define point equations twoassumedbeing=Caa P

spheres function.
thethefunction,
point theor a define
in that functions. values point
then points is from
in o(P) no (P) at
VECTOR every defined
FUNCTION in
to vector TheAlso P which heating-soutce are a
, field ¢
is intersect, equidistant at
by to different point
sajd by surfaces,it Cjand point
c
pointo
for scalar said
denoted a however, P = function
function scalar is equal,
represented at
If, is
vector a 2) scalar
A a is D motion = function is y,
OF
POINT at domain levelare C, o(P) points T(*,
temperature
corresponds
functjons. a point
CHAPTER
II
POINT
FUNCTION pointatP functiongasdefine single-valued
is The called
if, = point a
CURL fluid surfaces other;
surface
a andthatsingle-valued all surfaces of scalar
SCALAR scalar of a a
AND point es
gas on a are
each C,
follows is at
temperatures derivative
a
there defined in Theofc,level the
single-valued
The
value
of temperatur
the define = there levelorigin, of
vector velocity intersect Here derivative
A DIVERGENCE space, z). by a
values
surfaces.
o
it
OF y, we function on surfaces thena Example.
Suppose the
the Directional
andof (x, Theoccupiedway D, The points
will
not the andat
same.
GRADIENT different point,
Scalar
Da is D. same in
point Level two is Then
contradiction. z), centres dËrectional
be P scalar
domain field
in Example. fieldExample. all
surfaces the
y,
D. if
domain region function. common areT(x,
AND to z) the the that
y,
vector
region.In vector 22,=cfor at origin,
origin having 2-3.
.21. a sajd level say The
in (, that and
the A a ., of a
P is
 12 VECTOR ANALYSIS

lim
in a direction, is the scalar function P'P (P)-),
PP whera
P' is a point such that the direction of PP' is same as the
direction in question.
p(x, ), 2) a
Book work 2-1, The dircctional derivatiye of the
the point P(x, v, z) in the directjon specified by direction
cosines 1,I, m, n is l P+
+ m of biae
when one travels
from P
Proof:a Let
through P' besthe
distance in point reached
the given directjon. Then P bas the
cOordinates (x + Is, y + ms, z + ns).
The directional derivative of ¢ at Pin the given direction
lim (P')-¢ (P) lim (x+6,y+m5, Z--n3)- Ey,2)
Pp->0 PP!
But, expanding (x + s, v + ms, z+ ns) in poWers of s,
(+ Is, y + ms, z + ns) = (1, y, 2)
+ ms + ns
y
1
+ ns (* ), 2) t...
onla lim (P)- (P) 0 m Öy + n z (2.3,1)
PP->0 PP'
since the terms containing s, s, s,..vanish.uyiol
24. Gradient of a scalar point fanction. f is a scalar
point function, then the vector k is caled
ày
the gradient of .) This yector is written asagrad or Vo, where
V(read as del or nabla) stands for
+k

Thus is an operator whose function is to transform 8

scalar point function into a vector point function Vá
Book work 2:2. The directional derivative of in the
direction specified by the unit vector eis (VO) e. (24.1)
 2.4
GRADIENT OF A
SCALAR
POINT FUNCTION
Proof: Let the 13
direction cosines of e bcl, m,
e=li+mË + nk. Therefore n. Then
(V).c= (V¢).(li+ mj + nk)
-(i+ b k.( +mj + nk)
+ m + n
which is the
direction
by the ratiosdircctional
are I, m,derivative
n,
of in the
that is, in the direction whose
unit vector e. direction specified
Boak work
the Jevel surface2:3. =(i) cThe direction of ¢at P is
normal at P to the levelthrough P (i.e., Vo is a vector along nor mal to
(ii)) surface through P). the
directional Magnitude of V at P is
derivative at P.
of the maximum of
the
Proof: () Suppose =cis the
C is an
arbitrarily chosen level surface through P
surface (Fig. 2.2.l). curve through P and and
on the
tangent plane at P to theNow the tangent to C at P lies inlevel
C. the level surface. Since is a the
(2.4.1.), irectional derivative of along C is zero.constant
if Tis the unit on
(V¢).T = 0. vector along the tangent at P to from
So,
C, then

Pig. 2.2.1
Hence V at P is
rary, Ther efore V¢ at
plane to the level perpendicular
P is
to T. But C
is arbit
noTmal to the surfacesurface
at P.
perpendicular
at P. to
Hence V at Ptheis along
tangentthe
level surface(iü)atLetP nbe the unit vector along
(inthe sense in the normal to the
which
increases). Then
(2.4.2)
 14 VECTOR ANALYSIS OABO

Directional derivative (70).e= |7ln. e

at P in an arbitrary = V| cos .
direction e
wherc 0 is the angle betweenn and c.
Maximum value of the (2.4.3)
directioual derivative |Vl
at P
Since the maximum value of cos A 1, So the mapnitude of Vo
is the maximum of the directional derivative.
Kemark 1. The directional derivative is a maximum when
cos8 I or =0, i.e., when e coincides with D, So the
directional derivative is a maximum when it is along the nor mal
to the level surface.

Remark 2. The vector V depends only n and is

independent of the choice of x, y, z axes.
2:5. Sunmation notation for gradient. The following
Summation notation shortens proofs of results involving
gradients :
V =i

work 24. If and Y are scalar point functions, (47)

(i) v(ko)= k (V ), where k is a constant
(i1) v(+ Y) =V¢ + VY
(iii) V(Y) = (V¢) Y+¢ (VY)
Y(V)- (V)

Proof:
() V(k¢) - i k¢) = ik P
id ksí k(V¢).
(ü) v(o + ) - i(+)=2i+
M
+

ss(i+i)=xi
 NOTATION.FOR GRADIENT
L.SSUMMATION

(üi) V(Y)
(oY)=i(+¢ )
(si '+o (zi)
(V) Y+ (V)

(A(V0)-(VY)
In this the summation ranges Over i, j, kand A,
26. Divergenc and curl of a vector polut lunctlon
Divergence. If V= Vi +VÀ+ Vk is a vector point
function, then the scalar 1 is callod the
divergence of V and is denoted by div Vor V.
Curl. If V=
Vi + Vj + Vk, then the vector

i()+)+(a
Oy
is called the curl of V and is dy
denoted by curl Vor V x V.
Now ¼ x V= i k

dx dy dz

Solenoidal vector. If ¼ V=0, then the vector Vis said to

be solenoidal.

Irrotational vector. If V X V = 0, then the vector V is said

to be irrotational.

27. Summatjon notation for divergence and curl.

The
Summation notation shortens the proofs of formulae connected
With divergence and curl. The notations are
 15
VECTOR ANALYSIS

0) v.V - i.
(ii) ¼ x v =ix dx

(i) V.y -V.si.

-Book work 2:5. If Aand B are vector pointfunctions.
Scalar point function and k a constant, then
) v.(A+ B) = 7.A+ V.B
ii) v.(kA) = k(V .A)
m) ¼.($A) =(V0). A+¢ (V . A) (2.7.1
(") ¼ × (A + B) =VxA +V XB
U) x (kA) =k(Vx A)
A) 22
9 Vx (ØA) = (V4) x A+* (V x A) (2.7.2)
Proof:
A JB
0-(4+ B) - i(A+ B) i.
B
+ i=V.A+ V.B,
(i) y. (k A)=i. (kA)
-ksi. =k (V. A
(Gi) V.(4
(o A) = i. 9A)-i.(beAA+
-zi. A+*i{}
-{(#)} A+*Xi. A

(iv), (v), (vi): Thc proofs are same as in cases (i), (ü), (iü),
the only differences being instead of dots we have crosses,
Book work 2-6. If A
and Bare vector point functions,
sE )v(A.B) = Ax (V XB) + (A. V) B
a BX(V X A) +(B. V) A.o (2.7.3)
(i1) ¼.(4 xB) - (7 x A). B- (V xB). A. ei(2.1.4)
 2.7 sUMMATION NOTATION POR DIVERGENCE AND (URL. 17
(ii) ¼ x (A xB)-{(B.V) A--(V.A) B}
-{(A. V)B-(V. B) A}. (2.7.5)
Proof : ) v(A. B) i(A. B)
i( B+ A.
-i(B.A+ifA.) )
In this we simplity the second sum on the right by using
aX ( x ) =(a.c) b- (a. b) c
a x(ix)-(A.)i-a.n8
B
(a.)i-ax (ix)+ a.5}
J B
-Ax (x )+ (A. i)B
=

Ax(ix) +(A.)B
Ax(V x B) +(A. XiB
A x (V x B) + (A. V) B. (2)
Interchanging A and B, we get the other sum to be ow udT
> (B. A )i-B x (V x A) + (B. V) A.
s 8c (3)
From (1), (2), (3) we get the result.
ii) v. (A x B) = i. (A XB)
A
=i.(0x B+ AxB
J B\
-i.
( x B)+i (Ax
= ¿i. (A xB) - i.( B xA)
-z(1xA).B-(ix B) .A
interchanging dot and cross
(six). B- (xix B
).A
- (7 x A). B - (V x B). A.
 VICTOR ANALYSIS

ss ()Vx(AXB) - ixAX B)
"ix(x) +xix(ax JB
(xB)-ix(XA
2ix
We simplify the irst sum on the right by using
a x(bxc) (a. c) b -(a.b) c.
-(")Bx
six ( xB) -s[6.A-6.34) ]
-s(.B(i.)B
A
-x0.-(1.)B
CAE--(B.si)A-(z.)B
&i=(B. V) A- (7.A) B.
Interchanging Aand B, we get
Eix
£ix (B XA) = (A. V)B- (V.B) A.
Thus we get the result as stated. bn6 &goigmedosota
2-8. Laplacian diferentialoperator. The operator y²defined
2
by y² + is called Laplacian differential
operator.

Laplace equation. If is such that V' =0, then is

said to satisfy the Laplace equation. For example, =-y+2
satisfies the Laplace .equation because = 2, =-2,
0.

Harmonicfunction. Asingle-valued function f(%, y,z) is said

to be a harmonic function if its second partial derivatives exist and
are continuous and if the function satisies the Laplace equation

vY% y, z)2) -0, ie.,++-0.

 2,8 LAPLACIAN DIFFERNTIAL OPERATOR 19
Book work 2·7. If is a scalar point
function, then
) divergence of the gradicnt of ,
(ii) curl of the gradient of o V(v)= (2.8.1)
vanishes, that is, V x(V¢)=0
if has cpntinuous partial derivatives.
(2,8.2)
Proof:
(0) 7.(70)- ( +i+
+j k

(: d
dy +

(0)
dy
k vad

dx dy
6

=i
dy dz
because since the second partial derivatives
dy dz dz dy
of are continuous.
Book work 2-8. If A = A,i+ A,j+ A, k, where Aj, A
A, have continuous second partials, then
) V. ( X A) = 0 (.e., divergence of a curl
of a vector vanisbes).6 (2.7.8)
(ü) V x (V XA) = V(V.A) V'A. (2.7.9)
Proof:
) ¼.(V xX A) =V i j

A1 Ag Ag
20
VECTOR ANALYSIS

.~i(
= + + )si4)

because A 4 eto., since tho second partial derivatiyes

of A, A A, are
continuous.
() ¼x (Vx A) =VX|i j k|

|A, A A,|
k

dx . y

Lòy òxbn ày² d22

+)
=

000220Do avat

addlng and subtracting i

=

-si&)- 4)
=Xi(:A) 2 v (A)
-V (V A) v'A.
 2.9 EXAMPLES 21
2-9. Exanples,
2:3. Directional derivative. 7oteoitzog
Find the directional derivative of x + xy2 + yz at
the
point (0, 1, 1) in the direction whose direction cosines are
6 1 s 2it 2 1C
3 3' 3
2
|Hint : Use 2.3.1; d.d. = (l + y) + a (2xy + z)
-(3yz), where x=0, y= 1, Z= 1; d.d. = 1.3uT
1

2"4. Gradient of a scalar point function.

Find V¢ &t (x, y, z) if o=x + xy² + yz*.
[Ans. (1+ y) i + (2xy + z) i +3yzk.]
3. Solved sum. Find
Find the directional derivative of x+xy²
+yz at (0, 1, 1) in the direction of the vector 2i + 2j k.
The unit vector corresponding to 2i +2j - k is
2i+2j -k 2i + 2j -k
=e say.
JI+2+(-1
22
) (x+ xy? +yz')
=i(l+y²) +i(2xy + z) +k (3yz?)
:. Vo at (0, 1, 1)= 2i+ j+ 3k.
(
The directional derivative of ¢in the direction of e is
(V).e =(2i+j + 3k) 2i +32j k4+ 23 -3 =1.
M Find the directional derivative of ¢ at the given point in
the direction of the given vector.
Function . Point. Vector.
(() 3xy² - x*yz (1, 2, 3)(no)i-2j + 2k
(i) xyz - xy°z3 (1, 2, - 1) i-j 3k (1977,
( (i) x³ + y t z9 1 (1,-1, 2) i+2j+ k (1980)
22 29 bs a 21:
 (0et)()
eonstan
veçors,
bare position Thus 2r 22
Mi. Show position
dr Shet r
x*+
If 2x. = that Solvedthe
(i) vector
r vector
(logr)) = distance
y²the is (ß)
+
of xi=if0÷+i f)+kf)
f)tj =i V(-- sum.
V(r. Vr -i)+i)+*(77
(-+-*
--#)+ z²,
+yja
Diferentiating of
a)
nlr = variable If
= svilsvib +io a ANALYSIS
VECTOR
a zk variable r
and of
= and
V[r, point f) the xi+
-, |r| dy thispoint ()point yj
a, (,=r,
b] +k
),
partially (x, vÍ)J0= (x, zk, +
=
AX 2), that f() f) y,
then z) y,that
b, is, with from 2)
where r=). (: |=r,and is,
show if respevt the if
r
(1977)
a is origin, r
and that the lo is
*)
 and [Ans. ' function &,
So Integrating
using fromwhere B,
[Hint:
8. )= 7.)
(4) Now if Hint:
(2), x.the Solved
sum. If
: If ()dtbx If of are (iv)
beco (1, 2 v¢ 5r dF ()
integrating Differentiating V¢=+ (r³ and V¢ V (i) and t constants,
mes arbitrary (1) dz dx do 1, =
1) = Let dFV(a.r) =
th
=wiy+2zx. (6r = Sr'r, at(VF).
SF of
= = 5rr.
= xy
respect 3, +=r+C] - a x, JF
xy
this 2xy + =a,i+daj
dx, y,
t find y²+ 10).] 8r?) find dt
EXAMPLES2.9
+2xy.
+xy²+ constant But + z 2a
with (4) xy² z)i+
¢., ¢. which
to and r y SF if
respect partially + x, ¼ a
dy xz² o(r) dt dy + are -xi
xz of (x+ (2)
integration,+f(y, = k.
+ a,functions di dr
+ zt = dz
di dz F
yz to with ' Then where , +
y, 4, ) where
+
f(), z),U 2xy) find r. Byj t
respect ra=ax+ of
).( g f(y, j ¢. + t. F F
z) + Therefore is yzk,
= (o+
yz toz), a
+g y is(rD by scalar wherc
2zx) 23
and free (4) (3) +
cz
(6) (). (S) k
 ( Sinçe and andFrom respectively, 24
(ii) [Ans.1?
: (iv) 44C 9(,
()Find (ii) (ii) choosing an Integrating
Remark. So Diferentiating
**+2y²
()Find
arbitrary these 1,
(y x (2x (6xy (1, (6)
+ the (iv) (ii) (2yz
+ 1)
3y (ii) () sin 1, only results becomes
3=4
unit
+ + if 1) or
+ + x+3xy
x x 3x'y z)i+
(y
+ 3yz) V¢ 9=xy =

2z vectors (xyz 1) +
= oneconstant,
= = C+
z t+ = =-1.
+ i
+ 4xy) +
i is 3, xyfrom Sio, can yz xy C. 22x this
=7 sin + xzxj+ (3x- Ct (:)dg
6 x) x*z = 2) , be + t + But = dz VECTOR
at normal at z) + xy² but *)- partially
respecl
+ witANALYSIS
h
(2, (1, + -yz j i+ - the fx, obtained x2' yz² xy² Thus o y
+ 2x*y' x + 1. + omitting + =0 t
C.] C. (3* z) repeated + + + (1, xy
, -1, cos x*y
j fa3,
xz²+f,xy²
so to +C3+ z + + xz z), ¢ 1, or dz(2dg)
2), the yz k. k. 3y² + flx, = 1) + g(2)
(3xz²- terms.Thus by ). +
fx, xy is xz
following y+y+2z + + yz+ adding with
y) given
+ + =C. =y+2zx.
dhie(h)
(1978) n 4x'y C. 2 ) ,z),ih ) xy't yz
d1 y) respect to
surfaces +(y+ k.
2) + k. all to + z
(1981,83) rlo the
xz' + C. and
(1985)(1984) + d 1) j+ to be
C.snd (1985) (1917) terms x, 3.D0 yz Here using
: bns f ,
2, -
1. (3)
 [Ans: x the This the corresponding
2i-4j+ is
angle: Also
intersection surfaces 4x'y cos
at
xb/|ax [Hint: d.[Hinj [Hint: the Y4y²+ vector Thesurface 12
vector
normal Hint [
find +z points Find 3x- [(xi+ :
Find Show Find vector Solved toI
cos-1 : equation x² (ii) ()
the 32 V(*+
at +
() 4 the
Vectors ofunit a xy(i-4j 4=0
the WI6
(4i If (1, 8y the normal sum. (i+j (i k)2xi+
surface. =
b|(2/V26)
= th
z²-l=0 e - that +j+ O
is angle (bx-2y
+ + yj (1,||2i-4j+4k|(i 2y² 2j V(+
angle 4, 3z
equation4 + - +
surfacesvector + are + the -2) + k)
along 1 +4=0.] =0 zk) of1, 2y² to Find
(-3i 2k) the 4k).(- angle between - the 1) + 32' / 2-7) 2y
4yEXAMPLES
t+ 2.9
between orthogonal + and at is 32' the V2] k) The
; the along xy (i
tangent =6the |V3. j
unit at :(-8i surfaces 16 (3, of 2i surface
- +
+ and between (-3, equation 2z
3jnormals (1, 93i =0. -z the he
2,t-i+k)]. + -- 6) at
1). 3z 4j
vector
+ 1,the y²the + at +9 -3, normals tangent plane + = at the k
2k) 0). normals 4j+
(1, 5x- 3j
+ the 6k. 2xi =2i-
//22.) 6 (*, point
: tangent 3z- - 12k) - normals,t36 6k) 3). =0.vi + y, of
along a to plane
(2i atSo,
the
,2). (1, 4yj z) (1, 4j+4k
unit
the 4j by +
i+j,b= = to 1 to = 2yz
di + istangent
the
=0the 0J.
- surface to + ,(r- 6zk. 1, 2k)vector
the at 9x sbioralog the 6k) 1). /3.
intersecting 13 i, 1) I).
curve (1, = plane
tangent 2j 0 ndteoT (1983) surface = is is
8ni
1, 0 P
3k; and oria = 25
of 0). 0, to
:
 [Ans.solenoidal,
4.] : Therefore
0. solenoidal. is Sunce
SV) the
change (x, increases 26
oV V
(r) [Hint : fuid y, S. [Hint:
V.A=(i+i+k(i x
() Solved If If Show Solved = Find
Show =(n + r= the 1, particle of is) In
temperature
A=
2xz²
is dt dT a
T Direction V most
- - sum. xi+ vector that sum. y + (x, of the
(y² rapidly
that solenoidal, (xz) + Divergence =
(nrm-r) (vr) r",3)
+ , there
dxT ),fluid +
7 Ifr yj 3xi xz2-3x2?
the
Show Z3, -(2xi :, yz² direction
)-94 + is at I) whËch at ANALYSIS
rt(V.)
.r+m (2.7.1)by + VECTOR
= zk, dy that
(Sections (1, t
( = + point
the 2,
xishow (x vector + i
+ zx)
+ + noowiod -(xy2) - i+k. is
the t= 2yj + 8T dy 2, y'+ in
(3) yj that )j- 0.) = 2.] 3)
at in
+ yector +
since 3x'yi sgus 2:6 2zik) motion (1, which
zk¼r
azk dz stlie time (2. 11k]h 13j-214
A and A and
-I f(r) V aoa r is 4xyj sdt (x2?) (i. dz
T /Finthde the -
xzi+xyz'jxz°k 2-7) + 3).
eal
JitA4btod(1976,=r|, solenoidal, 3. at911 if2
+ oi00p9 j+ temperature xy
if + xy2'} velocitythe
(r)rit 2xyz eimioq k) +
show (1980,81) sR) 10l20r + time-rate yz"
79, find(1979) k sd z +
81) that xzk) si -27
a. is 3e ofat zA
 irrotational. is Integrating, n
88,0) thenzk,
V{(a.r) Let'a show If arbitrary so,if
Constant. AlVrr}-
013)=a.r+3a.r V.f()r}= Solved
Solved Ifr
A= =Solved
=
= a,i logf(r) )r}={Vf0}.r (T)r} V sum.
(axy sum. xi r}=V.{(ajx + sum. tf
axy-z
-iy-axz
+2yz + Curl = agj that ={f
-z) Find yj (ai e+ t Ifr-xi
If =-3 +3f).
¼.{(a.
)EXAMPLES
82.9
i + 0,
(Sections a,k. a )r}. 0,
i+the zk, (4Xt+ islogr4+ then
+ azj a
+k (*
value show Then (rr) show +
(+ agk).r+ +a4 ) + r)
constant rf()+ yj
ax) - +2yz) 26 = aa) r} log +fn(V.n +
rhat + 3 + that
of 4a. = 3f) zk
- 2y2) and + C=logorf
4a.r.
/+ ifa ù r. a, ) 4,2) vector f(r) and
)x(axy
k j )i
xr=0. 27) 3f) =
(+Zyz) + (y°
(a,x (
r}1)1} C
(- f)+3/08 |r|=r,
+.r) andr=xi+ =Una by C
axz) agy by 9rio? (2.1.1) (1978,
axz) (2.7.1) (1975,81) ()=. where
k + Thatis, show
k (1981) a,z)(3) C 80,
} Cis 82) that
yj 27
 and r37, Vx{rt}= i solenoidal.and irst t
curl Tx{r) thre
J A
xi+
Solved Show Soled
sum.If
(iv) (m) (@) 0 irrotational, s
Sohed Show
zk,yj+
(-+ (+ (3r+(y- are
sum. that =(Vr)
x ix r}(7f)}xr+fO{Vxr} by sum. irrotational that
=)}
(arr) -ð)}Xr+f) 2r-1) 2y i(2y21) - +k
Ify= Ifr inthen
curlr=.
show
that A
XrXr+rV 3yz +)i+
r=Ni+yj+zk, the ANALYSIS
VECTOR
=0. Xr+0 = i+
wX, (axy
1) 2r
xi+j+ 2x) and xA
0X(wxr) + 2xyj+
i+ following
X) (r) x j-3re'k.U
i+ (4ry
(Sy the
Where 0.
=
j(- 2y:) +
nr by show =f zk, (3Nz tünctions
lavector
stpoint
(t
(2.7.2) 2r*:k.oa0(198
-2rz+ 3yz-3)j+ one It2:+
w Xr) ()r 0) for +
(" is that 2xy) is
is a:) -y
so
a (rxr)= all both +
w cOnstant = A f), 2-) i when (ay)
is (1979,
80,85) 0. x k(2r
constant) (1980,8I
{r"r 8 k. irrotatio: a=2.
(2.7.2)(1975, show (2-)
vector 0. (198 (198 ax).
 constants.
arbitraryare show 7.(A
Hint:
=+y² 2². + Now
vf)= 36. (ü) ()
that X If ¼(a X{(a.) If (i) Solved
ifSolved B) +3w-W=2w,
yf()
Since and A a
¼.(a
2:8. =0 =a -{7
-six(wxi)7 = sum. (-)
suan. Since BareXr)=(7 X r}= ai
f)+ Laplacianirotational, r (a,* +Xr)
=0, Show =0 + Vxa,j+ If
irrotational,
V.(AXB) a EXAMPLES2.9
(4x ++ is
then that (* x (a1x 4J = a
dr
{(a*
(a,x ak, 0. constant
fr) Vf() diferential a).r-
Vxa a,y + +
f)+ aj)
= Vshow +4,y +
then
where = a,y
(7XA). xA= (7x).a =0 a,2) + x } vector,
foperator. that az) r + a.r=
+ and 0
) 0,AXB = a,:)
8, r}M a (7 show
where + B VXI= xr. 4,x
f). (V- ¼ is by Xr)
(2.7.4) + that
solenoidal. by aù
XB). X
Jeblonslo B=0; 0) (2.7.2)
from (1975) and Aiso,
G3 29
3 A.]
 30 VICTOR ANALYSIS

)+rosincere+y tz,
Iff(n 0, then f"(/)+-r)0 and hence

C
lntegrating, log f (r) 2log r+ log C l08 rSo
C C
r)= and f(r) =-+D.on obas AN
37. Solved sunt. Show that v =n(n + 1) - , y
(1977, 79, 81
=nr-2 x.

n ra-2

V°=ny- {(n - 2) + 3}=nr (n +1).ida

38. Show that Vr
log O 6
39. Solved sum. If =xy,find (i) V(Vo) wo
(ü) ¼ × (V) (1983)

= 2y'z + 6x°y z + 12x² y³z².

(i) Since V X(7) =0, 7 X[V(y))=0,
40. If is a harmonic function, then show that o is
Solenoidal.
[Hint: Sinoe is harmonic, V²¢= 0; 7.(V¢) =' ] .
 2.9 EXAMPLES
41. Sored
Show that
Now VI is a vector, say A.
S, by (2.7.1),
V.(67) - V.(6A) =
= (V ). (VY) + (V).A+ ¢(V . A)
- ( ). ( )+ (VVY) Yby (2.8.1). (1)
Lnterchanging the roles of and Y,
V.(e V) - (.(7 o) +
From (l) and (2) the result yy'. (2)
follows,
2 Solved sum. Show that
(v ) x (V )is
Let Vo =A, V¥ =B.
Then, from
solenoidal.
T-{(V) x (v Y)}- V.(AX B) = B. (7 XA)
sice XÀ= Vx (v)and v xB= -¼x A.(V x B) =0
by (2.8.2). So (v6) x (VY) vanish
(vW) is solenoidal.
43. Prove that
i) ¼ -( V) =
(V).(V)+ +(V ),
() ¼. ( V) (V) + o
(V'),
(ü) ¼ x ($ VY) = (V) x (VY),
(iv) ¼ X ( V¢) = 0.
44. Solyed sum. Show that
(i) (V. v)r= V.
(ü) (V X V)×r=-2V.
(1976, 77, 82)
() Suppose V = Vi + V,j+ Vk. Then
(V. V)r=(V.zi)r-(2V,) i +yi + )
-¿ V,i = V.
(ü) (V x v) xr= (Vx Xi (ri + i +zk)
ii j k |x(xi +yj+ zk)
V, V, v,
32
VECTOR ANALYSIS

-2(V 4Vj+ V) - 2V.

45. Show that (V. V) V - Vx (V xV).