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Learn-Hindi-Sentence-Structure-Made-Easy

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emzzqueen123

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Learn Hindi - Sentence Structure Made Easy

Copyright © 2017 Team Indic

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in

any form or by electronic or mechanical means without written
permission from its publisher.

www.teamindic.com

Copyright © 2017 Team Indic

For orders and for other books by this author

please visit www.teamindic.com
Contents
INTRODUCTION9
LESSON ONE
THE BASIC SENTENCE 12

Word Order (Syntax) 12

Verb Endings (Inflection) 13

The Auxiliary Verb “to be” 14

LESSON ONE VOCABULARY 17
LESSON ONE WORKSHEET 18
PRESENT TENSE CHART - VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH CONSONANTS 19
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET VOCABULARY 20
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 21

Exercise One: The Basic Sentence 21

Exercise Two: Sentence Progressions 22

Exercise Three: Quick Start 22

PRACTICE CALENDAR 23
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 24
LESSON TWO
INDIRECT OBJECTS 25

Position Words 25

Indirect Objects 25

Oblique Nouns 27
LESSON TWO VOCABULARY 28
LESSON TWO WORKSHEET 29
HOW POSTPOSITIONS CHANGE PRONOUNS 30
HOW POSTPOSITIONS CHANGE MASCULINE NOUNS 31
HOW POSTPOSITIONS CHANGE FEMININE NOUNS 32
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET VOCABULARY 33
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 34

Exercise One: Direct Objects 34

Exercise Two: Indirect Objects 35

Exercise Three: Sentence Progressions 35

PRACTICE CALENDAR 36
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 37
LESSON THREE
CONNECTING SENTENCES 38

Connecting Words 38

Descriptive Sentences 39

Negative Sentences 40

Ability 40
LESSON THREE VOCABULARY 42
LESSON THREE WORKSHEET 43
PRESENT TENSE CHART - VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH VOWELS 44
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET VOCABULARY 45
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 46

Exercise One: Negative Sentences 46

Exercise Two: Ability 47

Exercise Three: Descriptive Sentences 47

Exercise Four: Connecting Words 47
PRACTICE CALENDAR 48
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 49
LESSON FOUR
VERBALS 50

A Special Verb Form 50

Verbals as Subjects 50

Verbals as Direct Objects 51

Subjunctive Mood 52

Verbals as Indirect Objects 53

LESSON FOUR VOCABULARY 55
LESSON FOUR WORKSHEET 56
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD CHART 57
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 58

Exercise One: Verbal as Subject 58

Exercise Two: Verbal as Direct Object 58

Exercise Three: Subjunctive Mood (Ending in Vowel) 59

Exercise Four: Subjunctive Mood (Ending in Consonant) 59

PRACTICE CALENDAR 60
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 61
LESSON FIVE
PASSIVE AND FUTURE 62

Future Tense 62
Passive Sentences 62

Strong Obligation 63

Time of Day 65
LESSON FIVE VOCABULARY 67
LESSON FIVE WORKSHEET 68
FUTURE TENSE CHART - VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH CONSONANTS 69
FUTURE TENSE CHART - VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH VOWELS 70
IRREGULAR VERBS - FUTURE TENSE 71
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 72

Exercise One: Future Tense (Roots Ending in Consonants) 72

Exercise Two: Irregular Verbs 72

Exercise Three: Future Tense (Roots Ending in Vowels) 73

Exercise Four: Strong Obligation 73

PRACTICE CALENDAR 74
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 75
LESSON SIX
PAST TENSE AND ADJECTIVES 76

Past Tense 76

A Special Postposition 77

Present, Remote & Habitual Past 77

Strong Obligation - In the Past Tense 78

Ability - In the Past Tense 79

Adjectives 79
Possessive Adjectives 80

The Apostrophe 81
LESSON SIX VOCABULARY 82
LESSON SIX WORKSHEET 83
PAST TENSE CHART - VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH CONSONANTS 84
PAST TENSE CHART - VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH VOWELS 85
IRREGULAR VERBS - PAST TENSE 86
GENDER REVIEW 88
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 89

Exercise One: Verb Roots Ending with Consonants 89

Exercise Two: Irregular Verbs 90

Exercise Three: Verb Roots Ending with Vowels 90

Exercise Four: Habitual Past 90

PRACTICE CALENDAR 91
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 92
LESSON SEVEN
THE CONTINUOUS TENSE AND QUESTIONS 93

Continuous Tense 93

Conjunct Verbs 94

Asking Questions 97

Yes or No Questions 99

What Time Is It? 99

LESSON SEVEN WORKSHEET 101
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET VOCABULARY 102
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 103

Exercise One: Present Continuous Tense 103

Exercise Two: Past Continuous Tense 103

Exercise Three: Future Continuous Tense 103

Exercise Four: Conjunct Verbs 104

Exercise Five: Questions 104

Exercise Six: Yes or No Questions 104

PRACTICE CALENDAR 105
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 106
Index107
INTRODUCTION

Our Goal
This course is a step by step guide for learning simple, clear and correct Hindi. It is
comprised of seven lessons which are designed specifically for English speaking
people. No prior knowledge of the Hindi language is necessary to benefit from this
book.

A Unique Approach
This course approaches learning Hindi from the standpoint of an English speaking
background. Comparisons are made between English and Hindi to explain concepts.

The main focus throughout the course is word order. It is vital for an English speaking
person who wants to learn Hindi to focus not only on pronunciation and vocabulary
but also on learning how to arrange those new words into a sentence. To understand
why word order is so vital, notice how confusing it is to see English words in the Hindi
word order:

“Every language in words random way in not arranged are.”

The first lesson explains how to form a basic sentence and the following six lessons
gradually explain how to build larger sentences.

Putting Theory into Practice

The course is laid out in a simple and logical manner. Each lesson builds on the
previous lesson. We recommend starting on the first lesson and working your way
through the entire course systematically. After completion of the course, the book can
also serve as a reference guide.

Daily practice exercises are included with each lesson so that you can immediately
10 INTRODUCTION

apply what you are learning. The accompanying practice calendar is for tracking
your progress for a month, so it is recommended to spend sufficient time practicing
each lesson before moving on to the next lesson. Remember, the goal of this course
is not simply to learn grammar but to start speaking Hindi by putting theory into
practice.

The Think and Speak Method

The daily practice exercises use the ‘think and speak’ method. Rather than writing
out the answers, you will be asked to think about the answer and then say it out
loud. It can be said that to learn to read, you need to practice reading. To learn
to write, you need to practice writing. But to learn to speak, you need to practice
speaking.

There is no answer sheet provided for the daily practice exercises. This encourages
you to go back to the lesson and its accompanying charts for confirmation. The
daily exercises can be done either individually or with a partner.

We recommend a daily practice sessions of approximately 15 minutes. Research

has shown that brief but frequent practice sessions are far more beneficial than
long but infrequent sessions.

Rotating Practice Schedule

Starting with lesson four, the practice calendar uses a rotating practice schedule.
This means that practice sessions will rotate between the completed lessons, with
the most recently completed lesson being practiced the most frequently. As you
progress in the course, this method will aid you with long term retention. It has been
observed, that as the length of time between practice sessions gradually increases,
INTRODUCTION 11

the strength of the memory increases. In effect, gradually reducing the frequency of
practicing something will move it into your long term memory.

Learning the Hindi Script vs. Romanization

Due to popular demand, with this second edition, we have included Romanized text
alongside the Hindi script. We employed the standard method as cataloged in the
US Library of Congress (https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html).

Although this provides a means to get started quickly, we highly recommend taking
the time to learn to read the Hindi script.

From Our Readers

“I enjoyed learning through the systematic and simple approach. The emphasis on
word order was a feature that I had never seen elsewhere and it was helpful.”
— Raghbir, The United Kingdom

“I liked the way of teaching with fundamental and rich vocabulary and exercises.”
— Ranjeet, India

“I love the way the comparison is made to the way English is taught.”
— Jasminder, Indonesia

“It was concise and easy to follow and understand. Everything you needed was
provided. The learner was kept in mind at all times.”
— Ravinder, England
LESSON ONE

THE BASIC SENTENCE

Word Order (Syntax)

In every language, including English, the words in a sentence are not arranged
randomly, rather, they follow a specific order.

When an English speaking person is learning Hindi, they need to give special attention
to the word order in Hindi because it is different than the word order in English.
Arranging words in the proper order is vital to being understood.

In English the word order is (subject + verb + object)

In Hindi the word order is (subject + object + verb)

For example: “Nick sends letters” would become “Nick letters sends”

The subject, direct object and verb are the main parts of a sentence. These three
parts of a sentence are like boxes. You can put one or more words into each box. To
determine which box to put a word into, ask the following questions:

1. What is being done? (VERB)

2. Who is doing it? (SUBJECT)
3. …what? (DIRECT OBJECT)

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB

Nick letters sends is
निक चिट्ठियाँ भेजता है
Nik ciṭṭhiyāṇ bhejtā hai

TIP: Always identify the verb first. If you start by identifying the VERB then you will never
get your subject and object confused.
LESSON ONE: THE BASIC SENTENCE 13

Putting Theory Into Practice

At this point, find page 18 entitled “Lesson One Worksheet.” We will now practice
rearranging English words into the Hindi word order. This worksheet has five
sentences for you to translate. Go ahead and follow steps 1 – 4 closely. We will do
steps 5 and 6 later.

TIP: Hindi does not use the words “a” or “the”. So ignore these words when you
translate into English.

Verb Endings (Inflection)

The next important matter to discuss is verb endings. In English, to a limited extent,
the verb changes in order to match the subject. For example, let’s look at the
sentence: “Nick sends letters.” If we want to say in English, “We send letters” then we
would need to change “sends” to “send”.

In Hindi, a similar thing happens. The verb changes in order to match the subject. In
Hindi, the verb changes depending on whether the subject is:

1. singular or plural
2. masculine or feminine

How do we change the verb?

First: Find the stem (or root) of the verb. In Hindi, this means simply removing
the ना nā ending.
For example: “to send” भेजना bhejnā (the stem is भेज bhej)

Second: Add the appropriate ending to the stem of the verb.

For example: भेज bhej (stem) + ता tā (ending) = भेजता bhejtā
14 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

REMEMBER: The verb must match the subject. In our example sentence, “Nick” is a
masculine singular subject, so we add the masculine singular ending ता tā to the
stem.

In the present tense, there are three different verb endings:

masculine singular ता tā feminine singular ती tī

masculine plural ते te feminine plural ती tī

If you are using a pronoun (I, we, you, he, she, they) then use the corresponding
ending from the “Present Tense Chart - Verb Roots Ending with Consonants” on
page 19. In this chart the verb root is shaded in gray and the verb endings are
highlighted in red.

NOTE: A plural form of ‘you’ is used for respect and ALWAYS uses the masculine
ending. The pronouns ‘we’ and ‘they’ most often use the masculine ending because
even if only one in the group is masculine then the masculine ending should be
used. Wherever possible, the chart shows the ending that is most commonly used.

Now, let’s discuss the last column (highlighted in yellow) on the “Present Tense
Chart” which is called “Aux. Verb”.

The Auxiliary Verb “to be”

In English, we put a minimum of one verb into the verb box. However, in Hindi, it is
common to put TWO verbs into the verb box:

1. The main verb

2. The auxiliary verb

Most commonly, the verb “to be” is used as the auxiliary verb. In English, the verb “to
LESSON ONE: THE BASIC SENTENCE 15

be” can be expressed using the words: am, is & are. These words must match the
subject. For example, singular subjects use ‘is’ and plural subjects use ‘are.’ If the
subject is a pronoun, it has a matching pair.

For example: I am You are We are He/She is They are

In Hindi, the verb होना honā (to be) can be expressed using the words: है hai, हैं haiṇ
and हूँ hūṇ

1. Singular subjects use है hai

2. Plural subjects use हैं haiṇ

If the subject is a pronoun, it has a matching pair as shown below.

मैं हूँ maiṇ hūṇ आप हैं āp haiṇ हम हैं ham haiṇ वह है vah hai वे हैं ve haiṇ
I am You are We are He/She is They are

The auxiliary verb is put into the verb box after the main verb. Notice our example
sentence one last time: “Nick sends letters” Nick is masculine singular so we use the
auxiliary verb है hai

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick letters sends is
निक चिट्ठियाँ भेजता है
Nik ciṭṭhiyāṇ bhejtā hai

Using the “Present Tense Chart” on page 19 you can now complete steps 5 – 6 on
the worksheet. All the necessary vocabulary is at the bottom of the page. After
completing the worksheet, you can use the answer sheet to check your sentences.
Each lesson has an answer sheet for the worksheet on the last page of the lesson.
16 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

The Think and Speak Method

Daily practice exercises are included with each lesson so that you can immediately
apply what you are learning. The accompanying practice calendar is for tracking
your progress for a month, so it is recommended to spend sufficient time practicing
each lesson before moving on to the next lesson. Remember, the goal of this course
is not simply to learn grammar but to start speaking Hindi by putting theory into
practice.

We recommend a daily practice sessions of approximately 15 minutes. Research

has shown that brief but frequent practice sessions are far more beneficial
than long but infrequent sessions. When you feel comfortable with performing
the exercises then you are ready to move on to the next lesson and build larger
sentences!
LESSON ONE VOCABULARY 17

1. Words with masculine gender are highlighted in blue.

2. Words with feminine gender are highlighted in pink.
3. Words that are used for both the singular and plural form are marked with (s).

am answer(s) are
हूँ hūṇ जवाब javāb हैं haiṇ

to ask English he/she

पूछना pūchnā अंग्रेज़ी aṇgrezī वह vah

Hindi I is
हिन्दी hindī मैं maiṇ है hai

to learn picture question(s)

सीखना sīkhnā तस्वीर tasvīr सवाल savāl

they to see to speak

वे ve देखना dekhnā बोलना bolnā

we to write you
हम ham लिखना likhnā आप āp
18 LESSON ONE WORKSHEET
Step one: Ask what is being done? (Write “V” for verb above the word)
Step two: Ask who is doing it? (Write “S” for subject above the word)
Step three: Ask …what? (Write “D.O” for direct object above the word)
Step four: Write the English words in the Hindi word order on the first line
Step five: Write the Hindi words underneath on the second line.
Step six: Add the appropriate verb ending and auxiliary verb.

1. I learn Hindi.

2. We ask a question.

3. I speak English.

4. He writes the answer.

5. You see the picture.

VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH CONSONANTS

SUBJECT + VERB ROOT + ENDING + AUX.VERB

Pronoun Pronoun Masculine Feminine Auxiliary

English Hindi Endings Endings Verb

I मैं हूँ
बोलता बोलती
He/She वह है
(Singular)

They वे बोलते बोलती हैं

(Plural)

We हम
बोलते हैं
You आप

NOTE: If the subject is NOT a pronoun then determine its gender and number. The
same endings for (He/She) are used for singular subjects. The same endings for

(They) are used for plural subjects.

20 DAILY PRACTICE SHEET VOCABULARY

to ask to become to believe/accept

पूछना pūchnā बनना bannā मानना mānnā

to change to come out/emerge to find

बदलना badalnā निकलना nikalnā ढूँढ़ना ḍhūṇr̥hnā

to know to learn to listen/hear

जानना jānnā सीखना sīkhnā सुनना sunnā

to meet to open to put/keep

मिलना milnā खोलना kholnā रखना rakhnā

to read to see to sit

पढ़ना par̥hnā देखना dekhnā बैठना baiṭhnā

to speak/talk to tell to think

बोलना bolnā बताना batānā सोचना socnā

to understand to walk/move to write

समझना samajhnā चलना calnā लिखना likhnā
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 21

Instructions for the ‘Think and Speak’ method:

Do NOT write down the answers – this is the ‘think’ part
Say each sentence OUT LOUD – this is the ‘speak’ part

What if I get stuck? Look at the reference charts for help. The goal is NOT to
‘memorize’ the sentences but to LEARN A METHOD to construct your own sentences.

SUBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT + VERB ROOT + ENDING + AUX.VERB

Exercise One: The Basic Sentence

Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. He asks. 14. We see. 29. She knows.

वह + पूछ + ending + aux.verb 15. They ask. 30. You learn.
= वह पूछता है 16. I sit. 31. He listens/hears.
2. We become. 17. She talks/speaks. 32. We meet.
3. They believe/accept. 18. You tell. 33. They open.
4. I change. 19. He thinks. 34. I put/keep.
5. She emerges/comes out. 20. We understand. 35. She reads.
6. You find. 21. They walk. 36. You see.
7. He knows. 22. I write. 37. He sits.
8. We learn. 23. She asks. 38. We talk/speak.
9. They listen/hear. 24. You become. 39. They tell.
10. I meet. 25. He believes/accepts. 40. I think.
11. She opens. 26. We change. 41. She understands.
12. You put/keep. 27. They emerge/come out. 42. You walk.
13. He reads. 28. I find. 43. He writes.
22

Exercise Two: Sentence Progressions

Add a DIRECT OBJECT of your choice to the sentences from exercise one and say
each sentence OUT LOUD. Skip the sentences shaded in gray because they do not
take a direct object easily. To get started, here is a list of direct objects in English.

TIP: For this exercise, we will use English words for our objects. Starting in lesson two,
we will use Hindi words for our objects.

answer book(s) cars

cat chairs door(s)
English friend(s) gifts
house(s) letters magazines
movie pathway picture(s)
price Hindi question
reason(s) shop song(s)
stories story work

Exercise Three: Quick Start

Say each sentence using the SAME subject. ( e.g. we, I, he, Nick, they, she, you )

1. ask(s) 8. learn(s) 15. __ sit(s)

2. __ become(s) 9. __ listen/hear(s) 16. __ speak/talk(s)
3. __ believe/accept(s) 10. __ meet(s) 17. __ tell(s)
4. __ change(s) 11. __ open(s) 18. __ think(s)
5. __ emerge(s)/come(s) out 12. __ put/keep(s) 19. __ understand(s)
6. __ find(s) 13. __ read(s) 20. __ walk(s)
7. __ know(s) 14. __ see(s) 21. __ write(s)
PRACTICE CALENDAR 23

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Monday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Tuesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Wednesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Thursday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Friday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Saturday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Sunday
24 WORKSHEET ANSWERS
Step one: Ask what is being done? (Write “V” for verb above the word)
Step two: Ask who is doing it? (Write “S” for subject above the word)
Step three: Ask …what? (Write “D.O” for direct object above the word)
Step four: Write the English words in the Hindi word order on the first line
Step five: Write the Hindi words underneath on the second line.
Step six: Add the appropriate verb ending and auxiliary verb.
S V D.O.
1. I learn Hindi. I Hindi learn
मैं हिन्दी सीखता हूँ (masculine subject)
मैं हिन्दी सीखती हूँ (feminine subject)
S V D.O.
2. We ask a question. We questions ask

हम सवाल पूछते हैं

S V D.O.
3. I speak English. I English speak
मैं अंग्रेज़ी बोलता हूँ (masculine subject)
मैं अंग्रेज़ी बोलती हूँ (feminine subject)
S V D.O.
4. He writes the answer. He answer writes

वह जवाब लिखता है
S V D.O.
5. You see the picture. You picture see

आप तस्वीर देखते हैं

INDIRECT OBJECTS

Position Words
Often sentences include more than one object. To accomplish this, we need to use
some small but very important words called position words.

Position words include such words as: in, from, on, for, about, with, than & to.
In English these position words are called prepositions because they come before
the noun. In Hindi they are called postpositions because they come after the noun.

For example, in English we say “with Nick” but in Hindi we say “Nick with.”

Indirect Objects
Whenever we add a position word to an object it becomes a special type of object
called an indirect object. Any object without a position word, which we learned
about in lesson one, is called a direct object. For example, ‘book’ is a direct object,
whereas ‘in the book’ is an indirect object.

Consider this example sentence: “Nick sends letters to Sonia”

SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick Sonia to letters sends is
निक सोनिया को चिट्ठियाँ भेजता है
Nik Soniyā ko ciṭṭhiyāṇ bhejtā hai

As shown above, the indirect object always comes BEFORE the direct object.
LESSON TWO: INDIRECT OBJECTS 26

In lesson one, we learned that the subject, direct object and verb are the main parts
of a sentence. The indirect object is the fourth main part of a sentence. You can put
one or more words into each box. To determine which box to put a word into, ask
the following questions:

1. Identify the VERB by asking: What is being done?

2. Identify the SUBJECT by asking: Who is doing it?
3. Identify the DIRECT OBJECT by asking: ...what?
4. Identify the INDIRECT OBJECT by asking: TO what? TO whom?
FOR what? FOR whom?
WITH what? WITH whom?

NOTE: You can identify the INDIRECT OBJECT using any of the position words.

In English, sometimes the position word is dropped. For example, the sentence “Nick
sends Sonia letters” is the same as “Nick sends letters to Sonia.” In both sentences
‘Sonia’ is the indirect object. However, in the first sentence the position word ‘to’ is
dropped.

In Hindi, the key is to remember that whenever you are using people as objects,
you must ALWAYS use a position word. When in doubt, use the position word (“to”
को ko).

So it is helpful to REWORD the English sentence, as shown above, to include the

position word before translating it.

If the indirect object still seems unclear, try PERSONALIZING the questions from
the previous page. For example: What does Nick send? Does Nick send ‘letters’
or ‘Sonia’? Nick sends letters. (This is the direct object) To whom does Nick send
letters? To Sonia (This is the indirect object)
27 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

Putting Theory into Practice

At this point, find page 29 entitled “Lesson Two Worksheet.” This worksheet has five
sentences for you to translate. Go ahead and translate sentences 1-2.

Oblique Nouns
To master the use of position words we need to consider one more thing. Any noun
joined with a postposition is in the indirect or ‘oblique’ form. In English, pronouns
change their spelling in the oblique form. For example, we cannot say “The letter is
for we.” Instead, we say “The letter is for us.”

“I” changes to “me”

“he” changes to “him”
“she” changes to “her”
“we” changes to “us”
“they” changes to “them”

In Hindi, pronouns in the oblique form also undergo changes. The reference chart
“How Postpositions Change Pronouns” on page 30 shows how pronouns change
when followed by postpositions. For the compound postpositions (about, for & with)
के is already built into the oblique spelling and is not added to pronouns.

In addition to pronouns, the following nouns change in the oblique form: (1) ALL
PLURAL NOUNS and (2) masculine nouns that end with ा
See the charts “How Postpositions Change Masculine/Feminine Nouns” on page
31-32. Using these reference charts, go ahead and complete sentences 3-5 on the
worksheet. When you feel comfortable with performing the daily exercises then you
are ready to move on to the next lesson and build larger sentences!
LESSON TWO VOCABULARY 28

1. Words with masculine gender are highlighted in blue.

2. Words with feminine gender are highlighted in pink.
3. Words that are used for both the singular and plural form are marked with (s).

about book door

(के) बारे में
ke bāre meṇ
किताब kitāb दरवाज़ा darvāzā

for in my
(के) लिए ke lie में meṇ मेरा merā

of on our
का kā पर par हमारा hamārā

songs(s) story to
गीत gīt कहानी kahānī को ko

to me to us to you
मुझे mujhe हमें hameṇ आपको āpko

with/from/than with your

(lit. in the company of)

से se (के) साथ ke sāth आपका āpkā

29
LESSON TWO WORKSHEET
Step one: Ask what is being done? (Write “V” for verb above the word)
Step two: Ask who is doing it? (Write “S” for subject above the word)
Step three: Ask …what? (Write “d.O” for direct object above the word)
Step four: Ask TO what? TO whom? (Write “i.O” for indirect object above the word)
Step four: Write the English words in the Hindi word order on the first line
Step five: Write the Hindi words underneath on the second line.
Step six: Add the appropriate verb ending and auxiliary verb.

1. He opens the door for us.

2. I see a picture in the book.

3. We learn songs from a

friend. (masculine noun)

4. She reads a story for

them. (pronoun)

5. They keep the letters for

me. (pronoun)

Pronoun followed
Pronoun Pronoun by other
Pronoun in English In Hindi
followed by followed by को postpositions
से or पर (ie. लिए)

मैं मुझसे मुझे

I मेरे लिए
maiṇ मुझ पर mujhe

हम हमसे हमें
We हमारे लिए
ham हम पर hameṇ

You
आप आपसे आपको
आपके लिए
āp आप पर āpko

This यह इससे इसे इसके लिए

(singular, near) yah इस पर ise

He/She/That वह उससे उसे उसके लिए

(singular, far) vah उस पर use

These ये इनसे इन्हें इनके लिए

(plural, near) ye इन पर inheṇ

They/Those वे उनसे उन्हें उनके लिए

(plural, far) ve उन पर unheṇ
31

HOW POSTPOSITIONS CHANGE MASCULINE NOUNS

Masculine Nouns - Ends With ा

son to son ा becomes े

Singular
(The meaning “to son”
(ends with ा ) बेटा बेटे को does not change)

sons to sons े becomes ों

Plural
(The meaning “to sons”
(ends with े ) बेटे बेटों को does not change)

Masculine Nouns - No Vowel Ending

friend to friend No change

Singular (The meaning “to friend”

दोस्त दोस्त को does not change)

friends to friends Add ों

Plural (The meaning “to friends”
दोस्त दोस्तों को does not change)
32

HOW POSTPOSITIONS CHANGE FEMININE NOUNS

Feminine Nouns - Ends With ी

No change
Singular daughter to daughter (The meaning “to
(ends with ी ) बेटी बेटी को daughter” does not
change)

ाँ becomes ों
Plural daughters to daughters
(The meaning “to
(ends with ाँ ) बेटियाँ बेटियों को daughters” does not
change)

Feminine Nouns - No Vowel Ending

No change
book in book
Singular (The meaning “in
किताब किताब में book” does not
change)

ें becomes ों
books in books
Plural (The meaning “in
किताबें किताबों में books” does not
change)
33
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET VOCABULARY
1. Words with masculine gender are highlighted in blue
2. Words with feminine gender are highlighted in pink.
3. Words that are used for both the singular and plural form are marked with (s).

books cars cat

किताबें kitābeṇ गाड़ियाँ gāḍiyāṇ बिल्ली billī

chairs doors friend(s)

कुर्सियाँ kursiyāṇ दरवाजे darvāje दोस्त dost

gifts house(s) letters

तोहफे tohfe घर ghar चिट्ठियाँ ciṭṭhiyāṇ

magazines movie/film pathway

पत्रिकाएँ patrikāeṇ फ़िल्म film रास्ता rāstā

pictures price reason(s)

तसवीरें tasvīreṇ क़ीमत kīmat कारण kāraṇ

shop stories work

दुकान dukān कहानियाँ kahāniyāṇ काम kām
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 34

Instructions for the ‘Think and Speak’ method:

Do NOT write down the answers – this is the ‘think’ part
Say each sentence OUT LOUD – this is the ‘speak’ part

What if I get stuck? Look at the reference charts for help. The goal is NOT to
‘memorize’ the sentences but to LEARN A METHOD to construct your own sentences.

SUBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT + VERB ROOT + ENDING + AUX.VERB

Exercise One: Direct Objects

Say each sentence OUT LOUD using the Hindi vocabulary.

1. He asks a question. 15. They understand the movie.

= वह सवाल पूछता है 16. I write books.
2. We become friends. 17. She asks a question.
3. They believe/accept the answer. 18. You change the pictures.
4. I change the price. 19. He finds a car.
5. She finds a pathway. 20. We know the price.
6. You know the reason. 21. They learn the work.
7. He learns English. 22. I open the gifts.
8. We hear a song. 23. She keeps the cat.
9. They open the door. 24. You read the letters.
10. I keep the chairs. 25. He sees the shop.
11. She reads the magazines. 26. We speak English.
12. You see a house. 27. They tell the reason.
13. He speaks Hindi. 28. I understand Hindi.
14. We tell the story. 29. You write the answer.
35

Exercise Two: Indirect Objects

Say each sentence OUT LOUD. Remember to use the charts on pages 30 - 32.

1. He asks about us. 7. He walks on the pathway.

= वह हमारे बारे में पूछता है 8. We emerge from the house.
Note: हम + बारे में = हमारे बारे में 9. They tell about the movie.
3. We emerge from the shop. 10. I write in the book.
3. They sit on chairs. 11. She learns with them.
4. I meet with a friend. 12. You change for her.
5. She listens to me. 13. He reads to me.
6. You think about the question. 14. We meet in the shop.

Exercise Three: Sentence Progressions

Say the sentences from EXERCISE ONE with an INDIRECT OBJECT of your choice.

PRONOUN/OBJECT + POSITION WORD = INDIRECT OBJECT

Pronouns Objects Position Words

him answer book(s) cars from
us cat chairs door(s) in
them English friend(s) gifts on
you house(s) letters magazines + with
me movie pathway picture(s) for
she price Hindi question about
reason(s) shop song(s) to
stories story work
PRACTICE CALENDAR 36

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Monday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Tuesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Wednesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Thursday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Friday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Saturday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Sunday
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 37

Step one: Ask what is being done? (Write “V” for verb above the word)
Step two: Ask who is doing it? (Write “S” for subject above the word)
Step three: Ask …what? (Write “d.O” for direct object above the word)
Step four: Ask TO what? TO whom? (Write “i.O” for indirect object above the word)
Step four: Write the English words in the Hindi word order on the first line
Step five: Write the Hindi words underneath on the second line.
Step six: Add the appropriate verb ending and auxiliary verb.
S V D.O. I.O.
1. He opens the door for us. He us for door opens

वह हमारे लिए दरवाज़ा खोलता है

S V D.O. I.O.
2. I see a picture in the book. I book in picture see
मैं किताब में तस्वीर देखता हूँ (masculine subject)
मैं किताब में तस्वीर देखती हूँ (feminine subject)
S V D.O. I.O.
3. We learn songs from a friend. We friend from songs learn

हम दोस्त से गीत सीखते हैं

S V D.O. I.O.
4. She reads a story for them. She them for story reads

वह उनके लिए कहानी पढ़ती है

S V D.O. I.O.
5. They keep the letters for me. They me for letters keep

वे मेरे लिए चिट्ठियाँ रखते हैं

CONNECTING SENTENCES

Connecting Words
A key to success in speaking Hindi depends on understanding one important fact:
In Hindi, it is COMMON, sometimes even necessary, to use SHORT SENTENCES. This
principle cannot be overemphasized.

Breaking a long sentence into smaller sentences ALWAYS makes speaking easier, so
here is a helpful guideline:

If you CAN break up a sentence into smaller sentences – then BREAK IT UP!

Short sentences can then be joined together with these common connecting words:
because, and, but, that, then, if & when.

In English, we often drop the connecting words. For example, we might say “I know
she reads Hindi.” In this sentence, there are two actions ‘know’ and ‘read’ being
done by two different people ‘I know’ and ‘she reads.’ In Hindi this sentence MUST be
broken into two parts using a connecting word: “I know that she reads Hindi.”

Let’s look at some more example sentences. In the following two examples, the
connecting word goes between the two sentences.

1. I read Hindi and they read English.

2. I can speak Hindi but I cannot speak Punjabi.

There are also some connecting words that are used in pairs.

3. If I learn Hindi then I can understand you.

4. When I learn Hindi then you are happy.
LESSON THREE: CONNECTING SENTENCES 39

Verb Roots Ending with Vowels

This lesson includes new vocabulary on page 45 for the daily practice exercises. This
new vocabulary sheet gives verb roots that end in consonants AND vowels. In the
present tense, verb roots that end in vowels follow the same pattern as verb roots
that end in consonants. See the reference chart “Present Tense Chart - Verb Roots
Ending with Vowels” on page 44 when practicing.

At this point, find page 43 entitled “Lesson Three Worksheet.” Go ahead and
complete sentence one.

You will notice in the example sentences on page 38 that we introduced three new
elements (1)the word ‘not’ (2) the verb ‘can’ and (3) a descriptive sentence. Let’s
learn how to do this in Hindi.

Descriptive Sentences
Descriptive Sentences are the easiest sentences because they only include an
auxiliary verb. There is no action taking place, rather, we are describing something.
For example: “The letter is interesting.”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT AUX.VERB

letter interesting is
चिट्ठी दिलचस्प है
ciṭṭhī dilcasp hai

Go ahead and complete sentence 2 on the worksheet.

40 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

Negative Sentences
In English, negative sentences use an auxiliary verb in front of the word ‘not’ to show
whether the action is past, present or future tense. For example:

“Nick did not send letters”

“Nick does not send letters”

“Nick will not send letters”

In Hindi, this is unnecessary as there is already an auxiliary verb at the end of the
sentence. So to form a negative sentence simply insert the word नहीं nahīṇ (not) and
ignore the extra auxiliary verb. For example: “Nick does not send letters.”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick letters not send is
निक चिट्ठियाँ नहीं भेजता है
Nik ciṭṭhiyāṇ nahīṇ bhejtā hai

As shown in the verb box, the word नहीं nahīṇ (not) goes before the MAIN verb in the
sentence. Go ahead and complete sentence 3 on the worksheet.

Ability
Ability to carry out an action is expressed through the verb सकना saknā (to be able/
can). Similar to English, सकना saknā (can) is always used with the ROOT of another
verb. In English, the word can (सकना saknā) comes before the root. In Hindi, the word
सकना saknā (can) comes after the root. It should not be attached to the root.

In every other way, सकना saknā behaves like all the other verbs. It changes according
LESSON THREE: CONNECTING SENTENCES 41

to the number and gender of the subject.

For example: “Nick can send letters.” (lit. “Nick is able to send letters.”)

SUBJECT DIRECTOBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick letters send can is
निक चिट्ठियाँ भेज सकता है
Nik ciṭṭhiyāṇ bhej saktā hai

To make a negative sentence, simply insert the word नहीं (not) before the verb.

For example: “Nick cannot send letters.”

SUBJECT DIRECTOBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick letters not send can is
निक चिट्ठियाँ नहीं भेज सकता है
Nik ciṭṭhiyāṇ nahīṇ bhej saktā hai

Go ahead and complete sentences 4 & 5 on the worksheet.

The daily practice sheet in this lesson contains four exercises. We will divide the
fifteen minutes of practice between these four exercises. It is important to spend at
least a few minutes on each exercise.

When you feel comfortable with performing the daily exercises then you are ready
to move on to the next lesson and build larger sentences!
42
LESSON THREE VOCABULARY
1. Words with masculine gender are highlighted in blue.
2. Words with feminine gender are highlighted in pink.
3. Words that are used for both the singular and plural form are marked with (s).

and beautiful because

और aur सुंदर suṇdar क्योंकि kyoṇki

but can / to be able to eat

मगर magar सकना saknā खाना khānā

far food/meal(s) happy

दूर dūr भोजन bhojan खुश khush

to give if interesting
देना denā अगर agar दिलचस्प dilcasp

not quiet red

नही nं ahīṇ चुप cup लाल lāl

that then when

कि ki तो to जब jab
LESSON THREE WORKSHEET 43

2. If you do not listen then

you do not learn.

3. We learn Hindi and

we can understand him.

4. He can speak Hindi but

he cannot read Hindi.

5. I know that
the movie is interesting.

to speak बोलना | that कि | then तो | to को | to understand समझना | we हम | you आप

44 PRESENT TENSE CHART
VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH VOWELS
SUBJECT + VERB ROOT + ENDING + AUX.VERB

Pronoun Pronoun Masculine Feminine Auxilliary

English Hindi Endings Endings Verb

I मैं हूँ
आता आती
He/She वह है
(Singular)

They वे आते आती हैं

(Plural)

We हम
आते हैं
You आप

NOTE: If the subject is NOT a pronoun then determine its gender and number. The
same endings for (He/She) are used for singular subjects. The same endings for

(They) are used for plural subjects.

DAILY PRACTICE SHEET VOCABULARY 45

to achieve/put on to be/happen to bring

पहनना pahannā होना honā लाना lānā

to call/summon to come to drink

बुलाना bulānā आना ānā पीना pīnā

to drive to eat to explain

चलाना calānā खाना khānā समझाना samjhānā

to give to go to lose
देना denā जाना jānā खोना khonā

to make to reside/remain to save/rescue

बनाना banānā रहना rahnā बचाना bacānā

to say to show to sing

कहना kahnā दिखाना dikhānā गाना gānā

to sleep to take/receive to teach

सोना sonā लेना lenā सिखाना sikhānā
46 DAILY PRACTICE SHEET
Instructions for the ‘Think and Speak’ method:
Do NOT write down the answers – this is the ‘think’ part
Say each sentence OUT LOUD – this is the ‘speak’ part

What if I get stuck? Look at the reference charts for help. The goal is NOT to
‘memorize’ the sentences but to LEARN A METHOD to construct your own sentences.

SUBJECT + I.OBJECT + D.OBJECT + VERB ROOT + ENDING + AUX.VERB

Exercise One: Negative Sentences

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.
2. Add the negative and repeat the sentence again.

1. He puts on/achieves. 13. He resides/remains. 28. I explain.

वह + पहन + ending + aux.verb 14. We save/rescue. 29. She gives.
= वह पहनता है 15. They say. 30. You go.
= वह नही ं पहनता है 16. I show. 31. He loses.
2. We bring. 17. She sings. 32. We make.
3. They call/summon. 18. You sleep. 33. They reside/remain.
4. I come. 19. He takes/receives. 34. I save/rescue.
5. She drinks. 20. We teach. 35. She says.
6. You drive. 21. They put on/achieve. 36. You show.
7. He eats. 22. I bring. 37. He sings.
8. We explain. 23. She calls/summons. 38. We sleep.
9. They give. 24. You come. 39. They take/recieve.
10. I go. 25. He drinks. 40. I teach.
11. She loses. 26. We drive. 41. She achieves/puts on.
12. You make. 27. They eat. 42. You be/happen.
47

Exercise Two: Ability

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.
2. Add the negative and repeat the sentence again.
3. Add an indirect OR a direct object and repeat the sentence again.

1. He can ask. 9. They can know. 20. We can speak/talk.

वह + पूछ + सक + ending + aux. 10. I can learn. 21. They can tell.
= वह पूछ सकता है 11. She can listen. 22. I can think.
= वह नही ं पूछ सकता है 12. You can meet. 29. She can understand.
2. We can become. 13. He can open. 30. You can walk/move.
3. They can believe/accept. 14. We can put/keep. 31. He can write.
4. I can change. 15. They can read. 32. We can ask.
5. She can come out/emerge. 16. I can see. 33. They can learn.
6. You can find. 17. She can sit. 34. I can see.

Exercise Three: Descriptive Sentences

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. They are happy* 3. The book is interesting. 7. The store is not far.
= वे खुश हैं 4. The cars are far. 8. You are quiet.
2. He is not quiet. 5. The house is not red. 9. The chair is red.
= वह चुप नही ं है 6. The letter is beautiful. 10. I am happy.

*Note: We can also say वे खुश होते हैं (Lit. They be happy.)

Exercise Four: Connecting Words

1. Use a connecting word (and, because, but, that, then, if, when) to join together any
two sentences from the practice sheet exercises (or two sentences of your own).
48 PRACTICE CALENDAR

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Monday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Tuesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Wednesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Thursday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Friday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Saturday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Sunday
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 49

Step one: Ask what is being done? (Write “V” for verb above the word)
Step two: Ask who is doing it? (Write “S” for subject above the word)
Step three: Ask …what? (Write “d.O” for direct object above the word)
Step four: Ask TO what? TO whom? (Write “i.O” for indirect object above the word)
Step four: Write the English words in the Hindi word order on the first line
Step five: Write the Hindi words underneath on the second line.
Step six: Add the appropriate verb ending and auxiliary verb.
1. We eat because
she gives food to us. We eat because she us to food gives

हम खाते हैं क्योंकि वह हमें भोजन देती है

2. I know that
the movie is interesting. I know that movie interesting is
मैं जानता हूँ कि फ़िल्म दिलचस्प है (masculine subject)
मैं जानती हूँ कि फ़िल्म दिलचस्प है (feminine subject)
3. If you do not listen then
you do not learn. If you not listen then you not learn

अगर आप नही ं सुनते हैं तो आप नही ं सीखते हैं

4. We learn Hindi and
we can understand him. We Hindi learn and we him understand can

हम हिन्दी सीखते हैं और हम उसे समझ सकते हैं

5. He can speak Hindi but
he cannot read Hindi. He Hindi speak can but he Hindi not read can

वह हिन्दी बोल सकता है मगर वह हिन्दी नही ं पढ़ सकता है

to speak बोलना | that कि | then तो | to को | to understand समझना | we हम | you आप

LESSON FOUR

VERBALS

A Special Verb Form

There is a special verb form called a verbal which uses the ना nā ending as shown:

लिखना likhnā = to write / writing

When verbs are in this form then they can be used as the subject or object of a
sentence.

Note: In English, the verbal is formed by adding ‘to’ or ‘ing’ to the root of the verb. The
word ‘to’ has many different uses in English. We already learned that ‘to’ can be used
as a position word. Now we see a second use for the word ‘to’ which is to indicate a
verbal.

Verbals as Subjects
Verbals are commonly used in the subject box in descriptive sentences. Descriptive
sentences use the auxiliary verb ‘is’ as the main verb. For example: “Writing is easy.”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT AUX.VERB

Writing easy is
लिखना आसान है
likhnā āsān hai

Since verbals do not have gender on their own, they use the default gender which is
masculine singular.

Please find page 56 entitled “Lesson Four Worksheet” and complete sentence one.
LESSON FOUR: VERBALS 51

Verbals as Direct Objects

Verbals are often used in the direct object box with sentences that use the verb
‘want.’ For example: “Nick wants to write to Sonia” Nick wants what? ‘to write’ (This is
the direct object) Nick wants to write to whom? ‘to Sonia’ (This is the indirect object)

SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick Sonia to to write wants is
निक सोनिया को लिखना चाहता है
Nik Soniyā ko likhnā cāhtā hai

Remember: In English, when the word ‘to’ is used with a verb it is not functioning as a
position word, rather, it is indicating a verbal. As a result, ‘to write’ is not an indirect
object but a direct object. It is easier to recognize the verbal in Hindi since it is
a single word लिखना likhnā. Go ahead and complete sentence 2 on the worksheet.

When there is another direct object in the box with the verbal, then its gender
reflects that object. For example: “Nick wants to write a letter to Sonia” Nick wants
what? ‘to write a letter’ (These are both direct objects)

SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick Sonia to letter (to write) wants is
निक सोनिया को चिट्ठी लिखनी चाहता है
Nik Soniyā ko ciṭṭhī likhnī cāhtā hai

In the example above, “letter” चिट्ठी ciṭṭhī is feminine, so the verbal लिखना likhnā will also
be feminine लिखनी likhnī
52 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

NOTE: When there are multiple objects in any of the boxes, then those objects will
be in the reverse order from the English order. The reason for this is that in both
languages the more direct an object is, the closer it is to the verb. In Hindi, when the
verb moves to the end of the sentence, it brings the direct object with it. In other
words, whatever object is closer to the verb in English will also be closer to the verb
in Hindi.

As we learned before, the word ‘not’ always comes before the main verb. In the
following sentence, notice that the word ‘not’ comes before the main verb ‘learn.’
Notice, that the above rules for using verbals with the verb ‘want’ also apply to using
verbals with other verbs. For example, “Nick does not learn to write.”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick (to write) not learn is
निक लिखना नहीं सीखता है
Nik likhnā nahīṇ sīkhtā hai

Subjunctive Mood
In ‘want’ sentences, if the subject wants someone else to carry out some action then
the sentence MUST be split into two sentences. These sentences are then joined by
the conjunction word ‘that’(कि ki)

For example: “Sonia wants me to write” MUST become “Sonia wants that I shall write”

SUBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB SUBJECT VERB

Sonia wants is that I shall write
सोनिया चाहती है कि मैं लिखूँ
Soniyā cāhtī hai ki maiṇ likhūṇ
LESSON FOUR: VERBALS 53

TIP: Always split the English sentence into two sentences before translating.

In compound sentences that use the verb ‘want’, the verb in the second sentence
must use the subjunctive ending “shall/may.” The subjunctive ending is used to
express a wish or possibility. For example, “I shall write” or “I may write.” The
subjunctive endings can be formed in one easy step. We will demonstrate how to
make the ending for ‘I’ (मैं maiṇ).

Step One: Remove the ‘ ह ’ from the present tense AUXILIARY VERB (as shown in
yellow)and place the remainder behind the ROOT of the verb

लिखता हूँ = लिखूँ

Notice that the subjunctive ending does not use an auxiliary verb in addition to the
ending because THE ENDING IS THE AUXILIARY VERB. Sentences that use the
connecting word ताकि tāki (so that) also follow this pattern. The second sentence
must use the subjunctive ending “shall/may.”

NOTE: The endings for the other pronouns are slightly modified. You will notice that
the vowel ( ै) is replace by the vowel ( े). Using the “Subjunctive Mood Chart” on
page 57, go ahead and complete sentences 3 and 4 on the worksheet.

Verbals as Indirect Objects

Now let’s go ahead and use a verbal in the indirect object box. For example: “Nick
wants paper for writing”. Nick wants what? Nick wants paper. (This is the direct
object) Nick wants paper for what? ‘for writing’ (This is the indirect object because it
includes a position word)
54 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick writing for paper wants is
निक लिखने के लिए कागज़ चाहता है
Nik likhne ke lie kāgaz cāhtā hai

Notice in the example above that when a verbal is followed by a position word it
also is indirect or oblique. The oblique spelling is formed by using the masculine
plural ending. In the example above, the verbal लिखना likhnā changes to the oblique
लिखने likhne. Now you can go ahead and complete sentences 5 on the worksheet.

A Method for the Long Term

Starting with this lesson, the practice calendar uses a rotating practice schedule.
This means that practice sessions will rotate between the completed lessons, with
the most recently completed lesson being practiced the most frequently.

As you progress in the course, this method will aid you with long term retention. It
has been observed, that as the length of time between practice sessions gradually
increases, the strength of the memory increases. In effect, gradually reducing the
frequency of practicing something will move it into your long term memory.

When you feel comfortable with performing the daily exercises then you are ready
to move on to the next lesson and build larger sentences!
LESSON FOUR VOCABULARY 55

1. Words with masculine gender are highlighted in blue.

2. Words with feminine gender are highlighted in pink.
3. Words that are used for both the singular and plural form are marked with (s).

bread to buy car

रोटी roṭī खरीदना kharīdnā गाड़ी gāḍī

chair clothes easy

कुरसी kursī कपड़े kapḍe आसान āsān

hard house(s) important

महत्वपूर्ण
कठिन kaṭhin घर ghar mahatvpūrṇ

interesting money necessary

दिलचस्प dilcasp पैसा paisā ज़रूरी zarūrī

room shoes silence

कमरा kamrā जूते jūte चुप cup

so that to want water

ताकि tāki चाहना cāhnā पानी pānī
56
LESSON FOUR WORKSHEET
Step one: Ask what is being done? (Write “V” for verb above the word)
Step two: Ask who is doing it? (Write “S” for subject above the word)
Step three: Ask …what? (Write “d.O” for direct object above the word)
Step four: Ask TO what? TO whom? (Write “i.O” for indirect object above the word)
Step four: Write the English words in the Hindi word order on the first line
Step five: Write the Hindi words underneath on the second line.
Step six: Add the appropriate verb ending and auxiliary verb.

1. Learning is important.

2. We want to listen to you.

3. I want them to tell.

4. He shows me so that I
might learn.

5. He wants silence for

thinking.

SUBJECT + VERB ROOT + ENDING(AUXILIARY)

Pronoun Pronoun Root ending in

Root ending in Vowel
English Hindi Consonant

ANY vowel use

independant vowel ऊ
I मैं बोलूँ
आऊँ

ANY vowel use

He/She वह बोल independant vowel ए

(Singular)
आए

They वे
(Plural) ANY vowel use
independant vowel ए

We हम बोल आएँ

You आप

NOTE: If the subject is NOT a pronoun then determine its gender and number. The
same endings for (He/She) are used for singular subjects. The same endings for
(They) are used for plural subjects.
58
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET
Instructions for the ‘Think and Speak’ method:
Do NOT write down the answers – this is the ‘think’ part
Say each sentence OUT LOUD – this is the ‘speak’ part

What if I get stuck? Look at the reference charts for help. The goal is NOT to
‘memorize’ the sentences but to LEARN A METHOD to construct your own sentences.

SUBJECT + I.OBJECT + D.OBJECT + VERB ROOT + ENDING + AUX.VERB

Exercise One: Verbal as Subject

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. Eating is important. 3. Giving is good. 6. Singing is easy.

खाना महत्वपूर्ण है 4. Sleeping is important. 7. Listening is necessary.
2. Reading is hard. 5. Learning is interesting. 8. Driving is hard.

Exercise Two: Verbal as Direct Object

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.
2. Add an indirect OR a direct object and repeat the sentence again (When there is
another direct object in the box with the verbal, then its gender reflects that object).

1. He wants to ask. 7. I want to come. 14. She wants to achieve.

= वह पूछना चाहता है 8. She wants to explain. 15. You want to take.
2. We want to read. 9. You want to show. 16. He wants to drink.
3. They want to keep. 10. He wants to teach. 17. We want to sleep.
4. I want to sit. 11. We want to be. 18. They want to give.
5. She wants to speak. 12. They want to reside/remain. 19. I want to eat.
6. They want to use. 13. I want to say. 20. She wants to change.
59

Exercise Three: Subjunctive Mood (Ending in Vowel)

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.
2. Add an indirect OR a direct object to the SECOND sentence and repeat.

1. We want them to eat. 8. We want him to lose.

= हम चाहते हैं कि वे खाएँ 9. They want us to make.
2. He wants us to drink. 10. I want you to save/rescue.
3. They want her to sleep. 11. She wants them to go.
4. I want you to bring. 12. You want me to sing.
6. You want me to drive. 14. They want him to call.
7. He wants them to explain. 15. We want them to come.

Exercise Four: Subjunctive Mood (Ending in Consonant)

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD. (For the sentences shaded in gray, follow the
example in sentence two)
2. Add an indirect OR a direct object to the SECOND sentence and repeat.

1. We go so that they may reside/remain. 8. He sings so that she can listen.

= हम जाते हैं ताकि वे रह 9. We come so that we may meet.

2. We go so that they can reside/remain. 10. They call so that he may open.
(lit. “so that they may be able to reside/remain) 11. I ask so that I can believe.

= हम जाते हैं ताकि वे रह सक 12. She sits so that they may see.
3. They meet so that they may learn. 13. He walks so that he may think.
5. I call so that you may come out. 14. You lose so that we may find.
6. We learn so that we can understand. 15. They teach so that you can write.
7. She tells so that I may know. 16. I come out so that I may walk.
60
PRACTICE CALENDAR

Box 1: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercises one & two and then ü check box 1
Box 2: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercise three and then ü check box 2
Box 3: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercise four and then ü check box 3
Review Day: Practice lesson three exercises on pages 46-47.

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Monday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Tuesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Wednesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Thursday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Friday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Saturday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Sunday
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 61

1. Learning is important. Learning important is

सीखना महत्वपूर्ण है

2. We want (to listen) to you. We to you (to listen) want

हम आपको सुनना चाहते हैं

3. I want them to tell. I want that they (shall tell)

Reword: I want that they मैं चाहता हूँ कि वे बताएँ
shall tell. मैं चाहती हूँ कि वे बताएँ
4. He shows me so that I can
learn. He me shows so that I (might learn)
Reword: He shows me so
that I might learn. वह मुझे दिखाता है ताकि मैं सीखूँ
5. He wants silence (for
thinking.) He thinking for silence wants

वह सोचने के लिए चुप चाहता है

PASSIVE AND FUTURE

Future Tense
The future tense endings are very similar to the subjunctive endings that we learned
in lesson four. We can use the same method with just one extra step. We will
demonstrate how to make the ending for ‘I’ (मैं maiṇ).

Step One: Remove the ‘ ह ’ from the present tense AUXILIARY VERB (as shown in
yellow)and place the remainder behind the ROOT of the verb

लिखता हूँ = लिखूँ

Step Two: Replace the ‘ त ’ from the present tense ENDING with ‘ ग ’ and place this at
the end of the verb (as shown in red)

लिखता हूँ = लिखूँगा

Notice that the future tense ending combines the auxiliary verb with the ending.

NOTE: The ending for the pronoun ‘he/she’ is slightly modified. Find page 68 entitled
“Lesson Five Worksheet.” Using the “Future Tense Chart – Verb Roots Ending with
Consonants” on page 69 and the “Future Tense Chart – Verb Roots Ending with
Vowels” on page 70, go ahead and translate sentences 1 and 2.

Passive Sentences
Up to this point, we have been using active sentences like “Nick writes the letter.”
The same sentence in the passive voice would be: “The letter is written by Nick.” The
passive voice is used to place more emphasis on the action and less importance
on the person who performs that action.
LESSON FIVE: PASSIVE AND FUTURE 63

Strong Obligation
In Hindi, sentences that express strong obligation can ONLY be expressed in the
passive voice. The emphasis must be placed on the action and not on the person
who is performing that action.

For example, in Hindi, you cannot say “Nick should write the letter” which is in the
active voice. Instead, you MUST use the passive voice: “The letter should be written
by Nick.” The following verbs must always be used in the passive voice:

चाहिए cāhie (Should/Ought) is used to express a responsibility or sense of duty

e.g. “I ought to work.

पड़ता paḍtā (Have/Must) is used to express a compelling force or pressure

e.g. “I have to breathe.”

With these sentences, the passive voice is formed simply by adding the postposition
को ko to the subject. For example: “Nick ought to write”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick to write ought
निक को लिखना चाहिए
Nik ko likhnā cāhie

Unlike other verbs, चाहिए cāhie (Should/Ought)does not change its ending and it
does not require the use of an auxiliary verb in the present or future tense.

Tip! Remember to use the charts on page 30 - 32 when using the postposition को ko
with pronouns and nouns.
64 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

Notice how the postposition changes the spelling of the pronoun in the next
sentence, “He has to write”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

He to write has is
उसे लिखना पड़ता है
use likhnā paḍtā hai

Notice, we cannot say “to he” (वह को vah ko) Instead, we must use the oblique
spelling “to him” (उसे use)

Tip: Using ‘should’ or ‘have to’ sentences is the same as using ‘want’ sentences,
except that we need to add the postposition को ko to the subject. We have learned
that postpositions affect the spelling of the nouns that they follow. Now we will learn
another property of postpositions. Postpositions also cancel the gender of the
nouns that they follow.

To review: 1. Postpositions affect spelling

2. Postpositions cancel gender

This second property becomes very important when using sentences that express
obligation. In the sentence “They have to write” notice that the postposition cancels
the gender of the subject. As a result, both the verb and the auxiliary verb take the
default gender. In Hindi, the default gender is the masculine singular form.

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

They to write have is
उन्हें लिखना पड़ता है
unheṇ likhnā paḍtā hai
LESSON FIVE: PASSIVE AND FUTURE 65

The next sentence “Nick will have to write a letter” shows that if there is an object in
the sentence, the verb and the auxiliary verb will agree with the gender and number
of the object. The word ‘letter’ is feminine singular so we will use the feminine
singular ending.

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB

Nick letter (to write) will have
निक को चिट्ठी लिखनी पड़ेगी
Nik ko ciṭṭhī likhnī paḍegī

TIP: When adding the postposition को ko to the subject, the verb will take the default
masculine singular gender unless there is an object in the sentence. Go ahead and
translate sentences 3 – 5 on the worksheet.

Time of Day
To state the time in English, we often use the word o’clock (lit. according to the
clock) For example, “It is one o’clock.” (lit. “It is one according to the clock”)

In Hindi, we use the word ‘chime’ (बजा bajā )For example, “It is one o’clock.”
एक बजा है ek bajā hai (lit. one chime is) or “It is two o’clock.” दो बजे हैं do baje haiṇ
(lit. two chimes are) We can easily add the time of day to any sentence.

For example, “We will read until one o’clock”

SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

We one o’clock until will read
हम एक बजे तक पढ़ेंगे
ham ek baje tak par̥heṇge
66 LEARN Hindi: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

Or we can say, “We will eat at one o’clock”

SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

We one o’clock at will eat
हम एक बजे खाएँगे
ham ek baje khāeṇge

Notice that the position word ‘at’ is understood to be included, but is not written or
spoken. It is for this reason that बजा bajā is still in the oblique form बजे baje

Future Tense Irregular Verbs

There are a handful of verbs that follow an irregular construction in the future tense.
These can be found in the reference chart “Irregular Verbs - Future Tense” on page
71.

The practice calendar continues to use a rotating practice schedule. This means
that practice sessions will rotate between the completed lessons, with the most
recently completed lesson being practiced the most frequently.

When you feel comfortable with performing the daily exercises then you are ready

to move on to the next lesson and build larger sentences!

LESSON FIVE VOCABULARY 67

1. Words with masculine gender are highlighted in blue.

2. Words with feminine gender are highlighted in pink.
3. Words that are used for both the singular and plural form are marked with (s).

chimes/o’clock have/must to fall/rain

(lit. water or snow falls)
बजे baje पड़़ना paḍnā पड़ना paḍnā

should/ought snow/ice until/up to

चाहिए cāhie बर्फ barf तक tak

one two three

एक ek दो do तीन tīn

four five six

चार cār पांच pāṇc छह chah

seven eight nine

सात sāt आठ āṭh नौ nau

ten eleven twelve

दस das ग्यारह gyārah बारह bārah
68 LESSON FIVE WORKSHEET
Step one: Ask what is being done? (Write “V” for verb above the word)
Step two: Ask who is doing it? (Write “S” for subject above the word)
Step three: Ask …what? (Write “d.O” for direct object above the word)
Step four: Ask TO what? TO whom? (Write “i.O” for indirect object above the word)
Step four: Write the English words in the Hindi word order on the first line
Step five: Write the Hindi words underneath on the second line.
Step six: Add the appropriate verb ending and auxiliary verb.

1. We will listen.

2. You will go.

3. She has to eat.

4. They have to read the

book.

5. I should/ought to meet
with him.

VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH CONSONANTS

SUBJECT + VERB ROOT + AUX.VERB + ENDING

Pronoun
Pronoun Hindi Masculine Endings Feminine Endings
English

I मैं बोलूँगा बोलूँगी

He/She वह बोलगा बोलगी

(Singular)

They वे बोलगे बोलगी

(Plural)

We हम
बोलगे
You आप

NOTE: If the subject is NOT a pronoun then determine its gender and number. The
same endings for (He/She) are used for singular subjects. The same endings for

(They) are used for plural subjects.

70
FUTURE TENSE CHART
VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH VOWELS
SUBJECT + VERB ROOT + AUX.VERB + ENDING

Pronoun
Pronoun Hindi Masculine Endings Feminine Endings
English
Use independant Use independant form
form of vowel ऊ of vowel ऊ
I मैं
आऊँगा आऊँगी
Use independant form Use independant form
He/She वह of vowel ए of vowel ए

(Singular)
आएगा आएगी

Use independant form Use independant form

They वे
of vowel ए of vowel ए

(Plural)
आएँगे आएँगी

We हम
Use independant form of vowel ए

आएँगे
You आप
IRREGULAR VERBS - FUTURE TENSE 71

to take लेना
Remove vowel from root and use same endings as consonants

लूँगा or लूँगी लेगा or लेगी लेंगे or लेंगी लेंगे

I He/She They We/You

to give देना
Remove vowel from root and use same endings as consonants

दूँगा or दूँगी देगा or देगी देंगे or देंगी देंगे

I He/She They We/You

to be होना
Remove vowel
from root and use
Use full root and remove े from consonant endings
same endings as
consonants

हूँगा or हूँगी होगा or होगी होगे or होगी होगे

I He/She They We/You
72 DAILY PRACTICE SHEET
Instructions for the ‘Think and Speak’ method:
Do NOT write down the answers – this is the ‘think’ part
Say each sentence OUT LOUD – this is the ‘speak’ part

What if I get stuck? Look at the reference charts for help. The goal is NOT to
‘memorize’ the sentences but to LEARN A METHOD to construct your own sentences.

SUBJECT + I.OBJECT + D.OBJECT + VERB ROOT + AUX.VERB + ENDING

Exercise One: Future Tense (Roots Ending in Consonants)

Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. He will achieve/wear. 9. They will learn. 18. You will talk/speak.

= वह पहनेगा 10. I will listen/hear. 19. He will tell.
2. We will ask. 11. She will meet. 20. We will think.
3. They will become. 12. You will open. 21. They will understand.
4. I will believe/accept. 13. He will put/keep. 22. I will walk.
5. She will change. 14. We will read. 23. She will write.
6. You will emerge/come out. 15. They will see. 24. You will become.
7. He will find. 16. I will achieve/wear. 25. He will reside/remain.
8. We will know. 17. She will sit. 26. We will say.

Exercise Two: Irregular Verbs

Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. He will take. 4. I will take. 8. We will give.

= वह लेगा 5. She will give. 9. They will be.
2. We will give. 6. You will be. 10. I will take.
3. They will be. 7. He will take. 11. She will give.
LESSON FIVE: PASSIVE AND FUTURE 73

Exercise Three: Future Tense (Roots Ending in Vowels)

Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. He will bring. 7. He will explain. 14. We will sleep.

= वह लाएगा 8. We will go. 15. They will teach.
2. We will call/summon. 9. They will lose. 16. I will bring.
3. They will come. 10. I will make. 17. She will call/summon.
4. I will drink. 11. She will save/rescue. 18. You will come.
5. She will drive. 12. You will show. 19. He will eat.
6. You will eat. 13. He will sing. 20. We will explain.

Exercise Four: Strong Obligation

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.
2. Add an indirect OR a direct object and repeat the sentence again.

1. She should/ought to ask. 12. He has to ask.

= उसे पूछना चाहिए = उसे पूछना पड़ता है
2. We should/ought to change. 13. You have to understand.
3. They should/ought to know. 14. He has to walk.
4. I should/ought to learn. 15. We have to write.
5. She should/ought to listen. 16. They have to come.
6. You should/ought to read. 17. I have to drive.
7. He should/ought to see. 18. She has to sing.
8. We should/ought to sit. 19. You have to explain.
9. They should/ought to speak. 20. He has to show.
10. I should/ought to tell. 21. We have to teach.
11. She should/ought to think. 22. They have to take.
74
PRACTICE CALENDAR
Box 1: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercise one and then ü check box 1
Box 2: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercises two & three and then ü check box 2
Box 3: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercise four and then ü check box 3
Review Day: Practice lesson four exercises on pages 60-61.
Review Day: Practice lesson three exercises on pages 48-49.

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Monday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Tuesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Wednesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Thursday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Friday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Saturday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Sunday
WORKSHEET ANSWERS 75

1. We (will listen). We will listen

हम सुनेंगे

2. You (will go). You will go

आप जाएँगे

3. She has (to eat). She to eat has

उसे खाना पड़ता है

4. They have (to read the
book). They book to read have

उन्हें किताब पढ़नी पड़ती है

5. I should/ought (to meet)
(with him). I him with to meet should

मुझे उससे मिलना चाहिए

PAST TENSE AND ADJECTIVES

Past Tense
The past tense endings are based on the present tense endings that we learned
in lesson one. In the past tense, there are four different past tense endings (1)
masculine singular (2)masculine plural (3)feminine singular and (4)feminine
plural. The past tense endings can be formed in two easy steps. We will
demonstrate how to make the masculine SINGULAR ending.

Step One: Remove the ‘ त ’ from the present tense ENDING (as shown in red)and
place the remainder behind the ROOT of the verb

लिखता = लिखा
Step Two: Replace the ‘ त ’ from the present tense ENDING with ‘ थ ’ and use this as
the auxiliary verb (as shown in yellow)

लिखता = लिखा था
Exception: In the present tense, there are only three unique endings. However, in the
past tense, the feminine PLURAL ending and auxiliary verb are a nasalized version of
the feminine singular.

masculine singular था thā feminine singular थी thī

masculine plural थे the feminine plural थीं thīṇ

See the “Past Tense Chart – Verb Roots Ending with Consonants” and the “Past Tense
Chart – Verb Roots Ending with Vowels” on pages 84-85 for the different endings
and auxiliary verbs in the past tense.
LESSON SIX: PAST TENSE AND ADJECTIVES 77

A Special Postposition
In Hindi, there is a special postposition that is used only in the past tense. This
postposition has no equivalent in English. This special postposition ने ne is used with
the subject. Like all other postpositions, ने ne cancels the gender of the word before
it. As a result, the verb will take the default gender unless there is an object in the
sentence. For example: “Nick sent a letter to Sonia”

SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick Sonia to a letter sent was
निक ने सोनिया को चिट्ठी भेजी थी
Nik ne Soniyā ko ciṭṭhī bhejī thī

TIP! The postposition ने ne is attached to the prounouns. For example, (I) मैंने maiṇne,
(we) हमने hamne, (you) आपने āpne, (he/she) उसने usne and (they) उन्होंने unhoṇne

Present, Remote & Habitual Past

Sentences in the past tense are formed according to whether:

1. an action occurred in the present past (use ने ne)

2. an action occurred in the remote past (use ने ne)

3. an action occurred regularly or habitually in the past

Scenario 1: Nick is on the phone to Sonia. As he drops the mail into the post office
box she tells her mother, “He sent the letter.” उसने चिट्ठी भेजी usne ciṭṭhī bhejī

Scenario 2: Nick sends a letter to Sonia. Two weeks later, she tells a friend, “He sent
the letter” उसने चिट्ठी भेजी थी usne ciṭṭhī bhejī thī
78 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

Scenario 3: Nick no longer sends letters to Sonia. She tells a friend, “He used to
send letters.” वह चिट्ठियाँ भेजता था vah ciṭṭhiyāṇ bhejtā thā.

Notice in scenario three that the habitual past does NOT use the postposition ने ne.
As a result, the gender of the subject is not canceled and the verb agrees with the
subject.

NOTE: The past tense of “to know” जाना jānā is rarely used. Instead, it is common to
express “knew” in the habitual past as जानता था jāntā thā. For example, “He knew the
answer” would be वह जवाब जानता था vah javāb jāntā thā

Putting Theory into Practice

At this point, find page 83 entitled “Lesson Six Worksheet” and complete
sentences 1 – 3.

Strong Obligation - In the Past Tense

In lesson five we learned about strong obligation. With a past tense sentence that
expresses strong obligation, we do not use both को ko and ने ne behind the subject.
Instead, we use only को ko. For example: “Sonia had to go”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Sonia to go had was
सोनिया को जाना पड़ा था
Soniyā ko jānā paḍā thā
LESSON SIX: PAST TENSE AND ADJECTIVES 79

Ability - In the Past Tense

In lesson three we learned about the verb सकना saknā (to be able/can). This verb
does not use the postposition ने ne in the past tense. For example, “Sonia could not
go.” (lit. “Sonia was not able to go.”)

SUBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Sonia not go could was
सोनिया नहीं जा सकी थी
Soniyā nahīṇ jā sakī thī

A very limited number of verbs, and only under certain circumstances, do not use
the postposition ने ne. These exceptions can be learned through observation.

Adjectives
An adjective is a word that gives descriptive information about a NOUN. Similar
to English, the adjective comes before the noun. In Hindi, there are two types of
adjectives, variable and invariable.

1. Variable adjectives change their endings to reflect the gender and

number of the noun that they are describing. Variable adjectives are easy to
identify because they end in either ( ा ) or ( े ) for masculine and ( ी ) for
feminine.
2. Invariable adjectives do not change. They also are easy to identify because
they do not end with either ( ा ) ( े ) or ( ी )

Notice in the following two examples how the variable adjective छोटा choṭā (short)
changes to match the object that it is describing.
80 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

For example, in the sentence “Nick writes a short letter” the object ‘letter’ is feminine
singular.

SUBJECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick short letter writes is
निक छोटी चिट्ठी लिखता है
Nik choṭī ciṭṭhī likhtā hai

Whereas, in the sentence “Nick writes short songs” the object ‘song’ is masculine
plural.

SUBJECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick short songs writes is
निक छोटे गीत लिखता है
Nik choṭe gīt likhtā hai

Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives include the words: my, our, your, his, her & their. In Hindi, these
adjectives are variable and change to match the object being possessed.

For example, both men and women would say “ मेरा नाम” merā nām because नाम nām
(name) is a masculine singular noun and the possessive adjective changes
according to the object being possessed and not according to the possessor.

For example, मेरा is for masculine singular objects, मेरे is for masculine plural objects
and मेरी is for feminine singular or plural objects.
LESSON SIX: PAST TENSE AND ADJECTIVES 81

The Apostrophe
In English, the apostrophe with an ‘s’ is often used to show possession. For example,
we can say “I received Nick’s letter.” However, this phrase can also be written out
in full as “the letter of Nick” In Hindi, there is no apostrophe so the phrase must be
written out in full. Since ‘of’ (का kā) is a postposition in Hindi, “the letter of Nick” would
become “Nick of letter” or निक की चिट्ठी Nik kī ciṭṭhī

Like possessive adjectives, the possessive postposition का kā agrees with the object
being possessed and not the possessor. We use का kā for masculine singular
objects, के ke for masculine plural objects and की kī for feminine singular or plural
objects.

Go ahead and complete sentences 4 & 5.

Past Tense Irregular Verbs

There are a handful of verbs that follow an irregular construction in the past tense.
These can be found in the reference chart “Irregular Verbs - Past Tense” on pages
86-87.

The practice calendar continues to use a rotating practice schedule. When you feel
comfortable with performing the daily exercises then you are ready to move on to
the next lesson and build larger sentences!
82 LESSON SIX VOCABULARY
1. Variable adjectives change their endings to reflect the gender and
number of the noun that they are describing.
2. Invariable adjectives do not change and are marked as (Invariable).

all bad beautiful

(Invariable)
सारा sārā बुरा burā सुंदर suṇdar

big different fat

(Invariable)
बड़ा baḍā अलग alag मोटा moṭā

first good his/her

पहला pahlā अच्छा acchā उसका uskā

long/tall new next

लंबा laṇbā नया nayā अगला aglā

old other/second small/short

पुराना purānā दूसरा dūsrā छोटा choṭā

their tiny/little very (Invariable)

उनका unkā थोडा thoḍā बहुत bahut
LESSON SIX WORKSHEET 83

2. They saw the movie.

(remote past)

3. He used to live in India.

(habitual past)

4. We wrote a long letter.

(remote past)

5. She told them your name.

(present past)

Vocabulary: book किताब (feminine) | he/she वह | in में | India भारत

Pronoun Pronoun
Masculine Feminine
English Hindi

I मैं
बोला था बोली थी
He/She वह
(Singular)

They वे बोले थे बोली थीं

(Plural)

We हम
बोले थे
You आप

VERB ROOTS ENDING WITH VOWELS

SUBJECT + ने + VERB ROOT + ENDING + AUX.VERB

Pronoun Pronoun
Masculine Feminine
English Hindi

I मैं
आया था आयी थी
He/She वह
(Singular)

They वे आए थे आयीं थीं

(Plural)

We हम
आए थे
You आप

In the present past and remote past tenses, the postposition ने cancels the gender
of the subject. As a result, the verb must agree with the OBJECT. Determine the
gender and number of the object and use the endings above. If there is no object in
the sentence, use the default masculine singular ending.
86
IRREGULAR VERBS - PAST TENSE
For masculine endings replace vowel with ि and use endings for roots ending with
vowels. For feminine endings remove vowel and use endings for roots ending with
consonants.

to give देना to take लेना

िदया िदए दी दी ं िलया िलए ली ली ं
m/s m/p f/s f/p m/s m/p f/s f/p

to drink पीना
िपया िपए पी पी ं
m/s m/p f/s f/p

For masculine endings replace the र with ि and use endings for roots ending with
vowels. For feminine endings remove the र and use endings for roots ending with
consonants.

to do करना
िकया िकए की की ं
m/s m/p f/s f/p
IRREGULAR VERBS - PAST TENSE 87

Replace जा with ग and use endings for roots ending with vowels.

to go जाना ( used without ने )

गया गए गयी गयी ं

m/s m/p f/s f/p

These two verbs use an alternate construction.

to be होना ( used without ने ) to touch छुना

हआ हए हई हईं छुआ छुए छुई छुईं
m/s m/p f/s f/p m/s m/p f/s f/p
88
GENDER REVIEW
1. The VERB agrees with the SUBJECT

INDIRECT DIRECT
SUBJECT VERB
OBJECT OBJECT

2. Only one thing can interfere: POSTPOSITIONS (A postposition will cancel the
gender of the noun before it. As a result, the VERB will agree with the DIRECT OBJECT)

INDIRECT DIRECT
SUBJECT को OBJECT OBJECT
VERB

3. If there is no direct object in the sentence, the VERB will assume the default gender
of MASCULINE SINGULAR (The indirect object always includes a postposition which
cancels its ability to affect gender)

INDIRECT
SUBJECT ने OBJECT
VERB

4. Other parts of a sentence with gender include verbals and adjectives.

• VERBALS are in the default gender unless they have an object. (Lesson 4)
• VARIABLE ADJECTIVES agree with the noun they are describing. (Lesson 6)
• POSSESSIVES agree with the object being possessed. (Lesson 6)
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 89

Instructions for the ‘Think and Speak’ method:

Do NOT write down the answers – this is the ‘think’ part
Say each sentence OUT LOUD – this is the ‘speak’ part

What if I get stuck? Look at the reference charts for help. The goal is NOT to
‘memorize’ the sentences but to LEARN A METHOD to construct your own sentences.

SUBJECT + I.OBJECT + D.OBJECT + VERB ROOT + ENDING + AUX.VERB

Exercise One: Verb Roots Ending with Consonants

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.
2. Add an indirect OR a direct object and repeat the sentence again. Remember, if
you add a direct object, the verb will agree with the direct object.
For example, “He asked the price” उसने क़ीमत पूछी थी
3. Add an adjective (e.g. big) or a possessive adjective (e.g. my) to the object.
Remember, variable adjectives and possessive adjectives change their endings to
reflect the gender and number of the noun that they are describing or possessing.
For example, “He asked my price” उसने मेरी क़ीमत पूछी थी

1. He asked. 8. We opened. 17. She wrote.

उसने + पूछ + ending + aux. 9. They kept. 18. You asked.
= उसने पूछा था 10. I read. 19. He achieved.

2. We became. 11. She saw. 20. We resided/remained.

3. They believed/accepted. 12. You sat. 21. They said.

4. I changed. 13. He talked/spoke. 22. I saw.
5. She found. 14. We told. 23. She thought.
6. You learned. 15. They thought. 24. You understood.
7. He listened/heard. 16. I understood. 25. He wrote.
90 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

Exercise Two: Irregular Verbs

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. You took. 6. She happened. 11. She went.

आपने + ल + ending + aux. वह + ह + ending + aux. वह + ग + ending + aux.

= आपने लिया था = वह हुई थी = वह गयी थी

2. We did. 7. He went. 12. She gave.
3. They took. 8. We touched. 13. He drank.
4. I gave. 9. They happened. 14. We went.
5. You drank. 10. I did. 15. I happened.

Exercise Three: Verb Roots Ending with Vowels

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.
2. Add an indirect OR a direct object and repeat the sentence again.

1. She explained. 4. I drove. 9. They saved/rescued.

उसने + समझा + ending + aux. 5. She ate. 10. I showed.
= उसने समझाया था 6. You explained. 11. She sang.
2. We called. 7. He lost. 12. You slept.
3. They came. 8. We made. 13. He taught.

Exercise Four: Habitual Past

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. She knew/used to know. 4. They used to ask. 7. We used to meet.

= वह जानती थी = वे पूछते थे 8. They used to go.
2. He use to wish/want. 5. You used to tell. 9. I used to think.
3. They used to reside. 6. He used to explain. 10. You used to teach.
PRACTICE CALENDAR 91

Box 1: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercise one and then ü check box 1
Box 2: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercise two and then ü check box 2
Box 3: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercises three & four and then ü check box 3
Review Day: Practice lesson five exercises on pages 74-75.
Review Day: Practice lesson four exercises on pages 60-61.
Review Day: Practice lesson three exercises on pages 48-49.

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Monday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Tuesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Wednesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Thursday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Friday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Saturday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Sunday
92
WORKSHEET ANSWERS
Step one: Ask what is being done? (Write “V” for verb above the word)
Step two: Ask who is doing it? (Write “S” for subject above the word)
Step three: Ask …what? (Write “d.O” for direct object above the word)
Step four: Ask TO what? TO whom? (Write “i.O” for indirect object above the word)
Step four: Write the English words in the Hindi word order on the first line
Step five: Write the Hindi words underneath on the second line.
Step six: Add the appropriate verb ending and auxiliary verb.
1. He read the book.
(present past) He book read

उसने किताब पढ़ी

2. They saw the movie.
(remote past) They movie saw

उन्होंने फ़िल्म देखी थी

3. He used to live in India.
(habitual past) He India in (used to live)

वह भारत में रहता था

4. We wrote a long letter.
(remote past) We long letter wrote

हमने लंबी चिट्ठी लिखी थी

5. She told them your name.
(present past) She them your name told

उसने उन्हें आपका नाम बताया

THE CONTINUOUS TENSE AND QUESTIONS

Continuous Tense
In English, the continuous tense is expressed by adding the ending (ing) to the
root of the verb. And it is the auxiliary verb which shows whether the action is past,
present or future tense. For example,

“Nick is sending the letter”

“Nick was sending the letter”

“Nick will be sending the letter”

In Hindi, the continuous tense is expressed by inserting the word रह rah (continue)
behind the root of the verb. And similar to English, it is the auxiliary verb which shows
whether the action is in the present, past or future tense. For example,

निक चिट्ठी भेज रहा है Nik ciṭṭhī bhej rahā hai (present)

निक चिट्ठी भेज रहा था Nik ciṭṭhī bhej rahā thā (past)

निक चिट्ठी भेज रहा होगा Nik ciṭṭhī bhej rahā hogā (future)

Notice in the examples above, the word रह rah is not attached to the stem because
it is a separate word. Both रह rah and the auxiliary verb change according to the
number and gender of the subject.

रहा rahā (masculine singular) रही rahī (feminine singular)

रहे rahe (masculine plural) रही rahī (feminine plural)

94 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

For example: “We are sending a letter.”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

We letter send-ing are
हम चिट्ठी भेज रहे हैं
ham ciṭṭhī bhej rahe haiṇ

To make a negative sentence, simply insert the word नहीं nahīṇ(not) before the main
verb. For example: “Nick is not sending a letter.”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick letter not send-ing is
निक चिट्ठी नहीं भेज रहा है
Nik ciṭṭhī nahīṇ bhej rahā hai

Go ahead and complete sentences 1 and 2 on the worksheet on page 101.

Conjunct Verbs
In English some words can be used as both nouns and verbs. For example, in the
sentence “They answer” the word ‘answer’ is the verb. However, in the sentence “They
want an answer” the word ‘answer’ is the object. So ‘answer’ can be used as a noun
or a verb.

In Hindi, a noun (or adjective) can ONLY be used as a verb if it is joined with a base
verb. This is called a conjunct verb. Conjunct means something that is joined with
another. The noun (or adjective) is joined with a base verb. The base verb loses its
primary meaning to take on the meaning of the noun (or adjective).
LESSON SEVEN: CONTINUOUS TENSE AND QUESTIONS 95

For example, “They answer.” (lit. “They give an answer”)

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

They answer give are
वे जवाब देते हैं
ve javāb dete haiṇ

In the next sentence, notice that नहीं nahīṇ is still inserted before the base verb. For
example: “They do not answer.” (lit. “They do not give an answer”)

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

They answer not give are
वे जवाब नहीं देते हैं
ve javāb nahīṇ dete haiṇ

When a direct object is used with the conjunct verb, the position word का kā is
normally added between the two objects. For example, “They answer the question”
(lit. “They give the answer of the question”)

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

They question of answer give are
वे सवाल का जवाब देते हैं
ve savāl kā javāb dete haiṇ

The position word का kā takes the gender of the conjunct verb. In this case, the word
‘answer’ is masculine singular. Go ahead and complete sentence 3.
96 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

When a verbal is used with the conjunct verb, the position word का kā is also
normally added between the two objects. Again, the position word का kā takes the
gender of the conjunct verb. Notice in the sentence below, the verbal is followed by
a position word and uses the oblique spelling. “They decide to go” (lit. “They do the
decision of going.”)

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

They to go of decision do are
वे जाने का फैसला करते हैं
ve jāne kā faislā karte haiṇ

When an indirect object is added to the sentence, the choice of the position word is
determined not only by the context but also by the conjunct verb being used.
For example, with the conjunct verb “to help” मदद करनी madad karnī the position word
‘of’ का kā is normally used with the indirect object. For example, “They help him.” (lit.
“They do his help”)

SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

They him help do are
वे उसकी मदद करते हैं
ve uskī madad karte haiṇ

Notice in the sentence above, that the possessive adjective का kā changes

according to the object being possessed (the conjunct verb ‘help’) and not
according to the possessor.

In the next sentence, you will notice that when the gender of the subject is canceled
by a position word, the base verb takes the gender of the conjunct verb.
LESSON SEVEN: CONTINUOUS TENSE AND QUESTIONS 97

For example, in the sentence “They helped him” the conjunct verb ‘help’ is feminine
singular.

SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

They him helped did was
उन्होंने उसकी मदद की थी
unhoṇne uskī madad kī thī

The verb ‘to do’ करना karnā is most commonly used in conjunct verbs, however, other
verbs are also used. Remember, when using the verb “to do” करना karnā in the past
tense, it has an irregular spelling किया kiyā (m/s) or की kī (f/s)

Asking Questions
Interrogatives are words used in asking questions. In Hindi, most interrogative
words begin with the letter क k for example: who कौन kaun, what क्या kyā,
where कहाँ kahāṇ, when कब kab, why क्यों kyoṇ, which कौन-सा kaun-sā, how कैसा kaisā &
how much कितना kitnā

Where to put interrogatives in the sentence depends upon the context. As a

guideline, you can ask these questions:

1. Am I asking about an action? Then the interrogative goes before the verb.
e.g. “When will we read the letter?”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

We letter when will read?
हम चिट्ठी कब पढ़ेंग?
े
ham ciṭṭhī kab par̥heṇge?
98 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

2. Am I asking about an object? Then the interrogative goes before the object.
e.g. “Which gift will we send?”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

We which gift will send ?
हम कौन-सा तोहफा भेजेंग?
े
ham kaun-sā tohfā bhejeṇge?

TIP: The easiest way to form a question is to first form a statement. Then it is easy to
add in the interrogative. For example: “Where will he go?”

First: Form a statement. “He will go”

Second: Insert the interrogative. “He will go”
where

The interrogatives कौन-सा kaun-sā, कैसा kaisā and कितना kitnā are variable and change
according to the gender and number of the noun to which they are referring. For
example: “Which letter will we read?”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

We which letter will read?
हम कौन-सी चिट्ठी पढ़ेंग?
े
ham kaun-sī ciṭṭhī par̥heṇge?

TIP: कौन kaun (who) and क्या kyā (what) are interrogative pronouns and change
when followed by a position word. For example, in English, the oblique spelling
of ‘who’ is ‘whom.’ Similarly, in Hindi कौन kaun and क्या kyā change to किस kis when
followed by a postposition. For example: “You wrote to whom?” आपने किसे लिखा था?
āpne kise likhā thā? Other combinations include, “for whom/what” किसके लिए kiske lie
LESSON SEVEN: CONTINUOUS TENSE AND QUESTIONS 99

“from whom/what” किससे kisse “of whom/what” किसका kiskā or the ने construction
किसने kisne Go ahead and complete sentence 4 on the worksheet.

Yes or No Questions
When क्या kyā is at the beginning of a sentence, its meaning changes. Now its
function is to turn statements into questions, the type of questions which are
answered with a yes or no reply. For example: “Nick sends letters”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Nick letters sends is
निक चिट्ठियाँ भेजता है
Nik ciṭṭhiyāṇ bhejtā hai

Becomes: “Does Nick send letters?”

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

Does Nick letters send is?
क्या निक चिट्ठियाँ भेजता है?
kyā Nik ciṭṭhiyāṇ bhejtā hai?

Go ahead and complete sentence 5 on the worksheet.

What Time Is It?

In lesson five we learned how to say “It is two o’clock” दो बजे हैं do baje haiṇ
(lit. two chimes are) Now we can turn that statement into a question. We can ask:
‘how many chimes?’ कितने बजे हैं? kitne baje haiṇ?
100 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

This informal way to ask the time can also be adapted to more formal situations.
For example, “Can you tell me the time?”

SUBJECT I.OJECT VERB + AUX. SUBJECT AUX.

Can you me tell can is that how many chimes are?
क्या आप मुझे बता सकते हैं कि कितने बजे हैं ?
kyā āp mujhe batā sakte haiṇ ki kitne baje haiṇ?

Notice in the above sentence that adding क्या kyā to the beginning of the first
sentence turns the statement “You can tell me the time” into a question “Can you tell
me the time?” So we see that क्या kyā can take on different meanings depending on
the sentence. However, it will always turn a statement into the type of question that
can be answered with a yes or no reply.

The daily practice sheet in this lesson contains six exercises. We will divide the fifteen
minutes of practice between these six exercises. It is important to spend at least a
few minutes on each exercise.

The practice calendar continues to use a rotating practice schedule. When you feel
comfortable with performing the exercises then you have completed the course.
Congratulations! The charts and information contained in the course will continue to

be a valuable source of reference for you as you progress in your language skills.
LESSON SEVEN WORKSHEET 101

1. I am eating roti.

2. He will be going.

3. They enjoy a meal.

4. How do we know?

5. Do you speak Hindi?

to decide to enjoy to finish

फैसला करना मज़ा लेना ख़तम करना
faislā karna mazā lenā khatam karna

to help how how much/many

मदद करनी कैसा कितना
madad karnī kaisā kitnā

to love to promise to remember

प्यार करना वादा करना याद रखनी
pyār karnā vādā karnā yād rakhnī

to remind to try what

याद करानी कोशिश करनी क्या
yād karānī koshish karnī kyā

when where which

कब कहाँ कौन-सा
kab kahāṇ kaun-sā

who why to work

कौन क्यों काम करना
kaun kyoṇ kām karnā
DAILY PRACTICE SHEET 103

Instructions for the ‘Think and Speak’ method:

Do NOT write down the answers – this is the ‘think’ part
Say each sentence OUT LOUD – this is the ‘speak’ part

What if I get stuck? Look at the reference charts for help. The goal is NOT to
‘memorize’ the sentences but to LEARN A METHOD to construct your own sentences.

Exercise One: Present Continuous Tense

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. He is asking. 3. They are learning. 6. You are making.

= वह पूछ रहा है 4. I am taking. 7. We are meeting.
2. We are changing. 5. She is reading. 8. He is coming.

Exercise Two: Past Continuous Tense

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. She was living/residing. 3. They were sleeping. 6. You were thinking.

= वह रह रही थी 4. I was listening. 7. He was doing.
2. We were drinking. 5. She was eating. 8. I was bringing.

Exercise Three: Future Continuous Tense

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. We will be explaining. 3. They will be singing. 6. We will be talking.

= हम समझा रहे होंगे 4. I will be going. 7. He will be achieving.
2. He will be showing. 5. She will be telling. 8. You will be giving.
104 LEARN HINDI: SENTENCE STRUCTURE MADE EASY

Exercise Four: Conjunct Verbs

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.
2. Add an indirect OR a direct object (including verbals) and repeat the sentence
again.

1. He works. 5. She decides. 10. I promise.

= वह काम करता है 6. You enjoy. 11. You remember.
2. We answer. 7. He finishes. 12. She reminds.
3. They appreciate. 8. We help. 13. We try.
4. I begin/start. 9. They love. 14. They work.

Exercise Five: Questions

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. Where is the house? 4. How can we learn? 8. What will we eat?

= घर कहाँ है? 5. He meets with whom? 9. Who will go?
2. When will you come? 6. Which book do you read? 10. What do they see?
3. Where does she reside? 7. I speak to whom? 11. How do we ask?

Exercise Six: Yes or No Questions

1. Say each sentence OUT LOUD.

1. Does he work? 4. Will I understand? 8. Will we walk?

= क्या वह काम करता है? 5. Did you eat? 9. Did they sing?
2. Can we explain? 6. Can she speak? 10. Can I read?
3. Do they see? 7. Does he want to go? 11. Do you know?
PRACTICE CALENDAR 105

Box 1: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercises one to three and then ü check box 1
Box 2: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercise four and then ü check box 2
Box 3: Practice 5 minutes or more of exercises five & six and then ü check box 3
Review Day: Practice lesson six exercises on pages 91-92.
Review Day: Practice lesson five exercises on pages 74-75.
Review Day: Practice lesson four exercises on pages 60-61.
Review Day: Practice lesson three exercises on pages 48-49.

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Monday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Tuesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Wednesday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Thursday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Friday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Saturday

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Sunday
106
WORKSHEET ANSWERS
Step one: Ask what is being done? (Write “V” for verb above the word)
Step two: Ask who is doing it? (Write “S” for subject above the word)
Step three: Ask …what? (Write “d.O” for direct object above the word)
Step four: Ask TO what? TO whom? (Write “i.O” for indirect object above the word)
Step four: Write the English words in the Hindi word order on the first line
Step five: Write the Hindi words underneath on the second line.
Step six: Add the appropriate verb ending and auxiliary verb.

1. I am eating roti. I roti eat-ing am

मैं रोटी खा रहा हूँ (masculine)
मैं रोटी खा रही हूँ (feminine)

2. He will be going. He go-ing will be

वह जा रहा होगा

3. They enjoy a meal. They meal enjoy

वे भोजन का मज़ा लेते हैं

4. How do we know? We how know

हम कैसे जानते हैं ?

5. Do you speak Hindi? Do you Hindi speak

क्या आप हिन्दी बोलते हैं ?

Apostrophe 81 Chart - Present Tense Verb Roots Ending

Auxiliary Verb 14 With Vowels 44

C Chart - Subjuntive Mood 57

Chart - Future Tense Verb Roots Ending Conjunct Verbs 94

With Consonants 69 Connecting Words 38

Chart - Future Tense Verb Roots Ending Continuous Tense 93

With Vowels 70
D
Chart - How Postpositions Change
Descriptive Sentences 39
Feminine Nouns 32
F
Chart - How Postpositions Change
Masculine Nouns 31 Future Tense 62

Chart - How Postpositions Change G

Pronouns 30
Gender Review 88
Chart - Irregular Verbs Future Tense 71
I
Chart - Irregular Verbs Past Tense 86
Indirect Objects 25
N Time - What Time Is It? 99

Negative Sentences 40 V

O Verbals 50

Oblique Nouns 27 Verbals as Direct Objects 51

P Verbals as Indirect Objects 53

Passive Sentences 62 Verbals as Subjects 50

Past Tense 76 Verb Endings 13

Position Words 25

Postposition ने 77

Present Tense 14

Questions 97

Questions - Yes or No 99

Strong Obligation 63

Strong Obligation - In the Past Tense 78

Subjunctive Mood 52

Time of Day 65

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Learn-Hindi-Sentence-Structure-Made-Easy

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Learn-Hindi-Sentence-Structure-Made-Easy

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Learn Hindi - Sentence Structure Made Easy

Copyright © 2017 Team Indic

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in

Copyright © 2017 Team Indic

For orders and for other books by this author

Word Order (Syntax) 12

Verb Endings (Inflection) 13

The Auxiliary Verb “to be”  14

Exercise One: The Basic Sentence 21

Exercise Two: Sentence Progressions  22

Exercise Three: Quick Start 22

Exercise One: Direct Objects  34

Exercise Two: Indirect Objects  35

Exercise Three: Sentence Progressions  35

Exercise One: Negative Sentences 46

Exercise Two: Ability 47

Exercise Three: Descriptive Sentences 47

A Special Verb Form 50

Verbals as Direct Objects  51

Verbals as Indirect Objects  53

Exercise One: Verbal as Subject 58

Exercise Two: Verbal as Direct Object 58

Exercise Three: Subjunctive Mood (Ending in Vowel) 59

Exercise Four: Subjunctive Mood (Ending in Consonant) 59

Exercise One: Future Tense (Roots Ending in Consonants) 72

Exercise Two: Irregular Verbs 72

Exercise Three: Future Tense (Roots Ending in Vowels) 73

Exercise Four: Strong Obligation 73

Present, Remote & Habitual Past  77

Strong Obligation - In the Past Tense 78

Ability - In the Past Tense 79

Exercise One: Verb Roots Ending with Consonants 89

Exercise Two: Irregular Verbs 90

Exercise Three: Verb Roots Ending with Vowels 90

Exercise Four: Habitual Past 90

What Time Is It? 99

Exercise One: Present Continuous Tense 103

Exercise Two: Past Continuous Tense 103

Exercise Three: Future Continuous Tense 103

Exercise Four: Conjunct Verbs 104

Exercise Five: Questions 104

Exercise Six: Yes or No Questions 104

“Every language in words random way in not arranged are.”

Putting Theory into Practice

The Think and Speak Method

We recommend a daily practice sessions of approximately 15 minutes. Research

Rotating Practice Schedule

Learning the Hindi Script vs. Romanization

From Our Readers

THE BASIC SENTENCE

Word Order (Syntax)

In English the word order is (subject + verb + object)

1. What is being done? (VERB)

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB

Putting Theory Into Practice

Verb Endings (Inflection)

How do we change the verb?

Second: Add the appropriate ending to the stem of the verb.

In the present tense, there are three different verb endings:

masculine singular ता tā feminine singular ती tī

masculine plural ते te feminine plural ती tī

The Auxiliary Verb “to be”

1. The main verb

2. The auxiliary verb

For example: I am You are We are He/She is They are

1. Singular subjects use है hai

2. Plural subjects use हैं haiṇ

If the subject is a pronoun, it has a matching pair as shown below.

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB + AUX.VERB

The Think and Speak Method

We recommend a daily practice sessions of approximately 15 minutes. Research

1. Words with masculine gender are highlighted in blue.

to ask English he/she

to learn picture question(s)

they to see to speak

4. He writes the answer.

Word Order (Syntax) 12

Verb Endings (Inflection) 13

The Auxiliary Verb “to be” 14

Exercise One: The Basic Sentence 21

Exercise Two: Sentence Progressions 22

Exercise Three: Quick Start 22

Exercise One: Direct Objects 34

Exercise Two: Indirect Objects 35

Exercise Three: Sentence Progressions 35

Exercise One: Negative Sentences 46

Exercise Two: Ability 47

Exercise Three: Descriptive Sentences 47

A Special Verb Form 50

Verbals as Direct Objects 51

Verbals as Indirect Objects 53

Exercise One: Verbal as Subject 58

Exercise Two: Verbal as Direct Object 58

Exercise Three: Subjunctive Mood (Ending in Vowel) 59

Exercise Four: Subjunctive Mood (Ending in Consonant) 59

Exercise One: Future Tense (Roots Ending in Consonants) 72

Exercise Two: Irregular Verbs 72

Exercise Three: Future Tense (Roots Ending in Vowels) 73

Exercise Four: Strong Obligation 73

Present, Remote & Habitual Past 77

Strong Obligation - In the Past Tense 78

Ability - In the Past Tense 79

Exercise One: Verb Roots Ending with Consonants 89

Exercise Two: Irregular Verbs 90

Exercise Three: Verb Roots Ending with Vowels 90

Exercise Four: Habitual Past 90

What Time Is It? 99

Exercise One: Present Continuous Tense 103

Exercise Two: Past Continuous Tense 103

Exercise Three: Future Continuous Tense 103

Exercise Four: Conjunct Verbs 104

Exercise Five: Questions 104

Exercise Six: Yes or No Questions 104

1. ask(s) 8. learn(s) 15. __ sit(s)