Overview of the unit

Unit 3:

House wiring & safety: Single phase and three phase system – phase, neutral and earth

Basic house wring - tools and components

Different types of wiring – staircase, florescent lamp and ceiling fan

Basic safety measures at home and industry

 Different types of wiring
⚫ Cleat Wiring
⚫ CTS wiring or TRS wiring or batten wiring
⚫ Metal sheathed wiring or lead sheathed wiring
⚫ Casing and capping
⚫ Conduit wiring
 Different types of wiring – Cleat wiring
⚫ Insulated wiring are supported on porcelain or wooden
cleats.
⚫ Cleats have two halves: One base and the other cap.
⚫ The cables are placed in the groove in the base and the
cap.
⚫ Both are fixed securely on the wall with screws.
⚫ The cleats are easy to erect. Placed 30 to 60 cm apart.
⚫ Suitable for temporary installation.
⚫ Low cost, appearance does not matter.
 Different types of wiring – CTS
CTS (Cable Tyre Sheathed)/ TRS (Tough Rubber
Sheathed)/Batten Wiring
⚫ Wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are
flexible.
⚫ Clipped on wooden batten with brass clips.
⚫ Fixed on to the walls or ceilings by flat head screws.
⚫ These cables are moisture and chemical proof.
⚫ They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for
outdoor use in sunlight.
⚫ TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage
installations.
 Different types of wiring
Metal Sheathed or Lead Sheathed Wiring

⚫ The wiring is similar to that of CTS.

⚫ But the conductors (two or three) are individually insulated.
⚫ Covered with a common outer lead-aluminum alloy sheath.
⚫ The sheath protects the cable against dampness, atmospheric extremities
and mechanical damages.
⚫ The sheath is earthed at every junction to provide a path to ground for
leakage current.
⚫ They are fixed by means of metal clips on wooden battens.
⚫ The wiring system is very expensive.
⚫ It is suitable for low voltage installations.
 Different types of wiring
Casing and capping

⚫ It consists of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular, teakwood or PVC boxes

having grooves inside it.
⚫ A rectangular strip of wood called capping having same width as that of casing is fixed
over it.
⚫ Both the casing and the capping are screwed together at every 15 cms.
⚫ Casing is attached to the wall.
⚫ Two or more wires of same polarity are drawn through different grooves.
⚫ The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations.
 Different types of wiring
Conduit wiring

⚫ In this system, cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection
against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit.

⚫ They are either embedded inside the walls or supported over the walls.

⚫ Known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring (open conduit), respectively.

⚫ The conduits are buried inside the walls and the wires are drawn through them with
steel wires.

⚫ The system is best suited for public buildings, industries and workshops.
 Staircase wiring

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 Staircase wiring
To get the switching position in ON condition for light bulb, the above operation is
same as the Exclusive-NOR (EX-NOR) logic gate truth table which is given below.

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 Staircase wiring
Two Way Switching Control using Three Wires

To get the switching position in ON condition for light bulb, the above operation is same as
the Exclusive-OR (EX-OR) logic gate truth table which is given below.

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 Florescent lamp wiring
⚫ Components for single tube light installation are:
⚫ Choke: it is electromagnetic ballast or electronic
ballast
⚫ Starter: Small neon glow up lamp
⚫ Switch
⚫ Wires

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 Florescent lamp wiring

• A fluorescent lamp is a low weight mercury vapour lamp that uses fluorescence to deliver visible light.
• An electric current in the gas energizes mercury vapor which delivers ultraviolet radiation through
discharge process.
• the ultraviolet radiation causes the phosphor coating of the lamp inner wall to radiate visible light.

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 Florescent lamp wiring
⚫ When we switch ON the supply, full voltage comes across the lamp and as
well as across the starter through the ballast. But at that instant, no
discharge happens, i.e., no lumen output from the lamp.
⚫ At that full voltage first the glow discharge is established in the starter. This
is because the electrodes gap in the neon bulb of starter is much lesser
than that of the fluorescent lamp.
⚫ Then gas inside the starter gets ionized due to this full voltage and heats
the bimetallic strip. That causes to bend the bimetallic strip to connect to the
fixed contact.
⚫ Now, current starts flowing through the starter. Although the ionization
potential of the neon is more than that of the argon but still due to small
electrode gap, a high voltage gradient appears in the neon bulb and hence
glow discharge gets started first in the starter.

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 Florescent lamp wiring
⚫ As soon as the current starts flowing through the touched contacts of the
neon bulb of the starter, the voltage across the neon bulb gets reduced
since the current, causes a voltage drop across the inductor(ballast).
⚫ At reduced or no voltage across the neon bulb of the starter, there will be no
more gas discharge taking place and hence the bimetallic strip gets cool
and breaks away from the fixed contact.
⚫ At the time of breaking of the contacts in the neon bulb of the starter, the
current gets interrupted, and hence at that moment, a large voltage surge
comes across the inductor(ballast).
⚫ This high valued surge voltage comes across the fluorescent lamp (tube
light) electrodes and strikes penning mixture (mixture argon gas and
mercury vapor).

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 Florescent lamp wiring
⚫ Gas discharge process gets started and continues and hence current again
gets a path to flow through the fluorescent lamp tube (tube light) itself.
⚫ During discharging of penning gas mixture the resistance offered by the gas
is lower than the resistance of starter.
⚫ The discharge of mercury atoms produces ultraviolet radiation which in turn
excites the phosphor powder coating to radiate visible light.
⚫ Starter gets inactive during glowing of fluorescent lamp (tube light) because
no current passes through the starter in that condition.

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Ceiling fan wiring
Single phase induction motor: Double revolving field theory

(a) The two fields are aligned and their sum gives
the peak magnetic field created by the
one-phase system.

(b) Vertical components add up, but horizontal

components cancel.

(c) No vertical component, horizontal components

opposite to each other. Zero field.

(e) Same as (a) but opposite direction.

Single phase induction motor:

⚫ In practice, arrangements are provided in single phase induction motors to change the
magnetic flux from alternating type to rotating type.
⚫ RMF rotates in one particular direction.
⚫ Under RMF, induction motor becomes self starting.
⚫ Motor rotates in the same direction as that of RMF.
⚫ Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor.
Single phase induction motor: Capacitor start capacitor run motor

⚫ To produce RMF, minimum two alternating fluxes with a phase difference between the two
are needed.
⚫ The interaction of two fluxes produce a resultant flux which is RMF.
⚫ Attempt is made in single phase motors to produce an additional flux with a phase
difference from the stator flux.
⚫ Two fluxes with a phase difference of α is shown in figure.
⚫ More the phase difference α, more is the starting torque.