UNIT II INTRODUCTION TO ANDROID

1) Introduc on to Android: The Android Pla orm

Android is an open-source mobile opera ng system developed by Google, primarily designed for smartphones, tablets, and other
mobile devices. It is the most widely used opera ng system globally, powering billions of devices. Android is built on a Linux kernel and
offers a rich applica on environment, user-friendly interface, and flexible pla orm for developers and device manufacturers.

Key Features of the Android Pla orm

1. Open Source Nature

o Android is open-source, which means its source code is publicly available for anyone to use, modify, and
distribute. This has led to a vast ecosystem of customized versions of Android and a wide range of devices running
it.

o The core Android pla orm is provided by Google through the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). Companies
like Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, and OnePlus can modify the system to suit their hardware and add custom
features, crea ng unique Android experiences.

2. Linux Kernel

o At its core, Android is built on the Linux kernel, which handles low-level opera ons such as memory management,
device drivers, and security. The kernel is a key component that provides a stable and secure founda on for
Android apps and processes.

3. Android So ware Stack

o The Android pla orm is built on a mul -layered so ware stack, which includes:

 Linux Kernel: Provides system-level services such as hardware abstrac on, memory management, and
networking.

 Hardware Abstrac on Layer (HAL): Defines interfaces for hardware components, such as cameras and
sensors.

 Android Run me (ART): The run me environment for execu ng Android applica ons. ART was
introduced as a replacement for Dalvik (Android's original run me), offering improved performance
and be er memory management.

 Libraries: A set of core libraries (wri en in C/C++) provide basic func onali es, such as graphics, data
management, and cryptography.

 Applica on Framework: This layer provides high-level services to app developers, such as user interface
(UI) elements, resource management, and communica on between apps.

 Applica ons: Android includes a variety of pre-installed applica ons, such as the Google Play Store,
Gmail, and Google Maps, which provide essen al services for users.

4. Google Play Store

o The Google Play Store is the official app store for Android devices, offering millions of applica ons for download
and installa on. It provides a unified distribu on pla orm for apps, games, and other media like music, movies,
and books.

o Developers can publish their apps on the Play Store, subject to Google's review process, ensuring that users have
access to high-quality apps with security measures in place.

5. User Interface (UI) and Experience

o Android provides a rich and customizable user interface. It allows for a variety of screen layouts, widgets, and
design pa erns that can be tailored to the needs of manufacturers and users.

o The Android home screen can be customized with widgets, shortcuts, and apps, offering flexibility in personalizing
the user experience.

o Material Design: Introduced by Google, Material Design provides guidelines for crea ng beau ful, intui ve, and
responsive interfaces. It focuses on visual elements like depth, mo on, and tac le feedback to enhance the user
experience.
 6. Mul tasking and Background Services

o Android supports mul tasking, allowing users to run mul ple apps simultaneously. The system manages tasks
efficiently to avoid draining resources or slowing down the device.

o Background services: Apps can run background services to handle tasks like no fica ons, music playback, or data
syncing without interrup ng the user’s interac on with the device.

7. Customizability and Extensibility

o Android offers high customizability, making it possible for device manufacturers, developers, and users to modify
the system to their liking.

o Custom ROMs: Some developers create custom versions of Android (e.g., LineageOS) that offer addi onal features
or remove bloatware, giving users more control over their devices.

o Users can also install third-party apps to further extend func onality, such as custom launchers, widgets, and
themes.

8. App Development for Android

o Android apps are primarily wri en in Java (or Kotlin, a newer programming language that is now preferred by
Google), and use the Android So ware Development Kit (SDK) to interact with the pla orm.

o Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Android app development. It provides
tools to design UIs, write code, and test apps.

o Android apps are packaged into APK files (Android Package) and can be distributed via the Google Play Store or
through other channels.

Advantages of the Android Pla orm

1. Wide Device Compa bility

o Android runs on a wide range of devices, from high-end flagship smartphones to budget-friendly entry-level
phones, tablets, smartwatches, smart TVs, and even cars (via Android Auto). This broad compa bility ensures that
Android reaches a global audience.

2. Customiza on Op ons

o Unlike iOS, Android provides a high degree of customiza on for both users and manufacturers. Users can change
everything from the look and feel of the home screen to default apps and system se ngs. Manufacturers can
customize the UI to suit their brand iden ty.

3. Open Ecosystem

o Android's open-source nature fosters innova on and the development of custom solu ons. Developers can access
and modify Android’s source code, which is not possible with closed-source pla orms like iOS.

4. App Ecosystem

o Android has one of the largest app ecosystems, with millions of apps available on the Google Play Store.
Developers have access to a vast audience, and users have a wide variety of apps to choose from.

5. Google Integra on

o Android is deeply integrated with Google services like Google Drive, Google Photos, Google Assistant, Gmail, and
Google Maps, providing users with a seamless experience across devices and pla orms.

Challenges of the Android Pla orm

1. Fragmenta on

o One of the key challenges of the Android pla orm is fragmenta on. Since Android is used by many device
manufacturers, there are different versions of Android running on various devices, leading to inconsistent
so ware updates and varying levels of support.

o Developers face challenges in ensuring their apps work across different devices, screen sizes, and Android
versions.

2. Security Concerns
 o Android's open-source nature makes it a target for malware and security vulnerabili es. Although Google
provides regular security updates, some devices may not receive updates promptly.

o The Google Play Store is also suscep ble to the presence of malicious apps, though Google has made efforts to
combat this through be er app ve ng and the use of Google Play Protect.

3. Performance Variability

o Due to the wide range of Android devices available, performance can vary significantly. High-end devices with
powerful processors and large amounts of RAM offer excellent performance, while low-cost devices may suffer
from lag or slower response mes.

4. App Quality Control

o Unlike Apple’s App Store, which has a more stringent app review process, Android’s Google Play Store allows a
broader range of apps, including those with lower-quality code or security vulnerabili es. This can lead to a higher
risk of app crashes or security issues for users.

Android Versions and Updates

Android evolves with each new release, introducing new features, improvements, and op miza ons. Notable Android versions include:

 Android Cupcake (1.5): The first major version of Android, introducing basic features like the on-screen keyboard and home
screen widgets.

 Android FroYo (2.2): Introduced the Android Market (now the Play Store), Flash support, and USB tethering.

 Android Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3): Focused on improving speed and performance with Project Bu er for smoother anima ons and
touch responses.

 Android Lollipop (5.0): Introduced Material Design and improvements in ba ery efficiency and performance.

 Android Marshmallow (6.0): Introduced Doze mode for be er ba ery management and granular app permissions.

 Android Oreo (8.0): Brought features like Picture-in-Picture and App Shortcuts.

 Android Pie (9.0): Focused on digital wellbeing and AI-powered features like Adap ve Ba ery and App Ac ons.

 Android 10: Introduced a system-wide dark mode, improved privacy se ngs, and a more streamlined gesture naviga on
system.

 Android 11, 12, and 13: Con nued with performance improvements, new privacy features, and support for foldable devices.

Conclusion

The Android pla orm is a versa le and widely adopted mobile opera ng system that provides a flexible and open environment for both
users and developers. Its strong integra on with Google services, massive app ecosystem, and customizability make it the go-to OS for a
wide range of devices. Despite its challenges, such as fragmenta on and security concerns, Android remains the dominant mobile
pla orm globally, with ongoing updates and innova ons aimed at improving user experience, performance, and security.

2) Android SDK

Android SDK (So ware Development Kit)

The Android So ware Development Kit (SDK) is a collec on of tools and libraries that developers
use to create Android applica ons. It provides the necessary resources to build, test, and deploy
apps for Android devices. The SDK includes essen al components like the Android Studio IDE, APIs,
emulators, and other u li es that streamline the app development process for both beginners and
experienced developers.
Key Components of the Android SDK

1. Android Studio

o Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for

Android app development. It provides a comprehensive pla orm for wri ng code,
designing UIs, tes ng, and debugging Android applica ons.

o Key features include:

 Code Editor: A powerful code editor with features like code comple on,
syntax highligh ng, and code naviga on.

 Visual Layout Editor: A drag-and-drop interface that allows developers to

design app UIs with ease.

 Gradle Integra on: Automates build processes and dependencies for

Android apps.

 Emulator: Android Studio comes with an Android Emulator that lets you
test your app on various virtual devices without needing physical
hardware.

 Profiler: Tools for performance profiling to help developers analyze CPU,

memory, and network usage.

2. Android API Levels

o Android APIs are versions of Android so ware that provide access to specific
features and func onali es of the opera ng system. Each API corresponds to a
specific Android version.

o The SDK allows developers to target specific API levels to ensure their apps work
with different versions of Android. For example, API Level 30 corresponds to
Android 11.

o By targe ng specific API levels, developers can take advantage of the latest
Android features while ensuring backward compa bility with older versions.

3. SDK Manager

o The SDK Manager is a tool that allows developers to install and manage different
versions of the Android SDK. Through this tool, developers can download new
tools, updates, and packages for the SDK, such as:

 System images: These are images used by the Android Emulator to

simulate different devices and Android versions.

 SDK Tools: The core u li es needed to build Android applica ons, such as
build tools, pla orm tools, and Android SDK pla orm packages.

 Third-party libraries: Many common libraries (such as Google Play Services

and Firebase SDKs) are available through the SDK Manager.

4. Android Virtual Device (AVD)

 o The Android Virtual Device (AVD) is an emulator that allows developers to run and
test their Android apps on virtual devices within Android Studio. Developers can
create mul ple AVDs to simulate different screen sizes, Android versions, and
device configura ons (e.g., phones, tablets, wearables).

o AVDs provide a cost-effec ve and convenient way to test apps on various devices
without needing physical hardware for each configura on.

5. Android Debug Bridge (ADB)

o The Android Debug Bridge (ADB) is a command-line tool that enables

communica on between a developer’s computer and Android devices (both
physical and virtual). ADB allows for various ac ons such as:

 Installing and debugging apps on connected devices.

 Running commands on a device from a development machine.

 Transferring files between the development machine and the Android

device.

 Logging device ac vity to help iden fy issues during app development.

6. Android Emulator

o The Android Emulator simulates an Android device on your computer and is an

essen al tool for tes ng apps in various environments without needing physical
devices.

o Developers can simulate different hardware profiles, screen sizes, and

configura ons (e.g., GPS, accelerometer, camera). The emulator is highly
customizable to test how apps will behave across mul ple device types and
Android versions.

o The emulator also supports features like GPU accelera on and sensor simula on
(for simula ng GPS, proximity sensors, etc.).

7. Build Tools

o The Build Tools package includes everything needed to compile, package, and build
an Android app, such as:

 dx (used to convert Java bytecode into Dalvik bytecode).

 zipalign (an op miza on tool for APK files).

 apksigner (for signing APK files).

8. Android Support Libraries

o The Android Support Libraries (now transi oning to AndroidX libraries) provide
backward compa bility for modern Android features on older versions of Android.
These libraries offer addi onal features that aren't part of the default Android SDK,
such as:
  RecyclerView: A more advanced version of ListView for displaying large
datasets.

 ViewPager: A component for swipeable views.

 ConstraintLayout: A powerful layout manager for crea ng complex UIs

without nested layouts.

9. Gradle Build System

o Gradle is the build automa on tool used by Android Studio to manage the
compila on of Android projects. It handles tasks such as:

 Managing dependencies (both local and external libraries).

 Compiling and packaging Android apps into APKs or App Bundles.

 Running tests and genera ng reports.

o Gradle allows for flexibility in the build process, enabling customized

configura ons and mul -module projects.

10. ProGuard and R8 (Code Shrinking and Obfusca on)

o ProGuard and R8 are tools used for code shrinking, obfusca on, and op miza on.
These tools help reduce the size of an app and protect the source code from
reverse engineering.

o They remove unused code, rename classes and methods to make them harder to
reverse-engineer, and op mize the bytecode to improve app performance.

11. Firebase SDK

o Firebase is a pla orm developed by Google that provides a suite of services to help
developers build, improve, and grow Android apps. It offers services such as:

 Authen ca on: Simplified user authen ca on with email/password, social

logins, etc.

 Real me Database: Cloud-hosted NoSQL database for syncing data in real-

me.

 Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM): For sending push no fica ons and
messages to users.

 Analy cs: To track and analyze user behavior within apps.

 Crashly cs: Real- me crash repor ng to iden fy and fix issues quickly.

Android SDK Installa on and Setup

1. Install Android Studio

o Download and install Android Studio from the official website:

h ps://developer.android.com/studio.

o During installa on, Android Studio will also download the required components
like the SDK, build tools, and Android emulator.
 2. SDK Manager

o A er installing Android Studio, launch it and navigate to the SDK Manager within
the IDE. Here, you can select which Android SDK versions to install and update. You
can also install system images for different devices and Android versions.

3. Create a New Project

o Once Android Studio is set up, you can create a new project using templates
provided by the IDE, such as Basic Ac vity, Empty Ac vity, or Tabbed Ac vity.
Android Studio generates the necessary files and configura ons for you.

4. Develop and Test Apps

o A er se ng up the project, you can start wri ng code in Java or Kotlin and
designing the user interface. You can test the app in the Android Emulator or on a
physical device.

Advantages of Using Android SDK

 Comprehensive Tools: Android SDK provides a complete set of tools, from wri ng code and
designing UIs to tes ng and debugging apps.

 Emulator Support: Developers can test apps on different devices and Android versions
using the emulator, without needing physical hardware.

 Google Services: Android SDK integrates well with Google services like Firebase, Google
Maps, and Google Analy cs, making it easy to add powerful features to apps.

 Community and Documenta on: Android SDK is supported by a large developer

community and extensive documenta on, which helps developers resolve issues quickly
and build robust applica ons.

Conclusion

The Android SDK is an essen al set of tools for any Android developer. It provides everything
needed to create, test, and deploy Android apps, from the IDE (Android Studio) and build tools to
libraries and system APIs. By using the SDK, developers can create powerful and feature-rich
applica ons that run on Android devices worldwide. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced
developer, the Android SDK offers the necessary tools and flexibility to bring your mobile app ideas
to life.

3) Eclipse Installa on

Eclipse Installa on for Android Development

Eclipse is a widely used Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that can be used for Android
development, although it has been largely superseded by Android Studio as the official IDE for
Android. However, some developers s ll prefer Eclipse for its versa lity, plugin support, and
familiarity.
To set up Eclipse for Android development, you need to install the Eclipse IDE for Java Developers
and then configure it with the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin.

Steps to Install Eclipse for Android Development

1. Download Eclipse IDE

 Go to the official Eclipse website: h ps://www.eclipse.org/downloads/.

 Download the Eclipse IDE for Java Developers or Eclipse IDE for Java EE Developers (both
work for Android development).

 Select the appropriate version for your opera ng system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).

2. Install Eclipse

 A er downloading, run the installer and follow the installa on instruc ons:

o On Windows, simply launch the .exe installer.

o On macOS, open the .dmg file and drag Eclipse to your Applica ons folder.

o On Linux, extract the downloaded .tar.gz file and run the Eclipse binary.

 Launch Eclipse once the installa on is complete.

3. Install Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin

Eclipse no longer officially supports Android development, but you can s ll install the ADT Plugin
for Android development.

 Open Eclipse and go to the Help menu, then select Eclipse Marketplace.

 Search for ADT Plugin or Android Development Tools in the Marketplace search bar.

 If it doesn't appear, manually install it using the following URL:

o URL: h ps://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/

 Follow these steps to install the ADT Plugin:

1. Go to Help > Install New So ware.

2. In the dialog that appears, enter the URL h ps://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/ into

the Work with field and press Enter.

3. You will see a list of available tools and components. Check Android Development Tools
and click Next.

4. Accept the license terms and click Finish.

5. A er the installa on completes, restart Eclipse when prompted.

4. Install Android SDK

 Download the Android SDK separately from the Android Studio package (since Eclipse
doesn't come with the SDK preinstalled).
 o Go to Android SDK download page and download the command line tools for your
OS.

 A er downloading, extract the SDK tools to a directory of your choice.

5. Configure Eclipse for Android Development

Once Eclipse and ADT are installed, you need to configure it to use the Android SDK:

1. Open Eclipse and go to Window > Preferences.

2. In the Preferences dialog, navigate to Android under the General category.

3. Set the SDK Loca on:

o Click Browse and select the folder where you installed the Android SDK.

4. Click OK to save the se ngs.

6. Install Android SDK Components

 Launch the SDK Manager (located in the tools/ directory of your Android SDK folder).

 In the SDK Manager, you can install various SDK packages such as:

o Android SDK Pla orm-tools: For pla orm-specific tools (e.g., ADB).

o Android SDK Build-tools: For compiling and building APKs.

o SDK Pla orms: Install the Android pla orms for different API levels (e.g., Android
11, Android 10).

o SDK Tools: For development tools like ProGuard, NDK, etc.

7. Create a New Android Project in Eclipse

A er configuring the SDK, you can now create a new Android project:

1. Open Eclipse and select File > New > Project.

2. Under Android, choose Android Project and click Next.

3. Provide your project details, such as the Project Name, Package Name, Build Target, and
Ac vity. Click Finish to create the project.

4. Eclipse will generate the necessary project structure, including the src/, res/, and
AndroidManifest.xml files.

8. Run Your Android Applica on

 To run your Android applica on, you need to configure an Android Virtual Device (AVD)
using the AVD Manager.

 In Eclipse, go to Window > Android Virtual Device Manager.

 Click New to create a new virtual device with the desired specifica ons (screen size,
Android version, etc.).

 Once the AVD is created, you can run your app on it by selec ng Run > Run.
9. Debugging and Tes ng

 Eclipse supports debugging Android apps. Set breakpoints in your code and use the Debug
op on to step through your app.

 You can also use Logcat to view log messages and trace applica on behavior. This is useful
for debugging errors and performance issues in your app.

Conclusion

While Android Studio is now the official and recommended IDE for Android development, Eclipse
can s ll be used with the ADT plugin for developers who prefer it. The process involves installing
Eclipse, the ADT plugin, and the Android SDK, followed by configuring the SDK and se ng up
Android projects. However, for newer Android development, it's encouraged to switch to Android
Studio due to its official support, enhanced features, and ac ve community.

3) Android Installa on
Installing Android Development Tools

To start developing Android applica ons, you'll need to install Android Studio along with the
Android SDK. Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Android
development, and it includes the tools necessary to create, test, and debug Android apps. Below
are the steps for installing Android Studio, se ng up the Android SDK, and ensuring everything is
ready for development.

1. Download Android Studio

Android Studio is the official IDE for Android development, and it includes everything you need to
build Android apps, including the Android SDK.

 Go to the Android Studio Download Page: h ps://developer.android.com/studio

 Choose the appropriate version for your opera ng system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).

 Download and install Android Studio by following the on-screen instruc ons for your
pla orm.

2. Install Android Studio

 Windows:

1. Run the downloaded .exe file.

2. Follow the setup wizard to install Android Studio.

3. Select the default op ons during the installa on (unless you have specific
preferences).

 macOS:

1. Open the .dmg file you downloaded.

 2. Drag Android Studio to the Applica ons folder.

3. Launch Android Studio from the Applica ons folder.

 Linux:

1. Extract the downloaded .tar.gz file.

2. Open a terminal and navigate to the extracted directory.

3. Run studio.sh to launch Android Studio.

3. Ini al Setup and Configura on

A er installing Android Studio, you need to run the IDE and perform some ini al configura ons:

 Launch Android Studio:

o On the first launch, Android Studio will prompt you to set up the IDE and
download the necessary components, including the Android SDK and required SDK
tools.

o The setup wizard will guide you through the process of downloading these
components. Simply follow the on-screen instruc ons.

 Select Installa on Type:

o If you're new to Android development, choose the Standard installa on op on to

install all the essen al tools for app development.

 Configure Android SDK:

o Android Studio will automa cally configure the SDK during the ini al setup. You’ll
need an ac ve internet connec on to download the SDK components.

o The SDK includes pla orm tools, build tools, system images, and other tools
needed to create and run Android apps.

4. SDK Manager in Android Studio

The SDK Manager helps you manage different versions of the Android SDK and update or install
SDK packages as needed.

 Access SDK Manager:

o Open Android Studio.

o Click on Tools > SDK Manager.

Here you can download different versions of the Android SDK, system images, and other necessary
tools for your app development.

 Install SDK Packages:

o In the SDK Manager, make sure to install:

 Android SDK Pla orm-tools: Necessary tools like ADB (Android Debug
Bridge).
  Android SDK Build-tools: Tools for building your APK files.

 Android SDK Pla orms: These are the API levels and Android versions you
want to target (e.g., Android 11, Android 10).

 Google APIs (if necessary): Some APIs, like Google Play Services, may
require addi onal installa on.

5. Install Android Emulator

The Android Emulator allows you to run and test your Android apps without needing a physical
device. It's integrated into Android Studio.

 Set up an Emulator:

o Open Android Studio and go to Tools > AVD Manager.

o Create a new Android Virtual Device (AVD) by selec ng the device you want to
emulate.

o Choose the system image (e.g., Android 10) that matches the API level of the app
you want to test.

o Configure addi onal se ngs like device resolu on, RAM, etc.

o Once set up, you can launch the emulator from the AVD Manager.

6. Run a Sample Android Applica on

Once Android Studio is set up, you can create a new project and run it on either the Android
Emulator or a physical Android device.

 Create a New Project:

o Open Android Studio.

o Click Start a new Android Studio project.

o Choose a project template (e.g., Basic Ac vity or Empty Ac vity).

o Specify the project name, loca on, and programming language (Java or Kotlin).

 Run the App:

o Once your project is created, click the Run bu on (green play icon) in the toolbar.

o Choose whether to run the app on an emulator or a connected physical device

(ensure USB debugging is enabled on your device).

The app will be compiled, installed on the emulator or device, and run automa cally.

7. Install Java Development Kit (JDK) if Necessary

Android Studio requires the Java Development Kit (JDK) for development. Usually, Android Studio
comes with an embedded version of the JDK. If you are prompted to install the JDK, follow these
steps:

 Windows and macOS:

 o If not already installed, download the JDK from Oracle’s website:
h ps://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-jdk11-downloads.html.

 Linux:

o Install the JDK using the package manager (e.g., sudo apt install openjdk-11-jdk for
Ubuntu).

8. Install Addi onal Android Tools (Op onal)

You can install addi onal Android tools to enhance your development experience:

 Firebase SDK: Integrate services like authen ca on, database, and push no fica ons.

 CMake: For na ve C++ development.

 NDK: Android Na ve Development Kit for building performance-sensi ve applica ons.

These tools can be installed via the SDK Manager.

9. Enable Developer Op ons on Your Android Device (Op onal)

To test your app on a physical Android device, you need to enable Developer Op ons and USB
Debugging:

1. Go to Se ngs > About phone.

2. Tap on the Build number 7 mes to enable Developer Op ons.

3. Go back to the Se ngs menu, and you will see Developer op ons.

4. Enable USB debugging in the Developer op ons.

Conclusion

By following these steps, you will have a fully func onal Android development environment set up
using Android Studio. This will include the necessary SDK tools, the Android Emulator, and a Java
Development Kit (if needed). From here, you can start developing, tes ng, and deploying Android
applica ons efficiently.

4) Building you First Android applica on

Building Your First Android Applica on

Once you've successfully installed Android Studio and set up your development environment, you
can start building your first Android applica on. Below is a step-by-step guide to help you create a
basic Android app using Java (or Kotlin, if preferred).

1. Create a New Project

1. Open Android Studio:

o Launch Android Studio.

2. Start a New Project:

 o On the Android Studio welcome screen, click Start a new Android Studio project.

o If you are already working on a project, go to File > New > New Project.

3. Configure Your Project:

o Name: Give your app a name (e.g., "MyFirstApp").

o Save Loca on: Choose where to save the project files.

o Language: Choose Java or Kotlin. For this example, we'll use Java.

o Minimum API Level: Choose the minimum API level. A good choice for most apps is
API 21 (Android 5.0) or higher.

4. Choose a Template:

o Select a Template: For your first app, you can choose Basic Ac vity, which provides
a simple screen with a bu on and a TextView.

o Click Finish to create the project.

2. Project Structure Overview

A er crea ng your project, Android Studio will generate several files and folders. Here’s an
overview of the most important files and directories:

 app > src > main:

o java > com.example.myfirstapp > MainAc vity.java: This is the main ac vity file
where your app's logic resides.

o res > layout > ac vity_main.xml: The layout file where you design the user
interface (UI) of your app.

o AndroidManifest.xml: Describes the app's structure, including ac vi es and

permissions.

 Gradle Scripts: These files manage dependencies, build configura ons, and other project
se ngs.

3. Design the User Interface (UI)

In Android, the user interface is typically defined in XML files. For this first app, we’ll keep things
simple with a TextView and a Bu on.

1. Open the ac vity_main.xml Layout File:

o In the Project view, go to app > res > layout > ac vity_main.xml.

o You will see two views: Design (for drag-and-drop UI crea on) and Text (for edi ng
the XML directly).

2. Edit the Layout XML:

o In the Text tab, replace the content with the following XML code:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="u -8"?>

<Rela veLayout xmlns:android="h p://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="match_parent">

<!-- TextView to display a message -->

<TextView

android:id="@+id/textView"

android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:text="Hello, Android!"

android:textSize="24sp"

android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"

android:layout_marginTop="100dp" />

<!-- Bu on to change the text -->

<Bu on

android:id="@+id/bu onChangeText"

android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:text="Change Text"

android:layout_below="@id/textView"

android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"

android:layout_marginTop="50dp" />

</Rela veLayout>

This XML layout defines a Rela veLayout with two elements:

 A TextView to display text.

 A Bu on that the user can click to change the text.

4. Write the Java Code (MainAc vity.java)

Next, we need to write the logic for handling the bu on click and upda ng the TextView.

1. Open MainAc vity.java:

 o In the Project view, navigate to app > src > main > java > com.example.myfirstapp >
MainAc vity.java.

2. Modify the Code:

o Replace the default code with the following:

package com.example.myfirstapp;

import android.os.Bundle;

import android.view.View;

import android.widget.Bu on;

import android.widget.TextView;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatAc vity;

public class MainAc vity extends AppCompatAc vity {

@Override

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

setContentView(R.layout.ac vity_main);

// Get references to the TextView and Bu on

final TextView textView = findViewById(R.id.textView);

Bu on bu on = findViewById(R.id.bu onChangeText);

// Set an OnClickListener on the bu on

bu on.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {

@Override

public void onClick(View v) {

// Change the text of the TextView when the bu on is clicked

textView.setText("You clicked the bu on!");

});
 }

Code Breakdown:

 setContentView(R.layout.ac vity_main): Sets the layout for this ac vity.

 findViewById(): Retrieves the TextView and Bu on from the layout.

 bu on.setOnClickListener(): Sets up a listener that responds when the bu on is clicked,

changing the text of the TextView.

5. Run the App

1. Connect a Device:

o You can either use an Android Emulator or connect a physical Android device to
your computer via USB and enable USB debugging.

2. Run the App:

o In Android Studio, click the Run bu on (the green play icon).

o Select your device or emulator from the list and click OK.

o The app will be compiled and launched on the device or emulator.

3. Test the App:

o The app will display a message ("Hello, Android!").

o When you click the Change Text bu on, the message will change to "You clicked
the bu on!".

6. Understanding the Key Elements

 MainAc vity: This is the main entry point for the app. It is responsible for se ng up the UI
and handling user interac ons.

 XML Layout: The layout file (ac vity_main.xml) defines the structure of the user interface,
specifying the arrangement of UI components.

 Listeners: The OnClickListener in Java is used to detect and respond to user ac ons (like
bu on clicks).

 Android Manifest: AndroidManifest.xml describes essen al informa on about your app,

including ac vi es, permissions, and components. For a basic app like this, Android Studio
will manage this file for you automa cally.

7. Troubleshoo ng

 If the app doesn’t launch or shows errors, check the Logcat for detailed error messages.

 Make sure you have correctly linked the TextView and Bu on IDs with findViewById().

Conclusion
You’ve just built your first Android app! This basic app demonstrates the essen al steps of se ng
up a project, designing the UI, and adding func onality with Java. From here, you can explore
more advanced features like adding new ac vi es, working with data storage, and using external
libraries.

Keep experimen ng and adding new features to your app to further hone your Android
development skills!

5) Understanding Anatomy of Android

Applica on
Understanding the Anatomy of an Android Applica on

An Android applica on is built using various components that work together to deliver func onality. The core structure of an Android
app revolves around different files and folders that manage resources, app behavior, and configura ons. Below is an in-depth look at
the anatomy of an Android applica on.

1. Project Structure Overview

When you create a new Android project in Android Studio, the project structure is organized in a way that separates different
components of the app. Here’s a basic overview of the folder and file structure:

Key Folders and Files:

 app/: The root folder for your app, where all project-specific files are located.

o src/: Contains the source code files (Java or Kotlin) for the app.

 main/:

 java/: Contains the applica on’s main logic (Ac vity, Services, etc.).

 res/: Contains all resources (layout, strings, images, etc.).

 AndroidManifest.xml: Describes the app’s components (ac vi es, services, permissions).

o build/: Stores build outputs (generated by Gradle during the build process).

o libs/: Contains external libraries.

o gradle/: Contains configura on files for Gradle, the build automa on system used by Android Studio.

2. Android Manifest (AndroidManifest.xml)

The AndroidManifest.xml file is one of the most cri cal files in an Android applica on. It provides essen al informa on about the app
to the Android system. It declares the app’s components and various se ngs that are needed by the Android opera ng system.

Key Elements in AndroidManifest.xml:

 <applica on>: Declares the main proper es of the app, such as the theme, icon, and name.

 <ac vity>: Declares the app's ac vi es (each screen or UI component).

 <service>: Declares any background services.

 <receiver>: Declares broadcast receivers that handle system-wide events.

 <provider>: Declares content providers that manage access to app data.

 <intent-filter>: Defines the intents that each component can handle.

Example of a AndroidManifest.xml:
<manifest xmlns:android="h p://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

package="com.example.myfirstapp">

<applica on

android:allowBackup="true"

android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"

android:label="@string/app_name"

android:theme="@style/Theme.AppCompat.Light">

<!-- MainAc vity declared as the entry point -->

<ac vity android:name=".MainAc vity">

<intent-filter>

<ac on android:name="android.intent.ac on.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

</intent-filter>

</ac vity>

</applica on>

</manifest>

3. Java or Kotlin Code (src/)

The src/ directory holds the applica on’s source code, which is typically wri en in Java or Kotlin (Kotlin is the preferred language now
for Android development).

The source code typically includes:

 Ac vi es: Represent individual screens or UI components. Every ac vity is a subclass of Ac vity.

 Services: Handle background tasks that need to run even when the user is not interac ng with the app.

 Broadcast Receivers: Handle system-wide events such as incoming messages, ba ery changes, etc.

 Content Providers: Manage shared data access between different applica ons.

Example of a Main Ac vity (MainAc vity.java):

package com.example.myfirstapp;

import android.os.Bundle;

import android.widget.TextView;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatAc vity;

public class MainAc vity extends AppCompatAc vity {

@Override

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

 super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

setContentView(R.layout.ac vity_main); // Set the layout for the ac vity

TextView textView = findViewById(R.id.textView);

textView.setText("Hello, Android!");

4. Resource Files (res/)

The res/ folder stores various resources used in the app, such as layouts, strings, images, colors, styles, and more. Android Studio
organizes these resources into specific subdirectories.

Key Directories inside res/:

 layout/: Contains XML files that define the UI for ac vi es and fragments.

o Example: ac vity_main.xml

 values/: Contains XML files for values such as strings, colors, and styles.

o strings.xml: Stores text that can be used throughout the app.

o colors.xml: Defines color resources.

o styles.xml: Defines the visual appearance of the app.

 drawable/: Contains image files (e.g., PNG, JPG) used in the app.

 mipmap/: Contains app icons in various sizes.

Example of a Layout XML file (ac vity_main.xml):

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="u -8"?>

<Rela veLayout xmlns:android="h p://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="match_parent">

<TextView

android:id="@+id/textView"

android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:text="Hello, World!"

android:textSize="24sp"

android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"

android:layout_marginTop="100dp"/>

</Rela veLayout>

Example of strings.xml file:

<resources>
 <string name="app_name">MyFirstApp</string>

<string name="hello_world">Hello, World!</string>

</resources>

5. Gradle Files (build.gradle)

Android Studio uses Gradle as the build system to compile and package your app. The build.gradle files are essen al for managing
dependencies, configuring build variants, and customizing the build process.

Key Gradle Files:

 build.gradle (Project-level): Configures global build se ngs, including Gradle version and repositories.

 build.gradle (App-level): Specifies dependencies, SDK versions, and configura on related to the applica on module.

Example of build.gradle (App-level) file:

apply plugin: 'com.android.applica on'

android {

compileSdkVersion 30

defaultConfig {

applica onId "com.example.myfirstapp"

minSdkVersion 16

targetSdkVersion 30

versionCode 1

versionName "1.0"

buildTypes {

release {

minifyEnabled false

proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-op mize.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'

dependencies {

implementa on 'androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.2.0'

implementa on 'androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.0.4'

testImplementa on 'junit:junit:4.13.1'

6. Assets Folder (assets/)

The assets/ folder is used to store raw files, such as fonts, sound files, and other data files, that you might want to read and manipulate
in your app.

Example:

You can access a file in the assets folder using:

AssetManager assetManager = getAssets();

InputStream inputStream = assetManager.open("myfile.txt");

7. Android App Components

The fundamental components of an Android app include:

 Ac vi es: Handle user interac ons and UI. Each screen in an Android app is typically an ac vity.

 Services: Run in the background, performing tasks such as downloading files or handling data updates.

 Broadcast Receivers: Respond to system-wide or app-specific events, such as no fica ons, system updates, or external
messages.

 Content Providers: Facilitate data sharing across apps, allowing apps to access shared data.

8. App Execu on Flow

When you launch an Android app, the following steps typically happen:

1. AndroidManifest.xml is read by the Android system to determine the entry point (the MainAc vity).

2. The MainAc vity is started, and its onCreate() method is called.

3. The layout for the ac vity is set using setContentView().

4. UI elements (like bu ons, text views) are ini alized and event listeners (such as click listeners) are set up.

5. The app con nues running, responding to user ac ons and system events, un l it is closed or paused.

Conclusion

The anatomy of an Android applica on is built on key components such as the AndroidManifest.xml, Java or Kotlin code, resource files
(layouts, strings, images), and Gradle build files. These elements work together to define the behavior, appearance, and configura on of
the app. Understanding the structure of an Android applica on is crucial for developing efficient and scalable apps, and it provides a
founda on for working with Android development tools and frameworks.

6) Android Manifest file.

Android Manifest File (AndroidManifest.xml)

The AndroidManifest.xml file is a crucial part of every Android applica on. It serves as the configura on file for the Android opera ng
system, describing essen al informa on about your app, such as components (ac vi es, services, broadcast receivers, content
providers), permissions, and other configura ons.

This file allows Android to understand the structure of the app and how its components should interact with each other and with the
system.

Key Elements of AndroidManifest.xml

The AndroidManifest.xml file contains several important sec ons and elements that define the app’s structure and behavior.

1. Manifest Declara on

At the very top of the file, the manifest element declares the XML namespace and the app's package name.

<manifest xmlns:android="h p://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

package="com.example.myfirstapp">
  xmlns:android: Declares the XML namespace used in Android XML files.

 package: Specifies the unique iden fier for your app. It should be a reverse domain name (e.g., com.example.myfirstapp).

2. Applica on Element

The <applica on> element contains configura on details related to the applica on, such as its theme, icon, and other proper es.

<applica on

android:allowBackup="true"

android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"

android:label="@string/app_name"

android:theme="@style/Theme.AppCompat.Light">

 android:allowBackup: Allows the app’s data to be backed up and restored.

 android:icon: Specifies the app’s launcher icon.

 android:label: Defines the name of the applica on.

 android:theme: Specifies the visual theme for the app (e.g., @style/Theme.AppCompat.Light).

3. Ac vity Declara on

Each screen in your app is defined as an Ac vity. An Ac vity is a component that provides a user interface. The <ac vity> element
declares the ac vity and includes an <intent-filter> that defines the ac ons the ac vity can handle (e.g., opening the app).

<ac vity android:name=".MainAc vity">

<intent-filter>

<ac on android:name="android.intent.ac on.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

</intent-filter>

</ac vity>

 android:name: Specifies the fully qualified name of the ac vity class (e.g., .MainAc vity for a class in the same package).

 <intent-filter>: Specifies what kinds of intents (requests for opera ons) the ac vity can respond to.

o <ac on>: Defines an ac on that the ac vity can handle (e.g., android.intent.ac on.MAIN).

o <category>: Defines the category of the ac vity (e.g., android.intent.category.LAUNCHER indicates the entry point
of the app, the app's main screen).

4. Service Declara on

Services run in the background and perform tasks without a user interface. The <service> element declares a service in the manifest.

<service android:name=".MyService" />

 android:name: Specifies the name of the service class.

5. Broadcast Receiver Declara on

Broadcast receivers allow the app to listen for and respond to system-wide or app-specific events (e.g., ba ery low, network status
change).

<receiver android:name=".MyReceiver">

<intent-filter>

<ac on android:name="android.intent.ac on.BOOT_COMPLETED" />

</intent-filter>
</receiver>

 android:name: Specifies the name of the receiver class.

 <intent-filter>: Declares the events (intents) that the receiver can handle, such as android.intent.ac on.BOOT_COMPLETED to
receive boot comple on messages.

6. Content Provider Declara on

Content providers manage shared data between applica ons. The <provider> element declares a content provider in the manifest.

<provider android:name=".MyContentProvider"

android:authori es="com.example.myfirstapp.provider"

android:exported="true" />

 android:name: Specifies the name of the content provider class.

 android:authori es: Specifies the authority for the provider (usually a unique iden fier).

 android:exported: Indicates whether the provider can be accessed by other applica ons.

7. Permissions

The <uses-permission> element declares the permissions that the app needs in order to access certain system features (e.g., internet,
camera, storage). These permissions are requested at run me or at the installa on stage.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />

 android:name: Specifies the permission being requested. For example, android.permission.INTERNET is required for apps
that need internet access.

8. Hardware and So ware Requirements

The <uses-feature> element declares hardware or so ware features that your app requires to func on.

<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.camera" android:required="true" />

 android:name: Specifies the feature required (e.g., android.hardware.camera).

 android:required: If set to true, the app will not be installed on devices that do not support the specified feature.

9. App Icon and Theme

The <applica on> element o en includes app-wide configura ons, such as the default theme and icon.

<applica on

android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"

android:label="@string/app_name"

android:theme="@style/Theme.AppCompat.Light">

 android:icon: Specifies the default icon of the app.

 android:theme: Specifies the theme used across all ac vi es in the app.

Example of a Complete AndroidManifest.xml:

<manifest xmlns:android="h p://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

package="com.example.myfirstapp">

<!-- Permissions -->

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />

 <!-- Applica on Informa on -->

<applica on

android:allowBackup="true"

android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"

android:label="@string/app_name"

android:theme="@style/Theme.AppCompat.Light">

<!-- Main Ac vity -->

<ac vity android:name=".MainAc vity">

<intent-filter>

<ac on android:name="android.intent.ac on.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

</intent-filter>

</ac vity>

<!-- Service -->

<service android:name=".MyService" />

<!-- Broadcast Receiver -->

<receiver android:name=".MyReceiver">

<intent-filter>

<ac on android:name="android.intent.ac on.BOOT_COMPLETED" />

</intent-filter>

</receiver>

<!-- Content Provider -->

<provider android:name=".MyContentProvider"

android:authori es="com.example.myfirstapp.provider"

android:exported="true" />

</applica on>

</manifest>

Key Takeaways

 AndroidManifest.xml is crucial for the Android opera ng system to understand how your app behaves.

 It contains declara ons for ac vi es, services, broadcast receivers, content providers, and permissions.

 It defines the app's entry point (the main ac vity) and handles various system-wide configura ons.
  Permissions allow apps to request access to sensi ve data and device features (e.g., camera, loca on, internet).

Understanding how to configure the AndroidManifest.xml file is essen al for Android development as it determines how your app
integrates with the system and interacts with other apps.