEE 802.15 WPAN is a standard for Wireless Personal Area Networks designed for short-range
communication, typically within 10 meters. It includes protocols like:

• IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) for device-to-device connections like headphones and file
transfers.

• IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee) for low-power IoT applications like smart homes.

• IEEE 802.15.6 for wearable devices like health monitors.

It focuses on low power, low range, and efficient communication.

11) IEEE802.16

IEEE 802.16, also known as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), is a
standard for broadband wireless access. It provides high-speed internet and data services over long
distances, targeting metropolitan area networks (MANs).

Key Features:

1. Wide Coverage: Operates over long distances, up to 30 miles (50 km).

2. High Data Rates: Offers speeds up to 1 Gbps in fixed networks and 100 Mbps in mobile
networks.

3. Frequency Bands: Works in licensed (2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz) and unlicensed (5.8 GHz) bands.

4. Applications: Supports broadband internet for remote areas, backhaul for cellular networks,
and enterprise connectivity.

5. Access Technology: Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for efficient
data transmission and supports Quality of Service (QoS) for different applications like voice,
video, and data.
In summary, IEEE 802.16 is designed for delivering high-speed wireless internet over large areas,
complementing cellular networks and bridging connectivity gaps in underserved regions.

12) Bluetooth ?

Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology designed for short-range data exchange between
devices over distances of up to 10 meters, though some versions support up to 100 meters. It
operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and uses frequency hopping to reduce interference.

Key Features:

1. Short Range: Ideal for personal area networks (PANs).

2. Low Power Consumption: Suitable for battery-operated devices.

3. Data Rates: Speeds range from 1 Mbps (Bluetooth 1.0) to 50 Mbps (Bluetooth 5.3).

4. Applications: Used in headphones, keyboards, smartwatches, file sharing, and IoT devices.

Bluetooth is based on the IEEE 802.15.1 standard and enables simple, secure, and efficient wireless
connections.

13) physical layer and mac layer ?

The Physical Layer deals with the actual transmission of signals, while the MAC Layer focuses on
organizing and controlling access to the transmission medium.

The MAC Layer relies on the Physical Layer to send and receive data signals.

The Physical Layer handles actual data transmission, while the MAC Layer ensures efficient and
conflict-free access to the medium.

14)HSPA ?

HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) is a mobile communication technology that enhances 3G

networks by providing faster data speeds for downloading (HSDPA) and uploading (HSUPA). It
supports speeds up to 14 Mbps for downloads and 5.76 Mbps for uploads, enabling smoother
internet browsing, video streaming, and real-time applications.

15)LTE ?

LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a 4G mobile communication technology that provides high-speed

internet, with download speeds up to 300 Mbps and low latency, enabling faster browsing,
streaming, and real-time applications.

16) types of channel ?

The three main types of channels in mobile communication are:

1. Logical Channels: Define the type of information being transferred, like control or user data.
 2. Transport Channels: Specify how the data is delivered over the network.

3. Physical Channels: Represent the actual transmission of data over the physical medium.

17) heterogeneous network?

LTE Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) is a network architecture that combines different types of
cells, such as macro cells, small cells (micro, pico, femto), and relay nodes, to enhance coverage and
capacity.

Key Features:

1. Macro Cells: Provide wide-area coverage.

2. Small Cells: Address capacity in high-traffic areas.

3. Relay Nodes: Extend coverage in hard-to-reach locations.

HetNets improve network performance by efficiently using spectrum and managing traffic in diverse
environments.

18)

Multimedia Terminals

These are devices capable of handling multiple types of media (audio, video, text, and images)
simultaneously. Examples include smartphones, tablets, laptops, and smart TVs.

Intersystem Handover

This occurs when a mobile device switches its connection between different network systems (e.g.,
from LTE to Wi-Fi or 3G to 4G) while maintaining an ongoing call or data session. It ensures seamless
connectivity across different technologies.

19)

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access):

• A multi-user version of OFDM.

• Divides the spectrum into multiple subcarriers and allocates them to different users.

• Used in downlink transmission in LTE.

• Efficient for high-speed and multi-user communication.

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access):

• Combines single-carrier transmission with frequency division multiple access.

• Reduces power consumption and improves uplink efficiency.

• Used in uplink transmission in LTE.

• Less sensitive to power amplifiers compared to OFDMA.

19)

H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) is an error correction technique used in wireless
communication to improve data reliability.

• Combines ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) and FEC (Forward Error Correction).

• If errors are detected, it retransmits only the necessary data while using error correction to
recover lost bits.

• Widely used in LTE to enhance data throughput and reduce retransmission delays.

20) what is beam forming?

Beamforming is a smart antenna technique that focuses the wireless signal in a specific direction to
improve signal strength and reduce interference. It enhances communication quality and increases
network efficiency.

21) spatial filtering with beam former?

Spatial Filtering with Beamformers is a technique where smart antennas use directional signals to
focus on specific users or areas while minimizing interference from unwanted directions. It improves
signal quality and network capacity.

22) diversity technique?

Diversity techniques are methods used in wireless communication to improve signal reliability by
using multiple signal paths. The main types include:

1. Frequency Diversity: Transmitting the same signal over different frequencies to avoid signal
degradation due to frequency-specific fading.

2. Time Diversity: Transmitting the same signal at different times to counteract signal fading
that occurs at a particular moment.

3. Spatial Diversity: Using multiple antennas or paths to transmit the same signal, ensuring a
better chance of reception.

4. Polarization Diversity: Using different polarizations of antennas to reduce interference and

improve signal reception.

These techniques reduce the effects of fading and improve the quality of the received signal.

23)

Fixed Multiple Beam and Adaptive Beamforming are two types of beamforming techniques used in
smart antennas:

1. Fixed Multiple Beam:

o Uses a set of fixed beams in predetermined directions.

o Suitable for static environments where the positions of users do not change often.

o Does not adjust to changes in the environment or user locations.

 2. Adaptive Beamforming:

o Dynamically adjusts the direction and shape of the beam based on real-time
conditions, such as the position of the user and interference.

o Provides better signal quality and interference rejection by focusing the beam on the
desired user while minimizing interference from other directions.

Practical
1) To study of PSTN network
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) is the traditional circuit-switched
telephone network that provides voice communication services. It consists of copper
wires, fiber optics, and switching systems to connect landline phones globally.
Key Features:
• Circuit-Switched: Establishes a dedicated communication path between the caller
and receiver for the duration of the call.
• Voice Communication: Primarily used for voice calls, though it can also support
data transmission via dial-up connections.
• Global Reach: Covers a wide geographic area, connecting landline phones around
the world.
PSTN is being gradually replaced by digital communication systems like VoIP (Voice
over Internet Protocol), but it still serves as the backbone for many traditional
phone services.

2)understand the working of connection establishment inTCP using netsim

What is netsim?
NetSim is a network simulation software used to model and simulate computer
networks, protocols, and traffic to analyze network performance and test
configurations in a virtual environment.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):

• Connection-oriented: Establishes a connection before data transfer.
• Reliable: Ensures data is delivered in order without errors, using acknowledgments
and retransmissions.
• Slower: Due to error checking and connection management.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol):
• Connectionless: Does not establish a connection before sending data.
• Unreliable: No guarantees for order, delivery, or error checking.
• Faster: Due to minimal overhead, suitable for real-time applications like video
streaming or online gaming.

Practical 3) study how the data rate and throughput of wireless LAN (IEEE
802.11b)network with the wireless node is varied

Throughput ?
Throughput in data communication refers to the rate at which data is successfully
transmitted over a network or communication channel, typically measured in bits per
second (bps). It indicates the actual speed at which data is delivered, considering
factors like network congestion and errors.

What is LAN ?
LAN (Local Area Network) is a network that connects devices within a small
geographical area, such as a home, office, or campus. It allows for data sharing,
resource access (like printers), and communication between computers and devices.
Typically, LANs use Ethernet or Wi-Fi for connectivity.

Network topology?
LAN Network Topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of devices in a
Local Area Network. The main types of LAN topologies are:
1. Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line (bus). Data sent by
one device is available to all devices, but only the intended recipient processes it.
2. Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch. The hub acts
as a mediator for communication.
3. Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular fashion. Data travels in one
direction around the ring until it reaches the destination.
4. Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device. It provides
redundancy and high reliability.
5. Tree Topology: A hybrid of star and bus topologies, where groups of devices are
connected in a star format, and those groups are connected in a bus layout.
Practical 4) study and observe the transmitted and received I and q signal

The I (In-phase) and Q (Quadrature) signals are components of a modulated signal used in
communication systems. Here's their role in transmission and reception:

In Transmission:

1. I Signal (In-phase):

o Represents the real part of the modulated signal.

o Carries one part of the information using a cosine wave as the carrier.

2. Q Signal (Quadrature):

o Represents the imaginary part of the modulated signal.

o Carries the second part of the information using a sine wave, which is 90°
out of phase with the cosine wave.

These two components are combined to form the final modulated signal, allowing the
transmission of two independent data streams over the same frequency.

In Reception:

1. I Signal (In-phase):

o Extracted from the received signal by demodulating with a cosine wave.

o Helps reconstruct one part of the original transmitted data.

 2. Q Signal (Quadrature):

o Extracted using a sine wave for demodulation.

o Recovers the second part of the transmitted data.

Together, the I and Q signals enable the reconstruction of the original transmitted
information, allowing efficient use of bandwidth and robust communication.

Practical 5th) next experiment is study and analyze the batterry management and switch fault

Battery Management During an Ongoing Call

In a call process, the battery management system (BMS) ensures efficient power delivery
and stability for uninterrupted communication. Here's how it works:

1. Power Optimization:

o During a call, the phone's processor, microphone, speaker, and transceiver

operate continuously.

o The BMS allocates power to these components while minimizing energy

consumption for background processes.

2. Voltage Regulation:

o The BMS ensures stable voltage supply to critical components to prevent call
drops or signal loss.

3. Thermal Management:

o The battery may heat up due to continuous operation.

o The system monitors temperature and reduces power usage to avoid

overheating.

4. Battery Usage Monitoring:

o The battery percentage decreases steadily.

o The system may alert the user for low battery or switch to power-saving
mode.

Switching Fault

In the context of communication systems, a switch fault can refer to a failure in managing
connections. It may occur in two scenarios:
 1. Physical Switch Fault (Device Hardware):

o If a physical button or circuit controlling power flow fails, the device might
power off, causing the call to drop.

2. Network Switch Fault (Call Handoff):

o During a call, the network often switches between cells or frequency bands
to maintain connectivity (handoff).

o A fault in this switching process can result in:

▪ Call drops.

▪ Delayed reconnection.

▪ Poor voice quality or interruptions.

Efficient battery management and robust switching mechanisms are essential to maintain
seamless communication during a call.

7th practical) study and analyze the power management unit in 4g smart phone

In a 4G smartphone, power management is handled by the Power Management Unit

(PMU), which distributes and regulates power efficiently. Key aspects include:

• Processor: Adjusts speed and voltage dynamically based on workload.

• Modem: Uses adaptive power and idle modes (e.g., DRX) to save energy.

• Display: Optimizes brightness and uses efficient technologies like OLED.

• Battery: Monitors health, temperature, and supports fast, safe charging.

• Sensors: Operate in low-power modes when not in use.

The system ensures balanced performance and battery life through these mechanisms.

8th practical )study of simcard detection with and without inserting sim card and switch faults
in sim interface section

When performing this practical:

With a SIM Card Inserted:

• The smartphone detects the SIM card through the SIM interface.
 • Communication happens between the SIM card and the phone's baseband
processor.

• The SIM provides authentication, network configuration, and subscriber information,

enabling connectivity to the mobile network.

Without a SIM Card:

• The phone displays a "No SIM" or "Insert SIM" message as it cannot establish a
network connection.

• No authentication or network communication occurs.

Switch Fault Role:

• A switch fault in the SIM interface can result in:

o The phone failing to detect the SIM card, even when inserted.

o Intermittent connectivity or errors in reading the SIM data.

o The device showing "No SIM" despite proper insertion due to a mechanical
or electrical issue in the SIM detection circuitry.

This practical highlights the importance of a functioning SIM interface for network
connectivity.

Practical 9th) study and analyze the user interface section

a) Buzzer in 4g lte smart phone techbook

b) The vibrator in 4g LTE smart phone techbook
c) Speaker section tge hands free section (mic/speaker)

In the practical on the user interface section of a 4G LTE smartphone, you should
understand the following:
1. Buzzer:
• The buzzer produces audio alerts or notifications.
• It generates sound when triggered by events such as incoming calls, messages, or
notifications.
• You should observe how the buzzer’s circuit works and how it’s controlled by the
system’s software.
2. Vibrator:
• The vibrator provides haptic feedback, usually used for notifications or silent alerts.
• It uses an electric motor to produce vibrations when triggered.
• Understanding the vibrator’s role in user experience (like silent mode) and how the
system activates it will be key.
3. Speaker Section (Hands-Free - Mic/Speaker):
• The speaker is used for audio output during calls, media playback, etc.
• The microphone is used to capture the user’s voice during calls or voice
commands.
• Analyze the integration of the mic and speaker for full-duplex communication
(simultaneous transmission and reception of audio) during calls or multimedia usage.
This practical will help you understand how these components interact with the
smartphone's software to provide an intuitive user interface through sound and
vibration.