Dương Ngọc Khánh Thư_23CNA01

1. Identify the constituent which realises Subject function in each of the

following sentences.
1. The use of caves for smuggling (NP) is as old as the hills.
2. The light of a torch (NP) flickered.
3. What the critics failed to understand (finite cl) is that his art was not
sacrificed to popularity.
4. The list of people who she says helped her (finite cl) is long.
5. The wind coming down from the snowfields above (NP) woke us every night
as we lay in our tent.
6. There’s (introductory S) no way of knowing what goes on in their minds.
7. It’s (empty S) 5 km away from here.
2. Write sentences as guided
1. S [V-ing P] Going for a walk makes us relaxed after a hard-working day.
2. S [ preparatory] It seems to be a great challenge [real S].to do more 2 work at
the same time
3. S [finite clause]How he had behave disappointed his parents.
4. S [non-finite clause]Playing the guitar is my hobby.
5. S [noun phrase]Appearance of him surprised all of us.
3. Identify the constituent which functions as Direct Object in each of the following
sentences, and the class of unit which realises this function.
1. Shoppers are flouting the no-sales-on-Sunday trading laws.(NP)
2. He banged the door (NP) as he went out.
3. He pointed out that foreign doctors were not permitted to practise in that
country. (finite cl)
4. The negotiations have achieved very little. (NP)
5. A team of divers have discovered what they believe to be sunken treasure.
(finite cl.)
6. One doubts that many will survive the long trek over the mountains. (finite
cl.)
7. You might ask what is the use of all this.(finite cl.)
8. He shoveled a ton of gravel into the back garden. (NP)
9. Do you mind waiting a few minutes? (non-finite cl.)
4. Identify subject complements, object complements in the following sentences
1. Spying on firms has become a multimillion - pound industry. (Cs-NP)
2. What (Co-NP) will they call the baby?
3. Archie’s bar is where it’s at. (Cs-finite cl.)
4. Life is a series of accidents (Cs-NP). That’s what he thinks. (Cs-Finite cl..)
5. He makes his films accessible to a wide public. (Co-Prep phr)
6. He kept us laughing all evening with his jokes. (Co-Nonfinite cl.)
7. The weather has turned unexpectedly cold lately. (Cs-Adv phr)
8. Make the coffee a bit stronger(Co-Adj phr), would you?
9. I am an animal lover working in a department dedicated to cancer
research. (Cs-Nonfinite cl.)
10.I think you have mistaken the gentlemen’s lavatory for the stage door. (Cs-
Prep phr)
11.They found Winston’s sense of humour rather disconcerting.(Co-Adj phr)
12.What colour(Co-NP) is she going to dye her hair?
13.Any attempt(Cs-Adj phr) to re-establish control over the liberated areas
would prove self-defeating.
14. They must prove themselves fit for the task. (Co-Adj phr)
5. Indicate, by Od, Oi, Cs or Co whether the parts underlined in the sentences
below are the direct object (Od), the indirect object (Oi), the subject complement
(Cs) or the object complement (Co).
1. Will someone get a doctor, quickly! Od
2. George and Paul both became famous doctors. Cs
3. Do you call yourself (Od) a doctor (Co)?
4. May I call you (Od) Jenny (Co)?
5. May I call you a taxi or something? (Od)
6. It is so cold.(Cs) I can’t get warm. (Cs)
7. I can’t get my hands (Od) warm. (Co)
8. Keep quiet (Cs)! Keep those children(Od) quiet.(Co)
9. The young man was slowly going mad. (Cs)
10. His mother-in-law was driving him(Od) mad.(Co)
11. The driver turned the corner(Od) too quickly.
12. The weather is turning warmer.(Cs)
13. The hot weather turned all the milk(Od) sour.(Co)
14. The young man grew very depressed.(Cs)
15. He grew his hair(Od) long.(Co)
16. He had made a great mistake.(Od)
17. His in-laws had simply made him(Od) their servant.(Co)
18. His wife sometimes made him (Oi) curry.(Od)
6. Divide each of the sentences below into its constituent parts and then label
each part S, O, C, or A
1. Full scale computers (S) have a large number of programs. (Od)
2. We (S) must change all the programs(Od) tomorrow. (A)
3. Tomorrow (S) will be a holiday (Cs) here. (A)
4. These bookshelves (S) are becoming very popular in Sweden. (A)
5. We (S) recently (A) added an extra unit(Od) to them.(A)
6. Will you(S) give it (Oi) a try (Od)?
7. On July,(A) DDT (S) was sprayed on the marsh (A) from a helicopter.
(Co)
8. We (S) all read too many books (Od) too quickly. (A)
9. The young man (S) grew restless (Cs) in his mother-in-law’s house. (A)
10. They (S) had made him (Od) their son-in-law (Co) despite his objection.
11. He (S) found his mother-in-law (Od) greedy. (Co)
12. They (S) had found him (Oi) a very young wife.(A)
13. Thinking about this (S) led us (Od) to an interesting conclusion. (A)
14. Then (A) the sleeper (S) sees dreams (Od) as a jumbled sequence of
important detail. (Co)
15. The speaker (S) is seriously (A) comparing dreams (Od) with what happens
in a computer. (A)
7.Identify each clause type (sentence structure) in the following sentences:
Example: He/ seems/ nice. (Answer = SVCs)
1. They/// arrived/// at the hotel/// and sat/// on the terrace. (SVAVA)
2. What an extraordinary dancer/// she/// is! (CsSV)
3. I/// warn/// you/// that a villa in that area is not cheap. (SVOiOd)
4. Passing through the sound barrier/// doesn’t affect/// the passengers.
(SVOd)
 5. The precise number of heart attacks from using cocaine/// is not known.
(SV)
6. The authorities/// claim/// that everything possible has been done. (SVOd)
7. The doctor/// gave/// the injured man/// treatment for shock. (SVOiOd)
8. The party/// will have to draw/// on whatever resources it can. (SVA)
9. The government’s import policy/// has made/// the farmers furious. (SVO)
10.Can you/// imagine/// yourself/// the owner of a luxury yacht? (SVOiOd)
11.Somebody/// snatched/// her bag/// in the park. (SVOA)
12.Sierra Leone/// is/// one of the world’s biggest producers of diamonds.
(SVCs)
13.Save/// your brother/// a piece of your birthday cake. (VOiOd)
14.She/// felt// her face/// turn red. (SVCsCo)
15. He/// has become/// what he always wanted to be. (SVCs)
8. Identify each clause type (sentence structure) in the following sentences:
1. George’s father/// greeted/// the headmaster. (SVO)
2. The headmaster/// put/// George/// into the second class. (SVOdA)
3. That/// made/// Stanley/// angry. (SVOdCo)
4. His annoyance/// did not last. (SV)
5. He/// was/// really/// a lawyer. (SVACs)
6. He/// grew/// himself/// a great soldier. (SVOdCo)
7. The manager/// is not/// in. (SVA)
8. May I/// offer /// you/// a cup of coffee? (SVOiOd)
9. After the war,/// M. ///gave/// him/// back ///his saddle-bag. (ASVOiOd)
10. He/// threw/// himself ///from his horse. (SVOdA)
 11. I/// remember/// the reasonableness of my father’s argument. (SVOd)
12. The parson’s cat/// is/// an abominable animal. (SVCs)
13. We/// are/// in a bit of a mess. (SVA)
14. I/// have/// always/// lived/// in the country. ( SVAA)
15. Could you/// call ///me/// a porter, please! (SVOiOd)
9. Identify types of phrases in the following sentences and indicate their
functions.
1. They found her presentation on global warming quite persuasive.
(NP) They => S
(VP) found => finite V
(NP) her presentation on global warming quite persuasive. => Od
(Adj phr) quite persuasive => Co
2. What colour is she going to dye her hair?
(NP) what colour => Co
(NP) she => S
(VP) is going to dye => finite V
(NP) her hair => Od
3. Young people are now surprised at the belief that people should give the
company their unconditional loyalty.
(NP) young people => S
(VP) are => finite V
(Adv phr) now => adverbials
(Adj phr) surprised at the belief that people should give the company their
unconditional loyalty => Cs
 4. The data used by the “green” groups were collected decades earlier.
(NP) The data used by the “green” groups => S
(VP) were collected => finite V
(Adv phr) decades earlier. => adverbials
5. Stocks of fish are declining at a much faster rate.
(NP) Stocks of fish => S
(VP) are declining => finite V
(prepositional phr) at a much faster rate. => adverbials
6. I considered him the best art critic to have emerged in London.
(NP) I => S
(VP) considered => finite V
(NP) him => Od
7. He is in a good mood.
(NP) He => S
(VP) is => finite V
(Prep phr) in a good mood. => adverbials
8. They are painted in a variety of methods.
(NP) they =>S
(VP) are painted => finite V
(Prep phr) in a variety of methods => adverbials
9. She has written me a very nice letter.
(NP) she => S
(VP) has written => finite V
(NP) me => Oi
(NP) a very nice letter => Od

10. I shall never forget the immense sensation of space the first moment we
entered that room.
(NP) I => S
(VP) shall never forget => finite V
(NP) the immense sensation of space the first moment we entered that room. =>
11. A full moon was rising over Godrevy.
(NP) A full moon => S
(VP) was rising => finite V
(Prep phr) => adverbials
12. The surprisingly increasing price of petrol is one of the reasons for the
city’s economic crisis.
(NP) The surprisingly increasing price of petrol => S
(VP) is => finite V
(NP) one of the reasons for the city’s economic crisis. => Cs

10. Identify types of phrases in the following sentences and indicate their
functions.
1. Watching infants piece life together, seeing their senses, emotions and motor
skills take shape, is a source of mystery and endless fascination.
(NP) Watching infants piece life together, seeing their senses, emotions and motor
skills take shape => S
(VP) is => finite V
(NP) a source of mystery and endless fascination. => Cs
2. We can decode their signals of distress or read a million messages into their first
smile.
(NP) we => S
(VP) can decode => finite V
(NP) their signals of distress. => Od
(VP) read => finite V
(NP) a million messages into their first smile => Od

3. How much of their understanding of and response to the world is preloaded at

birth?
(NP) How much of their understanding of and response to the world => S
(VP) is preloaded => finite V
(Prep phr) at birth => adverbials

4. It’s challenging researching into what babies know and how they come to know
it
(NP) It => S
(VP) is challenging => finite V
(NP) researching into what babies know and how they come to know it => S

5. Variations of experiments like this one have been a standard tool of

developmental psychology since the Swiss pioneer of the field, Jean Piaget, started
experimenting on his children in the 1920s.
(NP) Variations of experiments like this one => S
(VP) have been => finite V
(NP) a standard tool of developmental psychology => Cs
(Adv phr) since the Swiss pioneer of the field, Jean Piaget, started experimenting
on his children in the 1920s. => adverbials

6. Piaget’s work led him to conclude that infants younger than 9 months have no
innate knowledge of how the world works.
(NP) Piaget’s work => S
(VP) led => finite V
(NP) him => Od
(VP) to conclude that infants younger than 9 months have no innate knowledge of
how the world works. => non-finite V

7. Piaget’s “constructivist” theories were massively influential on postwar

educators and psychologists.
(NP) Piaget’s “constructivist” theories => S
(VP) were => finite V
(Adj phr) massively influential. => Cs
(prep phr) on postwar educators and psychologists => adverbials

8. Baby lab director, Sylvain Sirois, has been putting these smart-baby theories
through a rigorous set of tests.
(NP) Baby lab director, Sylvain Sirois, => S
(VP) has been putting => finite V
(NP) these smart-baby theories through a rigorous set of tests. => Od

9. What Sirois and his postgraduate assistant, Lain Jackson, are challenging is the
interpretation of a variety of classic experiments begun in the mid-1980s.
(NP) What Sirois and his postgraduate assistant, Lain Jackson, are challenging is
the interpretation of a variety of classic experiments => S
(VP) begun => finite V
(Adv phr) in the mid-1980s. => adverbials

10. Baillargeon and M.I.T’s Elizabeth Spelke found that babies as young as 3
1/2 months would reliably look longer at the impossible event than at the normal
one.
(NP) Baillargeon and M.I.T’s Elizabeth Spelke => S
(VP) found => finite V
(NP) that babies as young as 3 1/2 months would reliably look longer at the
impossible event than at the normal one. => Od

11. Babies have enough built-in knowledge to recognise that something is

wrong.
(NP) Babies => S
(VP) have enough built-in => finite V
(NP) knowledge => Od
(VP) to recognise that something is wrong. => non-finite V

12. His own experiments indicate that a baby’s fascination with physically
impossible events merely reflects a response to stimuli that are novel.
(NP) His own experiments => S
(VP) indicate => finite V
(NP) that a baby’s fascination with physically impossible events merely reflects a
response to stimuli that are novel. => Od
13. Impossible events involving familiar objects are not more interesting than
possible events involving novel objects.
(NP) Impossible events involving familiar objects => S
(VP) are => finite V
(Adj phr) not more interesting than possible events involving novel objects. => Cs

14. The mistake of previous research has been to leap to the conclusion that
infants can understand the concept of impossibility.
(NP) The mistake of previous research => S
(VP) has been => finite V
(VP) to leap => non-finite V
(prep phr) to the conclusion that infants can understand the concept of
impossibility. => adverbials

15. Baby’s behavior after being abandoned is not surprising.

(NP) Baby’s behavior after being abandoned => S
(VP) is. => finite V
(Adj phr) not surprising => Cs

16. Parents are overestimating what babies know.

(NP) Parents => S
(VP) are overestimating => finite V
(NP) what babies know.=> Od

17. Sylvain Sirois’s conclusion on infant’s cognition is similar to Piaget’s.

(NP) Sylvain Sirois’s conclusion on infant’s cognition => S
(VP) is => finite V
(Adj phr) similar to Piaget’s => Cs

18. Sylvain Sirois found serious flaws in the experimental designs by Baillargeon
and Elizabeth Spelke.
(NP) Sylvain Sirois => S
(VP) found => finite V
(NP) serious flaws in the experimental designs by Baillargeon and Elizabeth
Spelke. => Od

11. Underline all nonfinite subordinate clauses. Identify their functions.

1. He's interested in learning Maths.
2. Flattering your boss doesn't ensure career advancement.
3. This is something for you to eat after your ballet lesson.
4. The old man stood silently, sipping his cappuccino.
5. She loves any dish involving cheese.
6. He wore a suit to please his parents.
7. She had no desire to flatter his parents.
8. Ms. Jacobs will be the best person to oversee the project.
9. She uses her computer to do all her banking.
10. His decision to use an all-female cast surprised all of us.
11. Any article left by students in this office will be taken to the Lost Property
Office.
12. She stood in the middle of the shop, looking around with interest.
13. We didn't receive any instruction to open the gate.
14. He has been dieting these days to lose weight.
15. For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable.
16. She's very glad to help us with the housework.
17. His ambition, to become a famous writer, was never fulfilled.
18. The children were on the beach, busy building sand castles.
19. Discouraged by the failure, he became an alcoholic.
20. She opened the door for Gypsy to go out.
21. This will involve moving all the furniture.
22. He wrote Ms. Chew a friendly letter, thanking her for her help.
23. It won’t hurt you to eat more fruit.
24. I caught him reading your diary.
25. A test doesn’t always give you an opportunity to demonstrate your ability.
26. Older adults who are healthier and living longer than previous generations are
powerful societal forces shaping future employment practices.
27. We need the air-conditioner repaired in three hours.
28. She hopes to get a job within the next three weeks.
29. His advice has always been to consult an astrologer.
30. To put things off until the last minute is a mistake.