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Stella Matutina Academy of Bukidnon, Inc.
West Kibawe, Kibawe Bukidnon

S.Y 2024-2025
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

Second Semester
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 1
BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK
Disaster
 A sudden, calamitous event, bringing great damage loss, destruction and devastation to
life and property.
 A serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material, or
environment losses, which exceed the ability of the affected people to cope, using their
human resources.
How and When an Event Becomes a Disaster?
 An event, either human –made or natural, becomes a disaster when it is sudden or
progressive, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses.
EXAMPLE OF DISASTERS
Typhoon Yolanda
 Strength 290km/hour
 The storm surge it brought was sudden and unexpected
 Its devastating effect to human, material, and environment.
 More than 7000 people perished
 The entire city of Tacloban was flattened
Wow wowie Stampede
 The show became so popular that thousand of fans flock to ULTRA to watch the noon time
show. That turned out to disastrous tragedy when there was a human – induced
disturbance among the watching crowd that cause a stampede. Many spectators were
hurt and some even died which led to the dissolution of said TV program.
Typhoon Ondoy
 Typhoon Ondoy turned into a disaster because of the amount of precipitation brought by
its torrential rains that lasted for several days causing floods and flash floods in Metro
Manila.
 Thousands of houses were submerge in flood water. Hundreds of shelters along river
banks and steros were washed out. Power and water supplies were cut off for several
weeks. Hundreds of lives perished
Disaster Risk
 The probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be damaged or
disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of its nature, construction and
proximity to a hazardous area.
 It signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future. It is derived from the interaction
of social and environmental process, from the combination of physical hazards and the
vulnerability of exposed elements
Nature of Disasters
 Natural Disasters – These originate from the different ‘forces’ of nature . Natural disasters
such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and cyclones affect many countries in
Asia particularly the Philippines
 Human – made – These disasters occur due to people’s actions against human, material
and environment. These include transport and industrial accidents, such as air and train
crashes, chemical spills, and building collapses. Terrorism is also categorized as human –
made disaster.
Types of Disaster
Natural Disaster
 Agricultural disease and pests
 Storm surge
 Drought and water shortage
 Earthquakes
 Hurricanes and tropical storm
 Landslide and debris flow
 Thunder storm and lightning
 Tornadoes
 Tsunamis
 Wildfires
 Sinkholes
 Emergency disease
 Extreme heat
 Floods and flash floods
 La Niña
Exposed to Natural Hazard
Exposed to Man – made Hazard
Human – Made and technological Types of Disasters

 Hazardous material
 Power service and disruption and blackout
 Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
 Radiological emergencies
 Chemical threat and biological weapons
 Cyber attacks
 Explosion
 Civil unrest
II - RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS

 Severity of Exposure –
The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental problems. At
highest risk are those that go through the disaster themselves. Next are those in close contact
with victims. At lower risk of lasting impact are those who only had indirect exposure, such as
news of the severe damage.
 Gender and Family
Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present in the home. Women with spouses
also experience more distress during recovery. Having a family member in the home who is
extremely distressed is related to more stress for everyone. Marital stress has been found to
increase after disasters. Also, conflicts between family members or lack of support in the home
make it harder to recover from disasters.
 Age
Adults who are in the range of 40 – 60 are likely to be more distressed after disasters. The
thinking is that if one is in that age range, he / she has more demands from job and family.
Research on how children react to natural disasters is still limited at this point in tie. In general,
children show more severe distress after disasters than adults do. Higher stress in the parents is
related to worse recovery in children.
 Other factors specific to the survivor
Several factors related to a survivor’s background and resources are important for recovery from
disasters. Recovery is worse if survivors:
 Were not functioning well before the disaster
 Have had no experience dealing with disasters
 Must deal with other stressor after the disaster
 Have poor self – esteem
 Think they are uncared by others
 Think they have little control over what happens to them
 Lack the capacity to manage stress
Other factors have also been found to predict worse outcomes:
 Bereavement (death of someone close)
 Injury to self or another family member
 Life threat
 Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster
 Being separated from family (especially among youth)
 Great loss of property
 Displacement ( being force to leave home)
 Developing Countries
There is a strong body of evidence that these risk factors can be made worse if the disaster
occurs in a developing country. Disasters in developing countries, like Philippines, have more
severe mental health impact than disasters in developed countries. This is true even with less
serious disasters.
 Low or Negative social support
The support of others can be both a risk and a resilience factor. Social support can weaken after
disasters. This may be due to stress and the need for members of the support network to get on
with their own lives.
III - EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON HUMAN LIFE
Displaced Populations
 When Mt. Pinatubo erupted in 1991, thousands of families in Zambales and Pampanga
were displaced. Their communities were ravaged by lahar flow that turned these
communities into “wilderness”
Health Risk
 Severe flooding can result in stagnant water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria
and malaria carrying mosquitoes. Dengue fever is another serious health problem caused
by mosquitoes.
Food Scarcity
 After natural disasters, food often becomes scarce. Thousands of people around the world
go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies, whether it
happens suddenly in a storm or gradually in a drought.
Emotional Aftershocks
 Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young children. Confronted with scenes
of destruction and the deaths of friends and loved ones, many children develop post –
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme
trauma.
Prepared by:
Ian M. Maghanoy
Subject Teacher
[email protected]
09303077747

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Stella Matutina Academy of Bukidnon, Inc.

West Kibawe, Kibawe Bukidnon

DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

Exposed to Man – made Hazard

Human – Made and technological Types of Disasters

II - RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS

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