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PROBABILITY
1. Ten cards numbered 1 through 10 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then one card is drawn
randomly. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, what is the probability that
it is an even number?
2. Assume that each child born is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a family has two children, what is the
conditional probability that both are girls given that (i) the youngest is a girl, (ii) at least one is a girl?
3. Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different. Find the probability of the
event 'the sum of numbers on the dice is 4'.
4. A coin is tossed three times, if head occurs on first two tosses, find the probability of getting head on
third toss.
5. A die is thrown three times, find the probability that 4 appears on the third toss if it is given that 6 and 5
appear respectively on first two tosses.
6. Compute P (A/B), if P (B) = 0.5 and P (A∩B) = 0.32.
7. If P (A) = 0.4, P (B) = 0.3 and P (B/A) = 0.5, find P (A∩B) and P (A/B).
1 1 11
8. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = , P(B) = and 11 and P (AUB) = , find P (A/B) and P (B/A).
3 5 30
9. A couple has two children. Find the probability that both the children are (i) males, if it is known that at
least one of the children is male. (ii) females, if it is known that the elder child is a female.
10. From a pack of 52 cards, two are drawn one by one without replacement. Find the probability that both
of them are kings.
11. From a pack of 52 cards, 4 are drawn one by one without replacement. Find the probability that all are
aces.
12. Find the chance of drawing 2 white balls in succession from a bag containing 5 red and 7 white balls, the
ball first drawn not being replaced.
13. A bag contains 25 tickets, numbered from 1 to 25. A ticket is drawn and then another ticket is drawn
without replacement. Find the probability that both tickets will show even numbers.
14. From a deck of cards, three cards are drawn on by one without replacement. Find the probability that
each time it is a card of spade.
15. Two cards are drawn without replacement from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that
(i) both are kings (ii) the first is a king and the second is an ace (iii) the first is a heart and second is red.
16. A bag contains 20 tickets, numbered from 1 to 20. Two tickets are drawn without replacement. What is
the probability that the first ticket has an even number and the second an odd number?
17. (i) An um contains 3 white, 4 red and 5 black balls. Two balls are drawn one by one without
replacement. What is the probability that at least one ball is black?
(ii) A bag contains 4 white, 7 black and 5 red balls. Three balls are drawn one after the other without
replacement. Find the probability that the balls drawn are white, black and red respectively.
18. A bag contains 5 white, 7 red and 3 black balls. If three balls are drawn one by one without
replacement, find the probability that none is red.
19. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards and then a second card is drawn. Find the
probability that the first card is a heart and the second card is a diamond if the first card is not replaced.
20. An urn contains 10 black and 5 white balls. Two balls are drawn from the urn one after the other
without replacement. What is the probability that both drawn balls are black?
21. Three cards are drawn successively, without replacement from a pack of 52 well shuffled cards. What is
the probability that first two cards are kings and third card drawn is an ace?
22. A box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected oranges drawn without
replacement. If all the three oranges are good, the box is approved for sale otherwise it is rejected. Find
the probability that a box containing 15 oranges out of which 12 are good and 3 are bad ones will be
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approved for sale.

7 9 4
23. If P(A) = 13 , P(B) = 13 and P(A ∩ B) = 13 find P(A/B).
24. If A and B are events such that P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.3 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.2, find 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) and 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴).
25. If A and B are two events such that P (A ∩ B) = 0.32 and P (B) = 0.5, find P (A/B).
26. If P (A) = 0.4, P (B) = 0.8, P (B/A) = 0.6. Find P (A/B) and P (A ∪ B).
27. If A and B are two events such that
(i) P(A) = 1/3, P (B) = 1/4 and P (A ∪ B) = 5/12, find P (A/B) and P (B/A).
6 5 7
(ii) P(A) = 11 , P(B) = 11 and P(A ∪ B) = 11, find P (A ∩ B), P (A/B), P (B/A)
7 9 4
(iii) P(A) = 13 , P(B) = 13 and P(A ∩ B) = 13, find P (𝐴′ /𝐵).
5 2
28. If A and B are two events such that 2 P (A) = P(B) = 13 and 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) = 5, find P(A ∪ B).
6 5 7
29. If P (A) = 11 , P(B) = 11 and P(A ∪ B) = 11, find
(i) 𝑃(A ∩ B) (ii) P(A/B) (iii) P (B/A)
30. A coin is tossed three times. Find 𝑃 (𝐴/𝐵) in each of the following:
(i) A = Heads on third toss, B = Heads on first two tosses
(ii) A = At least two heads, B = At most two heads
(iii) A = At most two tails, B = At least one tail.
31. Two coins are tossed once. Find P (A/B) in each of the following:
(i) A = Tail appears on one coin, B = One coin shows head.
(ii) A = No tail appears, B = No head appears.
32. A die is thrown three times. Find P (A/B) and P (B/A), if
𝐴 = 4 appears on the third toss
𝐵 = 6 and 5 appear respectively on first two tosses.
33. Mother, father and son line up at random for a family picture. If A and B are two events given by
A = Son on one end, B = Father in the middle, find P (A/B) and P (B/A).
34. A dice is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What is the
conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once?
35. Two dice are thrown. Find the probability that the numbers appeared has the sum 8, if it is known that
the second die always exhibits 4.
36. A pair of dice is thrown. Find the probability of getting 7 as the sum, if it is known that the second die
always exhibits an odd number.
37. A pair of dice is thrown. Find the probability of getting 7 as the sum if it is known that the second die
always exhibits a prime number.
38. A die is rolled. If the outcome is an odd number, what is the probability that it is prime?
39. A pair of dice is thrown. Find the probability of getting the sum 8 or more, if 4 appears on the first die.
40. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers showing on two dice is 8, given that at least one die
does not show five.
41. Two numbers are selected at random from integers 1 through 9. If the sum is even, find the probability
that both the numbers are odd.
42. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 8. What is the
conditional probability that the number 5 has appeared at least once?
43. A coin is tossed thrice and all the eight outcomes are assumed equally likely. In which of the following
cases are the following events A and B are independent?
(i) A = the first throw results in head, B = the last throw results in tail

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(ii) A = the number of heads is odd, B = the number of tails is odd

(iii) A = the number of heads is two, B = the last throw results in head
44. Prove that in throwing a pair of dice, the occurrence of the number 4 on the first die is independent of
the occurrence of 5 on the second die.
45. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards so that each card is equally likely to be selected. In which of the
following cases are the events A and B independent?
(i) A = the card drawn is a king or queen
(ii) B = the card drawn is a queen or jack
(iii) A = the card drawn is black, B = the card drawn is a king
(iv) B= the card drawn is a spade, B = the card drawn in an ace
46. A coin is tossed three times. Let the events A, B and C be defined as follows:
A = first toss is head, B = second toss is head, and
C= exactly two heads are tossed in a row.
Check the independence of (i) A and B (ii) B and C and (iii) C and A
47. If A and B be two events such that P (A) = 1/4, P (B) = 1/3 and P (A ∪ B) = 1/2, show that A and B
are independent events.
48. Given two independent events A and B such that P (A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.6. Find
(i) P(A ∩ B) (iii) P(A ∩ B) (v) P(A ∪ B)
(ii) P(A ∩ B) (iv) P(A ∩ B) (vi) P(A/B)
(vii) P(B/A)
49. A die is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting a number greater than 3 on each toss.
50. Given the probability that A can solve a problem is 2/3 and the probability that B can solve the same
problem is 3/5. Find the probability that none of the two will be able to solve the problem.
51. An unbiased die is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting 4, 5, or 6 on the first toss and 1,2,3 or 4
on the second toss.
52. A bag contains 3 red and 2 black balls. One ball is drawn from it at random. Its colour is noted and then
it is put back in the bag. A second draw is made and the same procedure is repeated. Find the
probability of drawing (i) two red balls, (ii) two black balls, (iii) first red and second black ball.
53. Three cards are drawn with replacement from a well shuffled pack of cards. Find the probability that the
cards drawn are king, queen and jack.
54. An article manufactured by a company consists of two parts and Y. In the process of manufacture of the
part X, 9 out of 100 parts may be defective. Similarly, 5 out of 100 are likely to be defective in the
manufacture of part Y. Calculate the probability that the assembled product will not be defective.
55. The probability that A hits a target is 1/3 and the probability that B hits it, is 2/5. What is the probability
that the target will be hit, if each one of A and B shoots at the target?
56. An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum of 4 shots at an enemy plane moving away from it. The
probabilities of hitting the plane at the first, second, third and fourth shot are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1
respectively. What is the probability that the gun hits the plane?
57. The odds against a certain event are 5 to 2 and the odds in favour of another event, independent to the
former are 6 to 5. Find the probability that (a) at least one of the events will occur, and (b) none of the
events will occur.
58. One card is drawn at random from a pack of well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. In which of the following
cases are the events A and B are independent:
(i) A= The card drawn is a spade, B = The card drawn is an ace
(ii) A= The card drawn is black, B = The card drawn is a king
(iii) A = The card drawn is a king or a queen, B = The card drawn is a queen or a jack.

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59. A coin is tossed thrice. In which of the following cases are the events A and B independent?
(i) A = The first throw results in head, B = The last throw results in tail.
(ii) A= The number of heads is two, B = The last throw results in head
(iii) A= The number of heads is odd, B = The number of tails is odd.
60. A die is thrown thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once.
61. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 8 red balls. Find
the probability that
(i) both balls are red (iii) one of them is black and other is red.
(ii) first ball is black and second is red.
62. An urn contains 4 red and 7 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement. Find the
probability of getting (i) 2 red balls (ii) 2 blue balls (iii) one red and one blue ball.
63. A bag contains 6 black and 3 white balls. Another bag contains 5 black and 4 white balls. If one ball is
drawn from each bag, find the probability that these two balls are of the same colour.
64. A bag contains 3 red and 5 black balls and a second bag contains 6 red and 4 black balls. A ball is drawn
from each bag. Find the probability that one is red and the other is black.
65. A bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls and another bag contains 3 white and 4 black balls. A ball is
taken out from the first bag and without seeing its colour is put in the second bag. A ball is taken out
from the latter. Find the probability that the ball drawn is white.
66. One bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls. Another bag contains 6 white and 7 black balls. A ball is
transferred from first bag to the second bag and then a ball is drawn from the second bag. Find the
probability that the ball drawn is white.
67. A speaks truth in 75% and B in 80% of the cases. In what percentage of cases are they likely to
contradict each other in narrating the same incident?
68. Kamal and Monica appeared for an interview for two vacancies. The probability of Kamal's selection is
1/3 and that of Monika's selection is 1/5. Find the probability that
(i) both of them will be selected (iii) at least one of them will be selected
(ii) none of them will be selected (iv) only one of them will be selected.
69. A bag contains 3 white, 4 red and 5 black balls. Two balls are drawn one after the other, without
replacement. What is the probability that one is white and the other is black?
70. A bag contains 8 red and 6 green balls. Three balls are drawn one after another without replacement.
Find the probability that at least two balls drawn are green.
71. A husband and wife appear in an interview for two vacancies in the same post. The probability of
husband's selection is 1/7 and that of wife's selection is 1/5. What is the probability that
(a) both of them will be selected? (c) none of them will be selected?
(b) only one of them will be selected?
72. A bag contains 7 white, 5 black and 4 red balls. Four balls are drawn without replacement. Find the
probability that at least three balls are black.
73. A, B, and C are independent witness of an event which is known to have occurred. A speaks the truth
three times out of four, B four times out of five and C five times out of six. What is the probability that
the occurrence will be reported truthfully by majority of three witnesses?
74. A bag contains 4 white balls and 2 black balls. Another contains 3 white balls and 5 black balls. If one
ball is drawn from each bag, find the probability that
(i) both are white (ii) both are black (iii) one is white and one is black
75. A bag contains 4 white, 7 black and 5 red balls. 4 balls are drawn with replacement. What is the
probability that at least two are white?
76. Three cards are drawn with replacement from a well shuffled pack of cards. Find the probability that the
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cards are a king, a queen and a jack.

77. A bag contains 4 red and 5 black balls, a second bag contains 3 red and 7 black balls. One ball is drawn
at random from each bag; find the probability that the (i) balls are of different colours (ii) balls are of
the same colour.
78. A can hit a target 3 times in 6 shots, B: 2 times in 6 shots and C: 4 times in 4 shots. They fix a volley.
What is the probability that at least 2 shots hit?
79. A and B take turns in throwing two dice, the first to throw 10 being awarded the prize, show that if A
has the first throw, their chance of winning are in the ratio 12:11.
80. There are 3 red and 5 black balls in bag 'A'; and 2 red and 3 black balls in bag 'B'. One ball is drawn from
bag 'A' and two from bag 'B'. Find the probability that out of the 3 balls drawn one is red and 2 are
black.
81. Fatima and John appear in an interview for two vacancies in the same post. The probability of Fatima's
1 1
selection is 7 and that of John's selection is 5. What is the probability that
(i) both of them will be selected? (iii) none of them will be selected?
(ii) only one of them will be selected?
82. A bag contains 8 marbles of which 3 are blue and 5 are red. One marble is drawn at random, its colour is
noted and the marble is replaced in the bag. A marble is again drawn from the bag and its colour is
noted. Find the probability that the marble will be
(i) blue followed by red. (iii) of the same colour.
(ii) blue and red in any order.
83. An urn contains 7 red and 4 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement. Find the
probability of getting
(i) 2 red balls (ii) 2 blue balls (iii) One red and one blue ball.
84. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. The outcome is noted, the card is replaced and
the deck reshuffled. Another card is then drawn from the deck.
(i) What is the probability that both the cards are of the same suit?
(ii) What is the probability that the first card is an ace and the second card is a red queen?
85. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 8 red balls. find
the probability that (i) both the balls are red. (ii) first ball is black and second is red. (iii) one of them is
black and other is red.
86. Two cards are drawn successively without replacement from a well-shuffled deck of cards. Find the
probability of exactly one ace.
87. A and B toss a coin alternately till one of them gets a head and wins the game. If A starts the game, find
the probability that B will win the game.
88. X is taking up subjects - Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry in the examination. His probabilities of
getting grade A in these subjects are 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. Find the probability that he gets
(i) Grade A in all subjects (ii) Grade A in no subject (iii) Grade A in two subjects.
89. A bag A contains 5 white and 6 black balls. Another bag B contains 4 white and 3 black balls. A ball is
transferred from bag A to the bag B and then a ball is taken out of the second bag. Find the probability
of this ball being black.
90. A purse contains 2 silver and 4 copper coins. A second purse contains 4 silver and 3 copper coins. If a
coin is pulled at random from one of the two purses, what is the probability that it is a silver coin?
91. One bag contains 4 yellow and 5 red balls. Another bag contains 6 yellow and 3 red balls. A ball is
transferred from the first bag to the second bag and then a ball is drawn from the second bag. Find the
probability that ball drawn is yellow.
92. A bag contains 3 white and 2 black balls and another bag contains 2 white and 4 black balls. One bag is
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chosen at random. From the selected bag, one ball is drawn. Find the probability that the ball drawn is
white.
93. The contents of three bags I, II and III are as follows:
Bag 1:1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls, Bag III: 4 white, 5 black and 3 red balls.
Bag II: 2 white, 1 black and 1 red ball, and
A bag is chosen at random and two balls are drawn. What is the probability that the balls are white and
red?
94. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the result is a head, a pair of unbiased dice is rolled and the sum of the
numbers obtained is noted. If the result is a tail, a card from a well shuffled pack of eleven cards
numbered 2, 3, 4, ..., 12 is picked and the number on the card is noted. What is the probability that the
noted number is either 7 or 8?
95. A factory has two machines A and B. Past records show that the machine A produced 60% of the items
of output and machine B produced 40% of the items. Further 2% of the items produced by machine A
were defective and 1% produced by machine B were defective. If an item is drawn at random, what is
the probability that it is defective?
96. The bag A contains 8 white and 7 black balls while the bag B contains 5 white and 4 black balls. One ball
is randomly picked up from the bag A and mixed up with the balls in bag B. Then a ball is randomly
drawn out from it. Find the probability that ball drawn is white.
97. The contents of urns I, II, III are as follows:
Urn 1:1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls Urn III: 4 white, 5 black and 3 red balls.
Urn II: 2 white, 1 black and 1 red balls
One urn is chosen at random and two balls are drawn. They happen to be white and red. What is the
probability that they come from Urns I, II, III?
98. A bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls and a bag B contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn
at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag B.
99. Three urns contain 2 white and 3 black balls; 3 white and 2 black balls and 4 white and 1 black ball
respectively. One ball is drawn from an urn chosen at random and it was found to be white. Find the
probability that it was drawn from the first urn.
100. The contents of three urns are as follows:
Urn 1:7 white, 3 black balls, Urn 2:4 white, 6 black balls, and Urn 3:2 white, 8 black balls.
One of these urns is chosen at random with probabilities 0.20, 0.60 and 0.20 respectively. From the
chosen urn two balls are drawn at random without replacement. If both these balls are white, what is
the probability that these came from urn 3?
101. By examining the chest X-ray, probability that T.B is detected when a person is actually suffering is
0.99. The probability that the doctor diagnoses incorrectly that a person has T.B. on the basis of X-ray is
0.001. In a certain city 1 in 1000 persons suffers from T.B. A person is selected at random is diagnosed
to have T.B. What is the chance that he actually has T.B.?
102. Two groups are competing for the positions of the Board of Directors of a Corporation. The
probabilities that the first and the second groups will win are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. Further, if the
first group wins, the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the corresponding probability
is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find the probability that the new product introduced was by the second
group.
103. Suppose 5 men out of 100 and 25 women out of 1000 are good orators. An orator is chosen at random.
Find the probability that a male person is selected. Assume that there are equal number of men and
women.
104. A letter is known to have come either from LONDON or CLIFTON. On the envelope just two consecutive
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letters ON are visible. What is the probability that the letter has come from (i) LONDON (ii) CLIFTON?
105. In a class, 5% of the boys and 10% of the girls have an IQ of more than 150. In this class, 60% of the
students are boys. If a student is selected at random and found to have an IQ of more than 150, find
the probability that the student is a boy.
106. A factory has three machines X, Y and Z producing 1000, 2000 and 3000 bolts per day respectively. The
machine X produces 1% defective bolts, Y produces 1.5% and Z produces 2% defective bolts. At the end
of a day, a bolt is drawn at random and is found to be defective. What is the probability that this
defective bolt has been produced by machine X?
107. An insurance company issued 3000 scooters, 4000 cars and 5000 trucks. The probabilities of the
accident involving a scooter, a car and a truck are 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 respectively. One of the insured
vehicles meet with an accident. Find the probability that it is a (a) scooter (ii) car (iii) truck.
108. In a factory, machine A produces 30% of the total output, machine B produces 25% and the machine C
produces the remaining output. If defective items produced by machines A, B and C are 1%, 1.2%, 2%
respectively. Three machines working together produce 10000 items in a day. An item is drawn at
random from a day's output and found to be defective. Find the probability that it was produced by
machine B?
109. A company has two plants to manufacture bicycles. The first plant manufactures 60% of the bicycles
and the second plant 40%. Out of that 80% of the bicycles are rated of standard quality at the first
plant and 90% of standard quality at the second plant. A bicycle is picked up at random and found to
be standard quality. Find the probability that it comes from the second plant.
110. Three urns A, B and C contain 6 red and 4 white; 2 red and 6 white; and 1 red and 5 white balls
respectively. An urn is chosen at random and a ball is drawn. If the ball drawn is found to be red, find
the probability that the ball was drawn from urn A.
111. A is known to speak truth 3 times out of 5 times. He throws a die and reports that it is 1. Find the
probability that it is actually 1.
112. A factory has three machines A, B and C, which produce 100, 200 and 300 items of a particular type
daily. The machines produce 2%, 3% and 5% defective items respectively. One day when the
production was over, an item was picked up randomly and it was found to be defective. Find the
probability that it was produced by machine A.
113. A bag contains 1 white and 6 red balls, and a second bag contains 4 white and 3 red balls. One of the
bags is picked up at random and a ball is randomly drawn from it, and is found to be white in colour.
Find the probability that the drawn ball was from the first bag.
114. A speaks the truth 8 times out of 10 times. A die is tossed. He reports that it was 5. What is the
probability that it was actually 5?
115. For A, B and C the chances of being selected as the manager of a firm are in the ratio 4:1:2 respectively.
The respective probabilities for them to introduce a radical change in marketing strategy are 0.3, 0.8
and 0.5. If the change does take place, find the probability that it is due to the appointment of B or C.
116. An insurance company insured 2000 scooters and 3000 motorcycles. The probability of an accident
involving a scooter is 0.01 and that of a motorcycle is 0.02. An insured vehicle met with an accident.
Find the probability that the accidental vehicle was a motorcycle.
3
117. In answering a question on a multiple choice test a student either knows the answer or guesses. Let 4
1
be the probability that he knows the answer be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a
4
1
student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability 4. What is the probability that a
student knows the answer given that he answered it correctly?
118. There are three coins. One is two headed coin, another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of
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the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows
heads, what is the probability that it was the two headed coin?
119. A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is, in fact, present.
However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person tested (i.e. if a
healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test will imply he has the disease). If 0.1% of
the population actually has the disease, what is the probability that a person has the disease given that
his test result is positive?
120. Coloured balls are distributed in four boxes as shown in the following table:
Box Colour
Black White Red Blue
I 3 4 5 6
II 2 2 2 2
III 1 2 3 1
IV 4 3 1 5
A box is selected at random and then a ball is randomly drawn from the selected box. The colour of the
ball is black, what is the probability that ball drawn is from the box III.

8 Contact - 12, Bhawna Nagar, Ayodhya By Pass road, Behind Tanatan Dhaba. BHOPAL (M.P.) 462041
Mob. – 8962270098, 9770744800, 9074574338
MATHEMATICS BY- ARYAN SIR