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Comprehensive Distributed Systems Notes AKTU

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82 views

Comprehensive Distributed Systems Notes AKTU

Uploaded by

ASHISH SINGH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Distributed Systems - Comprehensive Notes for AKTU

1. Introduction to Distributed Systems

A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that work together to appear as a single

coherent system. These systems provide resource sharing, fault tolerance, scalability, and transparency.

Applications include the Internet, cloud computing, and distributed databases.

Goals:

1. Transparency: Access, Location, Migration, Replication, etc.

2. Scalability: Handle growth in resources and users effectively.

3. Fault Tolerance: Continue functioning despite failures.

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2. Communication in Distributed Systems

Communication is the backbone of distributed systems. It involves:

- Message-Oriented Communication: Synchronous (e.g., RPC) and Asynchronous.

- Remote Procedure Call (RPC): Allows functions to execute on remote systems.

- Remote Method Invocation (RMI): Java-based mechanism for distributed communication.

Middleware provides abstraction and supports protocols like HTTP and TCP/IP.

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3. Processes in Distributed Systems

Processes manage tasks in distributed systems. Features include:


Distributed Systems - Comprehensive Notes for AKTU

- Inter-Process Communication (IPC): Shared memory and message passing.

- Threads: Lightweight processes enabling parallelism.

- Virtualization: Enhances resource utilization by abstracting physical systems.

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4. Synchronization in Distributed Systems

Synchronization ensures event order in distributed systems. Methods include:

- Logical Clocks: Lamport and Vector clocks to order events.

- Physical Clocks: Use algorithms like Berkeley and NTP to synchronize time.

- Mutual Exclusion: Algorithms such as Ricart-Agrawala prevent simultaneous access.

- Leader Election: Bully and Ring algorithms elect a leader among processes.

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5. Distributed File Systems (DFS)

DFS allows sharing of files across multiple systems. Key aspects:

- Naming: How files are named and accessed.

- Consistency and Fault Tolerance: Ensure data reliability.

Examples include Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and Google File System (GFS).

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6. Consistency Models in Distributed Systems


Distributed Systems - Comprehensive Notes for AKTU

Consistency models define how replicas remain consistent. Types:

- Strong Consistency: All nodes see updates immediately.

- Eventual Consistency: Updates propagate over time.

- CAP Theorem: Trade-offs between Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance.

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7. Fault Tolerance in Distributed Systems

Fault tolerance ensures system reliability. Techniques include:

- Replication: Duplicate data across nodes.

- Checkpointing: Save states to recover from failures.

- Byzantine Fault Tolerance: Handles arbitrary failures using consensus protocols.

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8. Distributed Databases

Distributed databases store data across locations. Features:

- Fragmentation: Data split into smaller fragments.

- Replication: Copies of data at multiple sites.

- Two-Phase Commit Protocol (2PC): Ensures atomic transactions.

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9. Security in Distributed Systems


Distributed Systems - Comprehensive Notes for AKTU

Security is critical in distributed systems. Measures include:

- Encryption: Symmetric and Asymmetric.

- Secure Protocols: SSL/TLS for secure communication.

- Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems.

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10. Cloud Computing

Cloud computing exemplifies distributed systems. Key aspects:

- Service Models: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS.

- Deployment Models: Public, Private, Hybrid.

- Challenges: Security, Scalability, and Cost Management.

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11. Case Studies

Real-life examples of distributed systems:

- Google File System (GFS): Fault-tolerant distributed file storage.

- Amazon Web Services (AWS): Cloud computing infrastructure.

- Hadoop Ecosystem: Distributed storage and processing.

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