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 Logarithms – Summary Notes

INTRODUCTION
Logarithms are used to make the long and complicated calculations easy.
Consider 34  81 , this is the exponential form of representing relation between three numbers
3, 4 and 81. Now the same relation between 3, 4 and 81 can be written as
log 3 81  4 (read as: logarithm of 81 at base 3 is 4).
Thus: 34  81  log 3 81  4
Definition: If a, b and c are three real numbers such that a  1 and ab  c then b is called
logarithm of c at the base a and is written as log a c  b; read as log of c at the base a is b.
a b  c  log a c  b

INTERCHANGING
(Logarithmic form vis-à-vis exponential form)
ab  c is called the exponential form
and, log a c  b is called the logarithmic form.
i.e., (i) 23  0.125 [Exponential form]
 log of 0.125 to the base 2  3
i.e., log 2 0.125  3 [Logarithmic form]
1
(ii) log 64 8  [Logarithmic form]
2
1
 log of 8 to the base 64 
2
i.e.  64  8
1/2
[Exponential form] and so on.
Similarly:
If x is positive;
(iii) x 0  1  log x 1  0 i.e., log of 1 to the base x  0
In general; the logarithm of 1 to any base is zero.
i.e., log5 1  0; log10 1  0; log a 1  0 and so on.
(iv) x1  x  log x x  1 i.e., log x to the base x  1
In general, the logarithm of any number to the same base is always one.
i.e., log5 5  1; log10 10  1; log a a  1 and so on.

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LAWS OF LOGARITHM WITH USE
First Law (Product Law):
The logarithm of a product at any non-zero base is equal to the sum of the logarithms of its factors
at the same base.
i.e., loga  m  n  loga m  loga n
log x  m  n  p   log x m  log x n  log x p and so on.
Remember: loga  m  n  loga m  loga n
Second Law (Quotient Law):
The logarithm of a fraction at any non-zero base is equal to the difference between the logarithm
of the numerator minus the logarithm of the denominator, both at the same base.
m
i.e., log a  log a m  log a n
n
log a m
Remember:  log a m  log a n . Also, loga  m  n   loga m  loga n
log a n
Third Law (Power Law):
The logarithm of a power of a number at any non-zero base is equal to the logarithm of the
number (at the same base) multiplied by the power.
log a  m   n log a m
n
i.e.,
Corollary: Since n
m  m1/n
1
 log a n m  log a m1/ n 
log a m
n
1. Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common logarithms.
2. If no bas is given, the base is always taken as 10,
i.e., log8  log10 8; log a  log10 a; log10  log10 10 and so on.
3. log10 1  0; log10 10  1;
log10 100  2 log10 100  log10 102  2log10 10  2 1  2
Similarly, log10 1000  3; log10 10000  4 and so on.

EXPANSION OF EXPRESSIONS WITH THE HELP OF LAWS OF LOGARITHM

a 4  b2 a 4  b2
Let y  log y  log
c3 c3
 
log y  log  a 4  b2   log c3
m
i.e.,  log n  log m  log n 

 log a 4  log b 2  log c3  log m  n  log m  log n

 4log a  2log b  3log c  log mn  n log m

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 log y  4log a  2log b  3log c is the logarithmic expansion of the given expression
a 4  b2
y
c3
Similarly,
3x
m  log m  log 3x  log  5 y  8z 
5 8
y z

 x log 3  log 5 y  log8z 

 x log3  y log5  z log8
 log m  x log3  y log5  z log8
Conversely:
log V  log   2log r  log h  log3
 log V  log   log r 2  log h  log 3
 r 2h  r 2h
 log V 
3 3

MORE ABOUT LOGARITHMS

1. Since, 23  8  log 2 8  3
1
Also, 23  8  81/3  2  log 8 2 
3
1 1
Thus, log 2 8  3 and log8 2   log 2 8 
3 log8 2
In the same way,
54  625  log 5 625  4
1
1
and, 54  625  625 4  5  log 625 5 
4
1 1
 log5 625  4 and log 625 5   log5 625 
4 log 625 5
Thus, if a and b are two positive numbers.
1 1
logb a  and log a b  .
log a b log a a

1
2. Since, logb a   logb a  log a b  1
log a b
 (i) log5 3  log3 5  1 (ii) log8 12  log12 8  1
(iii) log18 35  log35 18  1 and so on.

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3. Since, log of a number at the same base is 1 (one)
log a a  1  x log a a  x [On multiplying both the sides by x]
 log a a  x x

 i  log2 25  5 (ii) log 5 58  8

(iii) log 8 84  4 and so on.
log x a
4. log b a  , where a, b and x all are positive.
log x b
For example:
log10 1000
log100 1000 
log10 100
log10 103 3log10 10 3 1 3
   
log10 102 2 log10 10 2 1 2

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